Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• detection of smaller proteins. Identifying proteins on or within membranes would require advanced mathematical extraction techniques, such as deep learning-based analysis. Throughout the SICM measurements, no appreciable changes in the shape or undulation amplitude of the mitochondria were observed. This

• Fisher Scientific Inc., USA) for 30 min at 37 °C, followed by staining with 5 mmol·L−1 TMRE (Molecular Probes Invitrogen Detection Technologies, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., USA) for 30 min at 37 °C. The samples were analysed using a Fluoview FV10i confocal microscope (Olympus, Germany). Oxygen

• control (Student’s t-test). Scale bars: 2 μm. Characterisation of isolated mitochondria by Western blot analyses. Detection of specific proteins of (a) the outer (voltage-dependent anion channel, VDAC) and (b) the inner (complexes of the respiratory chain and ATP synthesis, OXPHOS) mitochondrial membrane

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• . Element mapping analysis based on energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy revealed a uniform distribution of nickel particles in the top layers of all diamond faces after annealing (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4). The low resolution of the EDX instrument used did not allow the detection of

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• provided complementary information to that obtained by synchrotron radiation-based photoemission on cerium oxide-based materials. The depth sensitivity of XAS can be tuned on a much wider range than XPS by choosing the desired absorption edge and by selecting a specific detection mode. Moreover

• catalysts. In the soft X-ray range, the relatively high absorption of X-rays by gases or liquids at ambient pressure and the limited inelastic mean free path of secondary electrons, when total electron yield is used as a detection mode, put some constraints on the application of ambient pressure XAS in the

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• nanoparticles in photodetection is that the practical detection wavelength range for conventional photosensors may be efficiently tuned by the wavelength-shifting capabilities of nanoparticles, making them appealing candidates for photon detection. The dimensions of the NPs play a crucial role in the shift of

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• Fe-containing nanoparticles in the FS0 sample. However, the detection of isolated crystalline nanoparticles with an Fe-containing core does not exclude the possibility of the presence of other forms of iron-containing compounds in the FS0 sample. Comparing the XRD and TEM results for the FST sample

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• by the special design of the detection system [23]. In SPEM, the spectra can be recorded in three modes, namely, (1) “focused” (beam size of ≈130 nm), (2) “unfocused” (beam size of ≈2 μm), and (3) the so-called OSA mode with a beam size of ≈75 μm. Figure 4 presents XPS survey spectra obtained with

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• involvement of Zn2+ in dissolving CMC. The sharp peak at 568 cm−1 corresponds to a Ca‒O bond [25]. EDX EDX analysis revealed the elemental composition of the PGC material, as detailed in Figure 3a,b. Notably, the detection of elements, particularly Zn, in PGC confirms the role of Zn2+ ions in cellulose

• . Additionally, the detection of sulfur in PGC indicates the potential presence of residual ZnSO4 precursor. Figure 3c–l present significant changes in the elemental distribution of O, S, Zn, and Ca in PGC compared to pristine CMC. These elements display a higher density on the surface of PGC. Brunauer–Emmett

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• four decades, several important upgrades have spread the original ability of XPS of chemical analysis to include, for instance, band mapping through angle resolved measurements (ARPES), spin detection, and imaging or spectromicroscopy at a nanoscale spatial resolution [9][10]. It is worth noting that

• charged relative to each other. It is evident that this is the mechanism by which the individual fragments are linked into a single crystal. The SPEM technique is fundamental for the detection of such inhomogeneities, given that the photoelectron yield depth in this instance does not exceed 12 angstroms

• surface chemical changes, local charging, and space-charge effects. To partially mitigate this effects, strong efforts must be spent in the development of new photoelectron detection systems capable of collecting the majority of electrons, currently wasted due to the limited acceptance angles of

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• = 405 nm, using a bandpass emission filter from 406 to 486 nm. The total nuclear volume was determined by optimizing the slicing distance [41]. CV was calculated using a MATLAB script based on Irianto et al.’s method [42], which uses a Sobel gradient-based edge detection technique to assess nuclear edge

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• study materials such as perovskite solar cells [18][19][20] and Li-ion batteries [21][22][23]. AFM enables simultaneous acquisition of topographic and electronic data by applying AC or DC voltages across the tip–sample gap, allowing for the detection of capacitive forces [24][25] or contact potential

• to at least 50 MHz, limited by the bandwidth of the LIA. To reach a nanoscale-sensitive measurement of the dielectric constant in media besides air, a detection at higher excitation frequencies in the megahertz regime is strictly necessary [59]. The indirect detection of local capacitance variations

• multiple of the frequency gap Δω = (ωm,2 − ωm,1) (see Figure 1). Note that the use of integer multiples is a technical limitation coming from our LIA. In principle, any combination of frequencies with Δω = (ωm,2 − ωm,1) would work. We then use lock-in detection to measure the induced mechanical excitation

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• local inflammation, and impair autophagy processes, which collectively contribute to neuronal loss. As such, targeting AβOs specifically, rather than solely focusing on amyloid-β fibrils (AβFs), may offer a more effective therapeutic approach for AD. Recent advances in detection and diagnosis have

• into their potential for clinical application. This comprehensive overview highlights the current advancements in NM-based therapies for AD and outlines future research directions aimed at optimizing these innovative treatments. Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; amyloid; amyloid-β oligomers; detection

• toxic conformer of amyloid oligomers. Instead, it appears to be the result of a diverse and heterogeneous population of oligomers. Understanding the factors that influence their toxic nature is crucial for developing tools for early detection and treatment. Despite years of research, targeting AβOs has

