Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• on the optimized BiVO4(326) sample. The survey spectrum (Figure 7a) confirmed the presence of Bi, V, and O, which is consistent with the BiVO4 structure. High-resolution Bi 4f spectra (Figure 7b) show a characteristic doublet at binding energies of 159.0 eV (Bi 4f7/2) and 164.2 eV (Bi 4f5/2

• 600 min. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the BiVO4(326) photoanode before and after PEC stability testing in 30 min (0.5 M Na2SO4). (a) XPS view scans of survey spectrum and high-resolution spectra of (b) Bi 4f, (c) O 1s, and (d) V 2p. Estimated crystallite sizes of BiVO4

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• sample at the nanoscale. The force applied by the AFM tip on the sample is controlled by monitoring the deflection of an extremity of a micrometer mechanical lever onto which the tip is attached. In the study of pathogens, AFM excels in providing high-resolution topographic images while measurements are

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• in organic solvents (acetone, ethanol, acetonitrile). In a systematic experimental series using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, selected-area electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, electron energy

• . Nanoparticle characterization is done by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDX), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), complemented by tempering and laser post

• (±2% to ±5%), making it unlikely that those differences will have a big impact on structural differences. Based on this data, we can conclude that element ratios close to the mole fraction of the target are converted into NPs (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S6). High-resolution particle

Deep learning for enhancement of low-resolution and noisy scanning probe microscopy images

• Samuel Gelman,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Nir Kampf,
• Marek Patočka,
• Maricarmen Rios,
• Marcos Penedo,
• Georg Fantner,
• Amir Beker,
• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Ido Azuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.83

• the traditional methods and yield better results. Additionally, some common AFM artifacts, such as streaking, are present in the ground truth high-resolution images. These artifacts are partially attenuated by the traditional methods but are completely eliminated by the deep learning models. This work

• ; low resolution; super resolution; Introduction The capability of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to achieve high resolution at the nanometer level in plane (xy) and at the angstrom level in height (z), on a variety of surfaces, is one of its major advantages. AFM topographical imaging enables high

• ], the majority use remains that performed on commercial instruments working in ambient (or liquid) environments using one of several operating modes [2][3]. Achieving high-resolution images in such cases is hampered by a few shortcomings. First, the scanning speed of traditional AFM is slow, and several

Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• investigate this further, we performed selected area electron diffraction on the nanospheres, which revealed the presence of crystalline domains in the nanospheres with the lattice spacing of gold (Supporting Information File 1, Section S13, Figure S12a). Furthermore, a high-resolution TEM image showed the

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• learning initially in massive data analysis and also in extracting concealed signals to complete high-resolution 3D imaging [83]. Additionally, adapting single-pulse XFEL time-resolved imaging to ultrafast electron sources may provide even higher spatial and temporal resolution, further enhancing our

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• –sample interaction, often leading to an underestimation of mitochondrial apparent height due to applied cantilever pressure [22][25]. Similarly, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) offers high-resolution imaging but requires mitochondria to be chemically fixed, stained, and sectioned, which precludes the

Tendency in tip polarity changes in non-contact atomic force microscopy imaging on a fluorite surface

• Bob Kyeyune,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 944–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.72

• insulator materials in real space with unprecedented spatial resolution [2][3][4][5][6]. Besides high-resolution imaging of molecular structures [7], NC-AFM has demonstrated its ability to identify sublattices of atomic surfaces [8][9][10]. In these studies, the knowledge of the tip’s atomic structure plays

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• energies of 285 and 368 eV, respectively. The high-resolution individual elemental XPS spectra of C 1s and Ag 3d are exhibited in Figure 2c–d. As shown in Figure 2d, the C 1s spectrum of the PG-CDs-AgNPs composite exhibited four primary peaks at binding energies of 282.9, 285.3, 287.1, and 288.5 eV. These

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• and 6.50 mA using an Al Kα. The morphologies and elemental analyses of rGO and the NCs were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi, S-4800). The structural analysis of these fabricated NCs was examined using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, FEI Tecnai G2

