Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• morphological change during the dendrimer growth process. Moreover, there were no carbon particulates associated with residual carbon polymerization indicating uniform dendrimer growth over the surface of CNTs. However, changes in terms of degree of aggregation were observed (Figure 2). The aggregation among

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• exposing colloidal NPs dispersed in a liquid medium to pulsed laser irradiation. This technique is known as pulsed laser melting in liquids (PLML) [6][41][42]. PLML involves heating and melting of raw NPs with unfocused laser pulses, leading to their aggregation and the formation of submicrometer spherical

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• biochar, MP particle size and the aggregation potential of MPs [43][67]. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing biochar properties to enhance MP removal across different particle types and sizes. Despite advancements in biochar-based filtration and batch treatment, the removal efficiency

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• during storage [83][84]. Their surfaces can be modified for targeted delivery, improving the bioavailability of therapeutic agents and allowing for their use in a variety of medical applications. Despite these advantages, challenges such as particle aggregation and potential toxicity continue to persist

• prevented the aggregation of silver ions, which is crucial for maintaining the antibacterial activity of the silver complexes. The Ag-NHC complex 5 (Figure 3) was also encapsulated in ʟ-tyrosine nanoparticles, which offer enhanced therapeutic potential through controlled and targeted release [103]. This

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• lung cancer based on the synergistic effect of ferroptosis and apoptosis is hampered by two obstacles, that is, low intracellular Fenton levels and insufficient aggregation of healing agents in the lung. To overcome these obstacles, a liposome was developed and administrated by inhalation. The diameter

• ’ rapid growth and metabolism. Therefore, these stimuli in the TME can be employed as TME-responsive nanomedicine strategies to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy and reduce side effects through specific aggregation in tumors and regulated release of drugs [171]. In addition to internal stimuli

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• aggregation [47]. Figure 4 presents the impact of temperature (ranging from 10 to 80 °C) on the nanodroplet size of the AANE formulation over a 180-day period. Between 10 and 60 °C, the nanodroplet size remained relatively stable, ranging from 171 to 181 nm. However, temperatures exceeding 60 °C led to a

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• source, and tissue oxygen. Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is commonly used as a PS due to its tumor-targeting properties and phototoxicity. However, the physicochemical properties of PpIX foster self-aggregation, which is a challenge for its incorporation into pharmaceutical formulations. This study aimed to

• PSs have their hydrophobicity as drawback, which can lead to the formation of aggregates in aqueous solutions, compromising bioavailability and photodynamic activity [5]. The aggregation of the PS decreases its photoactive properties since, for its action, it must be in the monomeric form, in which

• aggregation, and improve bioavailability in aqueous media [5][16]. Additionally, at high concentrations, P407 can transition into more complex nanostructured systems, such as hydrogels and lyotropic liquid crystals, providing additional control over drug release and stability. The thermosensitive and self

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• important parameter for assessing nanoparticle stability and biodistribution. Typically, particles acquire an electric charge at the shear plane when dispersed in a liquid, which is reflected by their zeta potential, that is key to understanding dispersion and aggregation processes in nanoformulations. Zeta

• potential values > ±30 mV are indicative of nanoparticle stability, as strong electrostatic repulsion prevents aggregation and ensures colloidal stability [20][21]. While these measurements provide important physicochemical insights, further evidence of the chemical incorporation and potential interactions

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• ions, including radioactive nuclides in aqueous solutions. Large-area and single-layer graphene oxide (SLGO) grown on α-Al2O3(0001) was used as a model structure of GO since the aggregation and re-stacking of the GO sheets prevent the adequate analysis of the adsorption state. The SLGO film was

• adsorption [8], which complicates the evaluation of GO using surface analytical techniques. The SLGO film synthesized in this study is adhered to the α-Al2O3(0001) surface, which prevents GO aggregation and multilayer stacking. It is expected that this will enable detailed evaluation of Cs adsorption on GO

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• the hydrodynamic size and zeta potential values of BaTiO3 as 44 ± 6.68 nm and −22.74 ± 1.67 mV, respectively. This zeta potential value indicates the potential for particle aggregation. Additionally, the amplitude and phase images in Figure 1 indicated a polarization magnitude of 4 mV, which was

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• ] and to make the final compound amphiphilic, encouraging its aggregation in water medium. The ABF fluorophore is extensively used as fluorogenic labelling unit in biology [55][56][57][58][59]. Besides its role as fluorescent component for cell tracking, it has been selected as green-light-harvesting

• , the fluorescence lifetime was shorter than that of the ABF chromophore, showing a dominant component (relative amplitude ca. 93%) with τ ca. 0.8 ns (inset Figure 1B). These emission features account for some self-quenching phenomena due to the aggregation of 1. The aggregates of 1 were quite stable at

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• was shown that carbon coating on MoS2 particles prevents their aggregation, increases conductivity and reduces structural expansion during electrochemical cycling [21][27]. Hybrid materials consisting of vertically oriented MoS2 layers and graphitic carbon coating with horizontal layer orientation

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• of a magnetic field by laser ablation in liquids. SEM and TEM images of FeS2 nanoparticles prepared without a magnetic field revealed spherical particles with varying sizes, aggregation and agglomeration with an average size of approximately 40 nm [38]. In contrast to this, the average particle sizes

