Excitation of nonradiating magnetic anapole states with azimuthally polarized vector beams

• Aristeidis G. Lamprianidis and
• Andrey E. Miroshnichenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1478–1490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.139

• introduced: the field intensity at the vicinity of the focal spot drops to less than a third. Nonetheless, one could potentially come up with more efficient ways of shaping the multipolar content of the excitation, i.e., more complex illumination schemes that can also include amplitude modulation or multiple

Electrostatically actuated encased cantilevers

• Benoit X. E. Desbiolles,
• Gabriela Furlan,
• Adam M. Schwartzberg,
• Paul D. Ashby and
• Dominik Ziegler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1381–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.130

• an annealed ultra-flat gold surface. The surface is imaged in tapping mode using harmonic excitation with amplitude modulation feedback, a free amplitude of 1 nm and a set-point of 0.8 nm. In harmonic excitation, we observe that intentional switching of the applied Udc by a few volts would result in

• ) Topographic image of copper grains evaporated onto an annealed ultra-flat gold surface. The image is recorded in air using electrostatic excitation with amplitude modulation feedback and a free amplitude of 1 nm and set-point of 0.8 nm. a) Oscillation amplitude at the resonance frequency of the cantilever

Artifacts in time-resolved Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Sascha Sadewasser,
• Nicoleta Nicoara and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1272–1281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.119

• below 1 × 10−10 mbar, controlled by a Nanonis controller. Two types of PtIr-coated cantilevers (Nanosensors PPP) were used, with the fundamental resonance frequency at ≈74 kHz or at ≈165 kHz. Typical oscillation amplitudes of ≈20 nm were mechanically excited. For amplitude modulation (AM) KPFM the

Imaging of viscoelastic soft matter with small indentation using higher eigenmodes in single-eigenmode amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy

• Miead Nikfarjam,
• Enrique A. López-Guerra,
• Santiago D. Solares and
• Babak Eslami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1116–1122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.103

• Abstract In this short paper we explore the use of higher eigenmodes in single-eigenmode amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy (AFM) for the small-indentation imaging of soft viscoelastic materials. In viscoelastic materials, whose response depends on the deformation rate, the tip–sample forces

Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

• experiment was carried out with an AFM in amplitude modulation mode complemented with molecular dynamics simulations. An exponential wear rate dependence on the peak force load was found, suggesting that lower contact forces are needed to reduce the wear rate. It should be noted that for soft materials

Combined scanning probe electronic and thermal characterization of an indium arsenide nanowire

• Tino Wagner,
• Fabian Menges,
• Heike Riel,
• Bernd Gotsmann and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 129–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.15

• interactions in amplitude-modulation mode (Afree = 8.5 nm, Aset = 7.7 nm) using an Olympus AC160TS-R3 cantilever (f0 = 323.2 kHz, k = 40 N·m−1, Q = 500). To obtain the surface potential simultaneously with topography, we modulate the voltage applied to the tip (Uac = 2 V at fm = 4 kHz) on top of a dc bias, and

Thermo- and electro-optical properties of photonic liquid crystal fibers doped with gold nanoparticles

• Agata Siarkowska,
• Miłosz Chychłowski,
• Daniel Budaszewski,
• Bartłomiej Jankiewicz,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz and
• Tomasz R. Woliński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2790–2801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.278

• frequency and amplitude modulation of 5 Hz. The definition of switching time was 10–90% and the uncertainty of the measurements is about 2 ms. Results and Discussion Nematic–isotropic phase transition temperature As reported elsewhere [22][23], Au NPs have a tendency to reduce the N–I phase transition

High-stress study of bioinspired multifunctional PEDOT:PSS/nanoclay nanocomposites using AFM, SEM and numerical simulation

• Alfredo J. Diaz,
• Hanaul Noh,
• Tobias Meier and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2069–2082, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.207

• experiments. First, a reference measurement in repulsive-mode (phase below 90°) amplitude-modulation AFM was performed using the parameters given for the first eigenmode for Figure 5a in Supporting Information File 1. Then, the free amplitude of the higher eigenmode was gradually increased and the film

• ordered nanoclay. Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4 compares the behavior for strain using different models as a function of nanoclay concentration. The thickness of individual nanoplatelets surrounded by polymer was also measured for two free amplitudes using amplitude-modulation AFM and is shown

