Hierarchical Bi₂WO₆/TiO₂-nanotube composites derived from natural cellulose for visible-light photocatalytic treatment of pollutants

• Zehao Lin,
• Zhan Yang and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 745–762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.66

Sodium doping in brookite TiO₂ enhances its photocatalytic activity

• Boxiang Zhuang,
• Honglong Shi,
• Honglei Zhang and
• Zeqian Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 599–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.52

• Eg is the x-axis interception when linear fitting the absorption edge of the Tauc plot. As both the direct and the indirect electron transition in the brookite were reported, two transitions were considered in this work. Figure 2 shows the Tauc plot derived from the diffuse reflectance spectra of

• of the MB (≈665 nm) acquired by a UV–vis spectrophotometer. The diffuse reflectance spectra were measured in the wavelength range of 300–800 nm using a UV–vis spectrophotometer. The bandgap was determined by linear fitting the absorption edge of the Tauc plot of the absorption spectra. Structure

A new method for obtaining the magnetic shape anisotropy directly from electron tomography images

• Cristian Radu,
• Ioana D. Vlaicu and
• Andrei C. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 590–598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.51

• maintaining the labeling at the contact between adjacent particles. Shape evaluation: The procedure consists of fitting each separated particle with an ellipsoid and recovering information about size, axis ratios, and orientation of the long axis from the fit. Both the direction and the magnitude of the semi

• -axes describing the fitting ellipsoids are extracted from the eigenvalues and, respectively, eigenvectors of the inertia tensor (see Supporting Information File 1). This method works under the assumption that the MNPs do not deviate too much from the most general ellipsoid shape with three different

• effect of the morphological reconstruction and of the poor resolution of the test volume, which affects mainly the semi-axes magnitude of the fitting ellipsoid. The higher the resolution, the lower the shift, but the higher the hardware requirements. Overlapping entities can be also managed by the

Approaching microwave photon sensitivity with Al Josephson junctions

• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitry A. Ladeynov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 582–589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.50

• Figure 5 has been collected with (200 to 104) averages of switching events. The experimental results in Figure 5a,b can be reproduced using the Poisson distribution of photons and the fitting procedure from [23]. To take into account that there may be several switching attempts during the pulse, for the

• fitting procedure, the signal with duration tsw is divided into M shorter pulses δt, each of which contains only one group of photons, and we can assume only one switching attempt. The average number of photons N in each group is determined by the Poisson distribution. The switching probability in δt is

• without a photon, and q[1], q[2], q[3], … are the detection efficiencies for one, two, three, … photons, respectively. The slope of the fitting curves is set by the number of photons, triggering the switching. The position on the power axis is determined by the effective system response time δt and by the

The role of sulfonate groups and hydrogen bonding in the proton conductivity of two coordination networks

• Ali Javed,
• Felix Steinke,
• Stephan Wöhlbrandt,
• Hana Bunzen,
• Norbert Stock and
• Michael Tiemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 437–443, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.36

• observed (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3 and Figure S4). The Nyquist plots show depressed semicircles in the high-frequency region (i.e., region of low Re(Z)) that allow for the determination of the proton conductance by fitting an appropriate equivalent circuit model. Here, the model

Controllable two- and three-state magnetization switching in single-layer epitaxial Pd_1−xFe_x films and an epitaxial Pd_0.92Fe_0.08/Ag/Pd_0.96Fe_0.04 heterostructure

• Igor V. Yanilkin,
• Amir I. Gumarov,
• Gulnaz F. Gizzatullina,
• Roman V. Yusupov and
• Lenar R. Tagirov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 334–343, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.28

• Figure 2b), indicating correctness of the models, Equation 2 and Equation 3. The values of the anisotropy constants, obtained by the fitting, are Kp = −190 kerg/cm3 for the perpendicular anisotropy term, K1 = −20 kerg/cm3 for the cubic term, and K2 = −20 kerg/cm3 for the tetragonal term, in good

The effect of metal surface nanomorphology on the output performance of a TENG

• Yiru Wang,
• Xin Zhao,
• Yang Liu and
• Wenjun Zhou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 298–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.25

• pixel filling. The effect of particle density on the output performance was studied (Figure 10c). It can be seen from the fitting curve that the output performance increases with the increase of the substrate area fraction without nanoparticles, but when the substrate area fraction without nanoparticles

Theoretical understanding of electronic and mechanical properties of 1T′ transition metal dichalcogenide crystals

• Seyedeh Alieh Kazemi,
• Sadegh Imani Yengejeh,
• Vei Wang,
• William Wen and
• Yun Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 160–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.11

• fitting a second-order polynomial to the change on the total energy versus applied strain. The data are obtained from post-processing the VASP calculated results using the VASPKIT code [45]. The average values of G and B of bulk TMDs are obtained using the Voigt–Reuss–Hill average method [16]: The values

Influence of magnetic domain walls on all-optical magnetic toggle switching in a ferrimagnetic GdFe film