• increased dipole moment. The interaction between nanoparticles and the plume depends on all attractive and repulsive forces, including the attractive van der Waals forces which cause growth and aggregation, and the electrostatic repulsive forces that are generated as a result of the overlap of electrical

• . Solvents with better stabilization properties, such as moderate polarity and viscosity (e.g., IPA) help in the control of nucleation, growth, cooling rate, and aggregation of nanoparticles. The relatively narrow size distribution suggests that IPA provides a balanced environment for the formation and

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• + ions and magnetite with mixed Fe2+ and Fe3+ valency creates a polysaccharide-stabilized colloid with polysaccharide chains, preventing the aggregation of colloidal species and keeping the nanoparticles within the hydrogel matrix [80][81][82][83][84][85][86]. Raman studies provided information

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• incubated at rt or at 37 °C, which is the temperature generally maintained during cell culture. However, a significant increase in fluorescence was seen after exposure of ApoE3 to 56 °C, indicating protein aggregation or denaturation. Fluorescence increased even further after incubation at 75 °C (Figure 2B

• with a reported denaturing temperature around 63 °C [36]. Indeed, after incubation at 75 °C, BSA also displayed aggregation or denaturation as shown by the increase in fluorescence of ThT. Together, this shows that during the standard FCS heat inactivating protocol, ApoE3, a key determinant of MC3 LNP

• that heat treatment inhibits ApoE3 binding to the LNP surface (Figure 3D), most likely due to denaturing or aggregation of the protein. Alternatively, the reported conformational changes of ApoE3 after heat exposure that affect its binding to lipids [32], also affect its binding to LNPs. The

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• ]. Recent studies point to a potential synergistic effect between TA and GBMs [15][16][17]. TA not only stabilizes graphene sheets in aqueous solutions, preventing their aggregation by interacting with carbon layers at a molecular level [14], but also could impart additional bioactive properties

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• encapsulation efficiency The drug content of SLNs formulations ranged from 16.95% ± 0.76% to 96.75% ± 0.24%; the highest APT content was obtained in APT-CD-NP4. The loss of the drug can be attributed to the lyophilization. However, there was no change in color or aggregation observed. Dispersions of lyophilized

• significant particles aggregation. The PDI values remained stable across all formulations after redispersion. APT-CD-NP4 (from 0.2 ± 0.4 to 0.1 ± 0.5) and APT-PX-NP8 (0.1 ± 0.5 to 0.1 ± 0.6) retained their monodisperse distribution, while the PDI of other formulations remained at 1.0, indicating controlled

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• produce conforming scaffolds. With the timely release of bioactive components, these scaffolds encourage the self-aggregation of mesenchymal stem cells and induce chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and the production of the matrix for cartilage reconstruction [149]. Other than

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• aggregation linked to AD [6]. Additionally, the presence of the APOE4 genotype is notable, as it is found in approximately 65% of AD patients [5]. This genotype is associated with an increased tendency for amyloid monomers to aggregate into AβOs, potentially contributing to the pathology of the disease [7

• aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, primarily Aβ40 and Aβ42. These oligomers typically consist of a limited number of Aβ monomers, often ranging from trimers to tetramers, but they can form larger aggregates under certain conditions. Their small size and unique structural properties contribute to several

• , particularly those associated with NDs like AD. Research has demonstrated the ability of fullerenes to prevent the aggregation of Aβ peptides. For instance, molecular dynamics simulations have shown that fullerenes inhibit the fibrillation of the hydrophobic KLVFFAE peptide by disrupting the formation of β

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• because of defects that facilitate the growth of smaller nanoparticles or cause aggregation, consequently altering the plasmonic characteristics of the material. Reflectance spectra Figure 8 shows the reflectance spectra as-deposited and implanted Mo thin films as functions of the thickness. The dip

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• size deviation influenced by factors such as structural and compositional variations of the NPs. All colloidal samples are gathered directly after the PLAL process to minimize the effect of particle aggregation and isolate the laser beam shape effect on particle size. The employment of different

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• , the negative charge still provides sufficient electrostatic repulsion to minimize aggregation. This repulsion is key to maintaining a stable colloidal suspension, as it prevents the nanoparticles from clumping together, which is crucial for their effective use in various applications, such as drug

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• investigated in terms of two parameters, namely, height fluctuation and lateral aggregation among the spherical nanograins. The height profile for ZnTe films fabricated at various substrate temperatures is given in Figure 2a2–e2. The height fluctuation is related to the number density of particles, and the

• lateral aggregation is related to the particle size [31]. Figure 2a2–e2 shows that the height fluctuation first increases from R.T. to 300 °C and then continuously decreases with substrate temperature (300–600 °C). This indicates that the particle density first increases and then continuously decreases

• with substrate temperature accordingly. The lateral aggregation on the surface is inversely related to the height fluctuation. Thus, lateral aggregation (i.e., particle size) first decreases on rising the substrate temperature from R.T. to 300 °C and then continuously increases with substrate

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• -bonded networks and chromophore aggregation due to the presence of C=C, C=O, and C–O bonds [41]. The presence of a shoulder band around 295 nm corresponds to the well-defined n–π* electronic transitions due to the presence of C=O functional groups on the surface of GO. The appearance of the Chl