• . The fundamental eigenmode is operated in amplitude modulation, i.e., there is a feedback loop modulating the oscillation amplitude for acquiring the topography of the sample, while the higher eigenmode (in this case the second eigenmode) is operated with constant excitation frequency and amplitude

A review of demodulation techniques for amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy

• Michael G. Ruppert,
• David M. Harcombe,
• Michael R. P. Ragazzon,
• S. O. Reza Moheimani and
• Andrew J. Fleming

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1407–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.142

• Technology, Trondheim, Norway Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA 10.3762/bjnano.8.142 Abstract In this review paper, traditional and novel demodulation methods applicable to amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy are implemented on a widely

• constant-height mode. Keywords: amplitude estimation; atomic force microscopy; amplitude modulation; digital signal processing; field-programmable gate array; Introduction Amplitude modulation is one of the oldest forms of modulation in analog communication systems, mostly due to its simplicity of

• signal cannot be controlled directly, low-frequency measurables such as the change in oscillation amplitude in amplitude-modulation AFM [11] have to be employed. Other feedback variables such as the shift in cantilever resonance frequency in frequency-modulation AFM [13] or the phase shift in phase

Study of the correlation between sensing performance and surface morphology of inkjet-printed aqueous graphene-based chemiresistors for NO₂ detection

• F. Villani,
• C. Schiattarella,
• T. Polichetti,
• R. Di Capua,
• F. Loffredo,
• B. Alfano,
• M. L. Miglietta,
• E. Massera,
• L. Verdoliva and
• G. Di Francia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1023–1031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.103

• measurements have been collected over two weeks. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of the fabricated devices (substrates and deposited graphene) have been taken by means of an XE100 Park instrument operating in non-contact mode (amplitude modulation, silicon nitride cantilever from Nanosensor) at room

Scaling law to determine peak forces in tapping-mode AFM experiments on finite elastic soft matter systems

• Horacio V. Guzman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 968–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.98

• Horacio V. Guzman Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.8.98 Abstract Analytical equations to estimate the peak force will facilitate the interpretation and the planning of amplitude-modulation force microscopy (tapping mode) experiments

• [28][29]. Multivariate regression method to find a parametrical equation for the peak forces in tapping mode AFM on finite elastic soft matter systems Asymptotic approximation methods have been used to deduce parametrical equations of physical quantities in dynamic systems. In amplitude-modulation AFM

• operating conditions to image soft matter with high spatial resolution in tapping-mode AFM. Keywords: AFM in liquid; AFM theory; bidimensional elastic models; multivariate regression; neuronal networks; operational AFM parameters; parametrical equation; peak forces; soft matter; Introduction Amplitude

Functional dependence of resonant harmonics on nanomechanical parameters in dynamic mode atomic force microscopy

• Federico Gramazio,
• Matteo Lorenzoni,
• Francesc Pérez-Murano,
• Enrique Rull Trinidad,
• Urs Staufer and
• Jordi Fraxedas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 883–891, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.90

• frequency and polystyrene samples [13]. Such study has provided a practical qualitative method to continuously monitor changes in the shape and radius of a cantilever tip in amplitude modulation AFM mode. Here, we will also focus on the 6th harmonic since it provides the larger amplitude, but the

Analysis and modification of defective surface aggregates on PCDTBT:PCBM solar cell blends using combined Kelvin probe, conductive and bimodal atomic force microscopy

• Hanaul Noh,
• Alfredo J. Diaz and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 579–589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.62

• , except for a small offset in the measured potential between the dark and bright illumination conditions. KPFM surface potential measurements of samples cast from DCB and CB. (a) Topography of the sample fabricated with DCB. (b) Corresponding phase in amplitude-modulation AFM. (c) Potential showing dark

Multimodal cantilevers with novel piezoelectric layer topology for sensitivity enhancement

• Steven Ian Moore,
• Michael G. Ruppert and
• Yuen Kuan Yong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 358–371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.38

• system response of mode 2 by 37.98 dB. C4 increases the system response to mode 4 by 17.16 dB. For the charge driven arrangement C2 increases the system response of mode 2 by 42.31 dB. C4 increases the system response to mode 4 by 25.65 dB. Noise discussion Amplitude modulation AFM always requires an

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques III

• Thilo Glatzel and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1052–1054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.98