• element (derived from rGO). The data thus obtained was in coherence with the reported results from XRD and EDX analysis. Additionally, the high-resolution XPS spectrum of V 2p designates two major peaks at 516.5 and 523.3 eV, which can be ascribed to the V 2p3/2 and V 2p1/2, respectively (Figure 7b) [40

• ]. On the other hand, the high-resolution XPS spectrum of Fe 2p reveals two XPS peaks centered at ≈710.8 and ≈724.5 eV, which correspond to Fe 2p3/2 and Fe 2p1/2 levels, respectively (Figure 7c). It is noteworthy to mention that the weak satellite peak at ≈719.5 eV indicates the formation of iron oxide

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• process occurring at the interface between diamond and Ni nanoparticles was revealed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) [19][24]. During annealing, Ni nanoparticles etch the diamond surface, resulting in the formation of a narrow interdiffusion zone. The carbon atoms released

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• sensitivity of the method and to selectively probe the surface and or deeper layers, like buried interfaces. Since the early studies of epitaxial cerium oxide films by Mullins and coworkers [22], it became clear that synchrotron radiation could provide high-resolution Ce 3d, Ce 4d, and valence band spectra

• resolution and the tunable surface sensitivity of synchrotron radiation-based XPS, as compared to conventional XPS, permits a more accurate description of the different contributions to the spectra. Figure 2 shows high-resolution synchrotron-radiation-based C 1s spectra, for different ethanol exposures at

• , “Growth and thermal properties of ultrathin cerium oxide layers on Rh(111)”, pages 173-185, Copyright (2002), with permission from Elsevier. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. High-resolution synchrotron radiation C 1s XPS spectra on CeO2(111) (a) and CeO2−x (111) (b) for different ethanol

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• attributed to a satellite peak. The presence of Ni3+ can be ascribed to the formation of NiOOH species originating from water adsorption on the surface of NiO. The high-resolution O 1s spectrum can be deconvoluted into three peaks, namely, O–Ni2+ (528.9 eV), O–Ni3+ (530.5 eV), and O–H (531.4 eV) [39]. To

• mapping of the Ni/NiO/SS-10 sample. (a) Survey XPS spectrum of Ni/NiO/SS-10. High-resolution XPS spectra of (b) Ni 2p3/2 and (c) O 1s. (a) Polarization curves of SS, Ni/NiO/SS-5, Ni/NiO/SS-10, Ni/NiO/SS-15, and Ni/NiO/SS-20 electrodes. (b) Corresponding Tafel slopes of electrodes. (c) Nyquist plots of

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• from the Al-based CCA target. High-resolution TEM images and diffractograms of PLAL-generated CCA NPs. (a) Ge-based CCA NP and (b) Al-based CCA NP. (a) ZFC-FC temperature-dependent magnetization (M–T curve) of the bulk Ge-based CCA. (b) Field-dependent magnetization curve at 5 and 300 K for the Ge

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• GO nanosheets are visualized. In Figure 8d–f, SEM provided high-resolution images of the GO-SG-ZH/PLA film. The brush-coated layer of the GO-SG-ZH nanocomposite was not completely uniform since rough coating morphology was observed on the substrate surface. Two-dimensional graphene-based sheets

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• temperatures and amounts of sulfur. Characterization The morphological analyses of pyrite NPs were recorded using the FEI Titan G2 80–300 for TEM, high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The

• all the samples, the peak position corresponding to the adventitious carbon value was fixed at 284.6 eV. A Shirley-type background baseline was used, and the Gaussian–Lorentzian sum function was applied for peak fitting. The high-resolution spectra of Fe 2p and S 2p after soft surface etching using

• exact binding energy values detected for Fe and S identified from high resolution spectra of Fe 2p and S 2p are given in Supporting Information File 1, Table S2. Optical properties of NPs and thin films Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2a shows the UV–vis spectra of FeS2 nanoparticles in different

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• nm, cores, while the thickness of the shell seems constant ≈10 nm. The sucrose shell is homogenous; thus the individual cores appear to be well separated from each other. In Figure 3c, the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image presents a single crystalline nanoparticle. The