• Rahil Hosseinifar,
• Evangelos Golias,
• Ivar Kumberg,
• Quentin Guillet,
• Karl Frischmuth,
• Sangeeta Thakur,
• Mario Fix,
• Manfred Albrecht,
• Florian Kronast and
• Wolfgang Kuch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 74–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.5

• images at a strongly reduced fluence and 1.25 MHz repetition rate, recording PEEM images of the intensity from three-photon photoemission processes at hot spots of the sample surface and fitting the resulting intensity to a two-dimensional elliptic Gaussian. Static XMCD-PEEM images acquired at 50 K

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• monodisperse particles and provided a mathematical model for fitting the kinetic curves [89]. As a result, it was applied to any colloidal system, including colloidal dispersions of metal NPs, and finally was considered as “overcited” [90]. In reality, this mechanism describes very well the formation of sulfur

Measurement of polarization effects in dual-phase ceria-based oxygen permeation membranes using Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Kerstin Neuhaus,
• Christina Schmidt,
• Liudmila Fischer,
• Wilhelm Albert Meulenberg,
• Ke Ran,
• Joachim Mayer and
• Stefan Baumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.102

• electrochemical studies. The surface potential at the direct contact point of the measuring tip can be determined from the KPFM measurement data at different times after the end of polarization. The results usually follow an exponential rule if plotting ΔΦSP versus time. By fitting of the expontential function

Alteration of nanomechanical properties of pancreatic cancer cells through anticancer drug treatment revealed by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoteng Liang,
• Shuai Liu,
• Xiuchao Wang,
• Dan Xia and
• Qiang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1372–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.101

• angle of the probe, and δ is the indentation depth. Thus the E can be calculated by transforming the above equation: Hence the Young’s modulus can be calculated by fitting the linear part of the force–distance curves, that is, the slope of the force–distance curve. Energy dissipation is the loss of

• a relatively linear FDC while the other three cancer cell lines form nonlinear FDCs, which can be evaluated regarding the slope of the FDCs [25]. The Young’s modulus of the four kinds of cells obtained by fitting the linear part of the withdrawal curves are 14.93, 2.1, 6.24 and 3.74 kPa, which

Nonmonotonous temperature dependence of Shapiro steps in YBCO grain boundary junctions

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitriy V. Masterov,
• Alexey E. Parafin,
• Sergey A. Pavlov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1279–1285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.95

• black lines are the numerical calculations for each curve with the experimental parameters and with fitting power Pmw. The dependence of the first Shapiro step amplitude on the temperature for 72 and 265 GHz radiation at a constant power. The dots are the experimental values, the lines are the theory

Plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence from TiO₂ and TeO₂ thin films doped by Eu³⁺ for optoelectronic applications

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Jakub Czubek,
• Katarzyna Drozdowska,
• Anna Synak,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1271–1278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.94

• background subtraction and the least-square Gaussian–Lorentzian – GL(30) curve fitting algorithm. Calibration of obtained spectra to the binding energy of 285 eV for C 1s was conducted. Additionally, a built-in Ar ion gun was used to etch the surface of the films. To obtain depth profiles of the chemical

Electrical, electrochemical and structural studies of a chlorine-derived ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolyte

• Ashish Gupta,
• Amrita Jain,
• Manju Kumari and
• Santosh K. Tripathi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1252–1261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.92

• the overall mobility of free ions and segmental motion of polymeric chains. As a result, there is an increase in the conductivity of the polymer gel electrolyte system. The VTF fitting parameters (i.e., A, B, and T0) were determined by using non-linear least square fitting of the data and are

• obtained from X-ray diffraction of ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolytes. Non-linear fitting parameters from the VTF equation. Acknowledgements All authors are thankful to Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology India for providing electrochemical and electrical characterization facilities

Two dynamic modes to streamline challenging atomic force microscopy measurements

• Alexei G. Temiryazev,
• Andrey V. Krayev and
• Marina P. Temiryazeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1226–1236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.90

• degrades the image resolution. It also leads to the appearance of stripes in the image since the particle is poorly fixed and it may fall off or change its position during the scanning process. As a result, adjacent scan lines differ slightly in height. Such a defect is usually corrected by fitting the

• lines during subsequent image processing. In some cases, such as when high protrusions are adjacent to flat areas, this fitting will give poor results. Using VM yields high-quality raw images that do not require post-processing. Figure 2e and Figure S2 in Supporting Information File 1 illustrate this

The effect of cobalt on morphology, structure, and ORR activity of electrospun carbon fibre mats in aqueous alkaline environments

• Markus Gehring,
• Tobias Kutsch,
• Osmane Camara,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Hans Kungl and
• Rüdiger-A. Eichel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1173–1186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.87

• recorded with a resolution of 0.1 eV using Al Kα radiation (1.486 keV) at 50 W and a spot size of 200 μm. Fitting the cobalt XPS spectra follows the suggestions from Biesinger et al. [24] based on the complex multiplet structure of cobalt [25]. Based on these reports the Co 2p range was examined in detail