• modification by using a Cu-catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloaddition reaction [26]. To quantify the performed measurements in a reproducible way is still a challenging topic in all AFM measurements. In amplitude modulation AFM higher harmonic signals can be used, Kfir Kuchuk and Uri Sivan presented a mathematical

• interaction in liquid media [28]. A software package, dForce, was also presented that allows for a better understanding of amplitude modulation and bimodal AFM experiments in air or liquid [29]. A method for the calibration of the torsional force by using human fibronectin and its monoclonal antibody was

Generalized Hertz model for bimodal nanomechanical mapping

• Aleksander Labuda,
• Marta Kocuń,
• Waiman Meinhold,
• Deron Walters and
• Roger Proksch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 970–982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.89

• as amplitude-modulation (AM) AFM [18][19][20]), is one of the most commonly used parametric techniques, where the cantilever is driven on resonance and the cantilever–sample distance is adjusted by a feedback loop to maintain a constant oscillation amplitude at every image pixel. The time required

• amplitude modulation (AM) [1][18][19], phase modulation (PM) [43][44][45][46] and frequency modulation (FM) [23][36][47]. Finally, a method for extracting the tip size and tip shape from bimodal AFM approach curves is presented and demonstrated on a polystyrene sample. Figure 1 provides a diagram of the

• for completeness. The last subsection extends the SHO theory to measuring two eigenmodes simultaneously, as required for bimodal AFM. Amplitude modulation (AM) mode For an eigenmode driven in AM mode, the corresponding time-averaged interaction stiffness can be calculated from the measured interaction

Nanoscale effects in the characterization of viscoelastic materials with atomic force microscopy: coupling of a quasi-three-dimensional standard linear solid model with in-plane surface interactions

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 554–571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.49

• of imaging parameters that the user can vary generally increases with the sophistication of the method; for example, bimodal AFM requires more imaging parameters than single-mode amplitude-modulation AFM [34]. With regards to the complexity in the tip–sample interactions (described in the previous

High-bandwidth multimode self-sensing in bimodal atomic force microscopy

• Michael G. Ruppert and
• S. O. Reza Moheimani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 284–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.26

• the first mode is below the sensitivity of the charge sensor associated with that mode. As the use of the charge sensor in amplitude modulation AFM always requires demodulation, we state the total integrated noise from the voltage noise density (ND) plot and standard deviation (RMS noise) of the

A simple and efficient quasi 3-dimensional viscoelastic model and software for simulation of tapping-mode atomic force microscopy

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2233–2241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.229

• standard C programming language, provided within Supporting Information File 1, consists of an implementation of the above multifrequency (trimodal) cantilever dynamics in the construction of a point-by-point amplitude-modulation (AM-AFM) spectroscopy curve (amplitude and phase vs cantilever height

Kelvin probe force microscopy for local characterisation of active nanoelectronic devices

• Tino Wagner,
• Hannes Beyer,
• Patrick Reissner,
• Philipp Mensch,
• Heike Riel,
• Bernd Gotsmann and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2193–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.225

• on the number of layers. KFM has found widespread use in both vacuum and ambient environments. Most commercial instruments for operation in air include a scan mode based on amplitude modulation KFM (AM-KFM). In this mode, the feedback loop nullifies the cantilever oscillation that is excited by a

• allowed us to perform FM-KFM irrespective of the topography feedback, we could perform these scans with amplitude modulation in air. Similarly, Magonov and Alexander [46] demonstrated a setup in which the modulated force gradients are detected from the phase output of the carrier oscillation lock-in

• harmonic oscillator. (Numerical parameters: f0 = 70500 Hz, Q = 200, A = 10 nm, fm = 1000 Hz, φk = 0, = 30 Hz). Modulation indices of the sidebands at ωm (a) and 2ωm (b) against for different modulation amplitudes Uac. Topography feedback in amplitude modulation (net-attractive interaction) was enabled

Optimized design of a nanostructured SPCE-based multipurpose biosensing platform formed by ferrocene-tethered electrochemically-deposited cauliflower-shaped gold nanoparticles

• Wicem Argoubi,
• Maroua Saadaoui,
• Sami Ben Aoun and
• Noureddine Raouafi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1840–1852, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.187

• of BSA, α-hIgG and gIgG. For EIS measurements, after each step of the SPCE modification, 25 µL of a PBS solution containing 5 mM of [Fe(CN)6]4−/[Fe(CN)6]3– were dropped on the electrode surface and the frequency was swept from 100 kHz to 0.1 mHz at an applied potential of 200 mV with an amplitude