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• film. This observation further supports the presence of the Zn2SiO4 phase in the CZ900_313O thin film, which has not been detected in the XRD pattern due to limitations in detection sensitivity. Thus, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has effectively addressed this limitation, providing evidence for

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• .16.42 Abstract An electrochemical biosensor based on modified carbon screen-printed electrodes was developed for the detection of hemagglutinin of influenza A H1N1 virus (H1). Gold nanoflowers were electrodeposited on the electrode to increase conductivity and surface area. The electrochemical signal

• current across the electrode as a function of H1 concentration. This was performed on a series of samples of artificial saliva containing H1 protein in a clinically relevant concentration range. In these experiments, the biosensor showed a limit of detection of 19 pg/mL. Finally, the biosensor platform

• lengthy protocols that take a few days to complete, and they fail to detect the virus at early stages of infection because of the low concentration of viral particles. However, detection of viral infections at early stages of infection is essential to prevent the dissemination of pathogens and the

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• 0.35 nA. The operating pressure was 1.5 × 10−5 mbar. Results and Discussion The square deposit, fabricated on the native-oxide Si(100) substrate using a spiral inward scanning strategy, was analyzed to assess its morphology and structure. Secondary electron detection in SEM imaging reveals the

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• . Electrochemical techniques comparatively offer quick, portable, sensitive, and inexpensive basic equipment for heavy metal detection. The interactions between Ag@ZnO NRs and lead were studied using electrochemical methods. The prepared lead sensor using Ag@ZnO NRs show a very low detection limit and a very high

• sensitivity toward lead. The lead chemical sensor that was developed had a detection limit of 3 ppm with a sensitivity of 16 µA·ppm−1·cm−2. The recorded reaction time of lead sensor was less than two seconds. Keywords: electrochemical methods; chemical sensor; doping; lead; nanoparticles; ZnO nanorods

• chemical substances [7][8]. Target detection in real time is a strong suit for electrochemical devices. Electron mediators are typically used to modify the working electrodes in electrochemical sensor fabrication. These days, due to their unique electrical and optical characteristics, nanomaterials are

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• the size, requiring a monodisperse or at least monomodal size distribution. As an example, gold NPs with a narrow particle size distribution achieve a higher detection sensitivity in sensing applications [9]. Besides, NP size is critical for biomedical applications, where deviations from the optimum

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• detection method with a laser diode, which is not compatible with the design limitations of a reactor volume of 95 μL. Figure 3a shows a zoomed-in image of a third-generation M5B qPlus sensor (purchased from Nanosurf). The sensor has four gold electrodes of which three are used for AFM drive and readout

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• , labor-intensive, and require specialized technical expertise. This study developed a novel colorimetric method for the selective and sensitive detection of SDS, utilizing polyethylene glycol-polycaprolactone nanoparticles (PEG–PCL NPs) synthesized via a ring-opening polymerization approach. The

• excellent linearity over a concentration range of 0–200 μg/mL, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.98. The limits of detection and quantification for the proposed method were determined to be 26.14 μg/mL and 79.23 μg/mL, respectively. These findings indicate that the newly developed method offers high

• selectivity and sensitivity for SDS detection, making it a promising analytical tool for rapid and onsite estimation. Keywords: Bradford reagent; environmental monitoring; PEG–PCL nanoparticles; SDS; SDS detection; Introduction Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), or sodium lauryl sulfate, is an anionic surfactant

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• absence of a carbonaceous shell on the gold nanoparticles, evident from the detection of surface gold (Figure 4). The elements carbon and oxygen are present in hydrophilic carbon fiber paper (Figure 4A), as expected for this support material [22]. High-resolution C 1s region spectra required six peaks to

• normalized to the geometric area of the cathode and the mass of gold, which we obtained from digesting the electrodes in aqua regia and collecting inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry data. We note that only gold was quantified, as carbon has a Z number that is too low for ICP-MS detection [68

• . Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry measurements were conducted at the University of Rochester Medical Center. A Perkin Elmer NexION 2000 system featuring multielement detection and parts per billion/parts per trillion sensitivity was used. The gold nanoparticle–carbon fiber paper composites were

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• ]. These findings are supported by several publications in which CNs were evaluated as potential drug carriers or inherent drugs for brain targeting and (synergistic) treatment of Alzheimer disease [20], Parkinson disease [21], and brain tumors [22][23][24][25], and as agents for the detection of brain

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• PAI contrast agents [195][196]. Gold nanorods [197], gold nanostars [198], hollow gold nanocages [199], chains of gold nanoparticles [200], and ultraminiature chain-like gold nanoparticle clusters [201] have been used for the detection of ocular structures such as retinal blood vessels, choroidal

Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• , its composites, and their application in electrochemical sensors have been discussed [6][7][8]. There are research contributions on pristine graphene and ammonia gas sensors for detection of very low ammonia content [9]. The thin-film sensor fabricated on polyethylenimine- (PEI) functionalized SWCNTs

• showed high sensitivity towards strong electron-withdrawing molecules for NO2 gas detection [10]. To simulate gas adsorption in COMSOL Multiphysics for a gas sensor, several adsorption models can be employed depending on the physical and chemical behavior of the sensor. Commonly used models include the

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• procedure was used. Denaturation at 96 °C for 5 min was preceded by denaturation at the same temperature for 30 s, hybridization at 50 °C for 30 s for thirty cycles, with a final elongation step at 60 °C for 90 s. Later, the amplicons were sequenced using the ABI 3130 Genetic Analyzer sequence detection

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• functionalised SiO2 nanomaterials under varying conditions. They also compared artificial and real allergen mixtures by applying genuine detection assays suitable for allergenic molecules in vitro and assessed two recently developed in silico protein corona prediction tools regarding the results from