• -noise ratio (co-addition mode). The resulting spectra were analysed by fitting a Lorentz distribution and a Breit–Wigner–Fano distribution, as explained in detail in [12]. For the elemental analysis 2 mg of sample was burned in the elemental analyser (VarioelCube, Elementar) for both CHN and O analyses

• co-workers [25]. The 2p3/2 peak multiplets are found in the binding energy range between 775 and 793 eV for the investigated species. Fitting the spectra with peaks attributed to metallic cobalt, Co3O4, and cobalt(II) species reveals that significant amounts on the particle surfaces are in fact not

Irradiation-driven molecular dynamics simulation of the FEBID process for Pt(PF₃)₄

• Alexey Prosvetov,
• Alexey V. Verkhovtsev,
• Gennady Sushko and
• Andrey V. Solov’yov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1151–1172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.86

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• metal nanoparticles under physiological conditions and the abrupt responsive release upon pH and glutathione changes. The half-life of Ce6 in Fmoc-H/Zn2+/Ce6 (8.71 h) and Z-HF/Zn2+/Ce6 (6.33 h) was much longer than that of unencapsulated Ce6 (3.69 h), according to the fitting results of the

A new method for obtaining model-free viscoelastic material properties from atomic force microscopy experiments using discrete integral transform techniques

• Berkin Uluutku,
• Enrique A. López-Guerra and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1063–1077, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.79

• cases a continuous distribution of characteristic times is assumed via power-law rheology models [17][22]. Regardless of the model chosen, the strategy encompasses fitting the properties implied by the model to the experimental force–indentation data. In order to enable a new route to viscoelastic

• material property inversion, which is complementary to previous strategies, here we propose a paradigmatically different approach that is not based on the choice of a model. Instead of fitting force–distance data to specific functions dictated by approximate models, we transform the experimental

• challenging and requires either fitting routines for specific models [38][39][40][41] or convoluted methods [42], in the z-domain, once the retardance is calculated, the relaxance is available through simple inversion of numerator and denominator, as stated in Equation 20 and Equation 21. This inversion is

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• classification, while for regression problems, appropriate losses could be the mean squared error or mean absolute error losses [28][88]. The problem of over-fitting When the model performance on the training set is much better than the performance on the testing set, the model is over-fit. Specifically

• , decision making is strongly influenced by random noise and meaningless trends in the training data. This boosts performance on the training dataset, but results in poor generalization to new data. There are several approaches that can reduce over-fitting. Increasing the sample data set size helps reduce

• over-fitting. Since there are more examples in the data set, a more general model is obtained. Collecting more data would increase the data set size, but this may not be feasible. Another solution is data augmentation. Data augmentation [9][10][13] is a method to increase the sample data set size, for

The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria

• Robert A. Yokel,
• Wendel Wohlleben,
• Johannes Georg Keller,
• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Jason M. Unrine,
• D. Allan Butterfield and
• Eric A. Grulke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 525–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.43

• curve fitting of the cumulative dissolved mass, expressed as an inverse relationship of decreasing solid retained (CeO2 mass) as (Mion(T) − M0)/M0, where Mion is the amount of dissolved nanoceria and M0 is the initial mass loading, and plotted as a function of the time on a semi-log scale. The

Determining amplitude and tilt of a lateral force microscopy sensor

• Oliver Gretz,
• Alfred J. Weymouth,
• Thomas Holzmann,
• Korbinian Pürckhauer and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 517–524, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.42

• for a given amplitude and tilt. Finally, the amplitude and tilt are determined by fitting the simulation output to the data with oscillation. Keywords: frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy; lateral force microscopy; amplitude calibration; tilt estimation; Introduction Frequency-modulation

• calculates expected STM data with oscillation as a function of A and θ. A and θ are then determined by fitting the calculated data to the experimental data. A two-dimensional current map is used. Experimental Measurements were performed with a low-temperature STM/AFM system (CreaTec Fischer GmbH, Berlin

• measuring. To efficiently determine the best-fit parameters, an automated fitting algorithm was programmed. This algorithm minimizes the least squares error between the calculated curve and the recorded curve with oscillation. A common problem when determining the least squares error is to find the global

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• amplitudes) of high (I3400) and low (I3200) frequency components were compared. Figure 4d presents the Arrhenius plot of Ri = I3400/I3200 for water and AgNPs sample spectra after reabsorption correction. The data were treated by linear fitting (solid lines), according to the formula: where A is a pre

Interface interaction of transition metal phthalocyanines with strontium titanate (100)

• Reimer Karstens,
• Thomas Chassé and
• Heiko Peisert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 485–496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.39

• –S11, Supporting Information File 1). Single components and a satellite were used for fitting the N 1s and F 1s spectra. The multiplet structure of the Co 2p3/2 spectrum is similar to that of CoPc (Figure 3). Similar to the case of CoPc, core level spectra related to the macrocycle are broadened at low