• modulation of ±20 mV. Preparation of the biosensing platform The ferrocene derivative (FcD) was prepared according to literature [15][27]. A 0.25 mM Au(III) solution in 0.1 M KNO3 was prepared by dissolving 100 µL of 0.01 M HAuCl4 and 4.9 mg of KNO3 in 300 µL of deionized water. The nanostructuration was

Optimization of phase contrast in bimodal amplitude modulation AFM

• Mehrnoosh Damircheli,
• Amir F. Payam and
• Ricardo Garcia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1072–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.108

• with atomic and nanoscale spatial resolutions [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. The evolution of AFM is being shaped by the need to provide images of heterogeneous surfaces with high spatial resolution combined with compositional contrast and/or material properties mapping [7][9]. Amplitude modulation force

• larger for the material with the smaller Hamaker value. This is at odds what happens in amplitude modulation AFM, where the phase shifts increases with the value of H. The phase contrast │Δ│=│ (gold) − (PS)│ depends on both the A1/A01-ratio and the value of A02. Two maxima are observed, one with respect

• imaging in amplitude modulation AFM, where the contrast is related to energy dissipation processes. It shows that the phase contrast in bimodal AM is dominated by conservative forces [42][47]. The presence of dissipation also modifies the conditions to maximize the phase contrast to smaller A01/A02 values

Capillary and van der Waals interactions on CaF₂ crystals from amplitude modulation AFM force reconstruction profiles under ambient conditions

• Annalisa Calò,
• Oriol Vidal Robles,
• Sergio Santos and
• Albert Verdaguer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 809–819, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.84

• , and a third one in which the attractive force is almost constant, i.e., forms a plateau, up to 3–4 nm above the surface when the formation of a capillary neck dominates the tip–sample interaction. Keywords: amplitude modulation (AM) AFM; dynamic capillary interactions; dissipative nanoscale

• measurements, as for example amplitude modulation AM-AFM measurements, is that experimental observables, i.e., the phase lag of the cantilever relative to the driving force, can be directly related to the energy dissipated in the tip–sample interaction [31][32][33]. Identifying and separating individual

A scanning probe microscope for magnetoresistive cantilevers utilizing a nested scanner design for large-area scans

• Tobias Meier,
• Alexander Förste,
• Ali Tavassolizadeh,
• Karsten Rott,
• Dirk Meyners,
• Roland Gröger,
• Günter Reiss,
• Eckhard Quandt,
• Thomas Schimmel and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 451–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.46

• sensor. The image of atomic step edges on gold(111) was obtained in the amplitude modulation mode in which the cantilever oscillation was detected with the TMR sensor. The applied bias field was chosen for maximum strain sensitivity for the unstrained sensor at 60 Oe and α = 115°. With those parameters

• ]. If exposed to ambient conditions with a relative humidity of around 40%, the topographic contrast on those two materials disappears in amplitude modulation imaging. The height difference, however, can be observed if the sample is scanned in a liquid [63]. Therefore, we conclude that the vanishing

• step-edges on gold(111) terraces can be revealed by amplitude modulation imaging with the feedback on the TMR sensor. Dynamic mode imaging of FDTS-SAM samples using a TMR sensor with the feedback on amplitude and phase. a) Amplitude modulation mode imaging of FDTS-SAM in SiOx with a TMR sensor. On this

Influence of spurious resonances on the interaction force in dynamic AFM

• Luca Costa and
• Mario S. Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 420–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.42

• Luca Costa Mario S. Rodrigues ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France CFMC/Dep. de Física, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal 10.3762/bjnano.6.42 Abstract The quantification of the tip–sample interaction in amplitude modulation atomic

• ; amplitude modulation; atomic force microscopy; fluid borne excitation; interferometric detection; laser-beam detection; spurious resonances; Introduction Dynamic atomic force microscopy (AFM) was introduced in the late 1980s [1] as the natural evolution of the first atomic force microscopes [2]. Thanks to

• its flexibility, amplitude modulation AFM (AM-AFM) [3] has become successful and widely employed to characterize surfaces at the nanoscale. It has continuously evolved in terms of achievable lateral resolution and scan speed, producing impressive results both at solid/gas interfaces under ambient