• contamination from physiological saline, which was also proved by the XRD results. In Figure 11, for all the distinguished states, the high-resolution XPS measurements were performed, the results of which will be further analyzed. Figure 12 presents the spectra for FS0, while the results obtained for FST, due

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• showed that oxygen adsorption on cleaved surfaces facilitates the formation of a stable structure with charge transfer signatures, as identified by high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy [8]. It remains unclear whether similar effects occur in exfoliated thin flakes. Like in other materials, the

• correlation between the microscopic results and the surface potential of CrCl3 flakes at the nanoscale level using Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) [28]. KPFM is mainly employed to measure the local contact potential difference between the conductive AFM tip and the sample, allowing for high-resolution

• with an unfocused beam (≈2.0 μm diameter), while the high-resolution SPEM maps of 128 × 128 μm2 size using a piezoelectric driven stage were obtained with a focused beam (pixel size of 130 nm) by means of a Fresnel zone and a relatively broad energy resolution mode [23]. The SPEM maps were captured

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• addition to SPEM images, we also acquired high-resolution XP spectra from specific positions along the nanowire, as shown in Figure 2c for In 4d and P 2p core levels. A significant shift in binding energy is obvious between spectra obtained on the p-doped and on the n-doped segment of the nanowire. Since

• - and n-doped ends. In practice, the electrode with the n-doped segment was grounded, while a bias of +0.4, 0, or −0.3 V was applied to the electrode with the p-doped segment, resulting in forward-biased, unbiased, and backward-biased conditions of the p–n junction. High-resolution In 3d core-level

• (Au 4f, right). c) High-resolution In 4d (middle) and P 2p (right) core-level spectra obtained at n-doped (top) and p-doped (bottom) segments of the nanowire shown in b). The band structure across the p–n junction is indicated (left). d) In 3d SPEM image of the same nanowire, positions of the spectra

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• undergo during the ablation process. Figure 1 presents the deconvolution of high-resolution XPS peaks for Ta 4f, shown both before (Figure 1a,b) and after (Figure 1c,d) heating the substrate. The peaks were fitted using Gaussian functions. The relative atomic concentrations of Ta and N were calculated

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• , rising from 0.17 in graphite to 0.45 in the FLG–TA material. In addition, the high-resolution C 1s and O 1s spectra of the FLG–TA composite show the presence of carbonyl, ether, and hydroxy groups (Figure 2C,D). The percentage of those moieties in the FLG–TA material increases significantly with respect

• settle for 24 h. Physicochemical characterizations SEM images were obtained using a high-resolution scanning electron microscope (JEOL JSM 5600, France) operating at 10 kV with a working distance of 10 mm. FLG sheets were individually dispersed in water, and a few drops of the resulting solution were

• electron analyzer and a dual-anode source (Mg/Al). Samples were mounted on holders using conductive double-sided carbon adhesive tapes. XPS measurements utilized the monochromatic Al Kα line at 1486.6 eV. An initial survey scan identified elements present in each sample, followed by high-resolution scans

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• capacitive spectra obtained by this method on etched SiO2 microcapacitors, along with high-resolution high-frequency capacitance images obtained over self-assembled molecular F14H20. Tip–sample capacitance The total capacitance between sample and cantilever consists of contributions from tip apex, tip cone

• long-range electrostatic effects. Conclusion We have presented a novel method for high-resolution nanoscale capacitance characterization based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy, complementing established methods in the field. The key advantage of the multifrequency approach of MFH-EFM is

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• film prior to further irradiation. The characterization of the thin films was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) on a Bruker high-resolution X-ray diffractometer, employing a Cu Kα beam over a 2θ range of 30–50°. Raman spectroscopic measurements were conducted at room temperature with a SENTERRA

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• generate measurable signals that reflect the concentration of the analyte [7]. Among different types of biosensors, electrochemical biosensors are particularly advantageous, since they can be built from low-cost components, designed to be compact and portable, while preserving high resolution, accuracy