Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• 1357 and 1593 cm−1, respectively, in the TiO2/GQDs spectrum. The difference in ID/IG ratio, 0.94 for GQDs and 0.71 for TiO2/GQDs, may be due to the interaction between TiO2 and GQDs. Figure 3 presents TEM observations of the obtained materials. The morphology of TiO2 shows agglomerates of around 50–80

Elastic modulus of β-Ga₂O₃ nanowires measured by resonance and three-point bending techniques

• Annamarija Trausa,
• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Tauno Tiirats,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Boris Polyakov and
• Edgars Butanovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 704–712, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.58

• peaks are associated with monoclinic β-Ga2O3 (ICDD-PDF #41–1103), as indicated in Figure 1a, while the Bragg peak at around 33 degrees corresponds to the Si substrate (forbidden Si(200) reflection). Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study the inner crystalline structure of

• individual NWs (see Figure 1b and Figure 1c). The as-grown NWs typically are single crystalline without any distinguishable planar structural defects, such as twin boundaries or stacking faults. Fast Fourier transformation (FFT) was performed on the TEM images to ascribe the crystalline planes and determine

• ]. Different growth mechanisms could potentially lead to variations in the NW structural properties, as was also indicated by the TEM study. The mechanical characteristics of Ga2O3 NWs were first examined using in-situ SEM resonance tests. Figure 3a–c presents a series of SEM images depicting an excitation of

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• incorporation into k-CG hydrogel beads. Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements The actual mean size of the synthesized makura-shaped nanoparticles was calculated in terms of length/width aspect ratio. Figure 4 shows transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force

• using TEM and AFM. Figure 4a–c showed TEM images of nanoparticles confirming the nanomakura shape. However, it was interesting to notice that the nanomakura shape is more pronounced in DTAB-AuNM. This was also confirmed using AFM considering the AuNMs under a three-dimensional view. Furthermore, 3D

• images were captured using AFM as shown in Figure 4d–f confirming the topography of AuNMs. Therefore, it was clearly observed from the complementing results obtained through TEM and AFM that the shape of the nanoparticles is makura. It can be assumed that the breaking of nanorod-shape symmetry into a

Exfoliation of titanium nitride using a non-thermal plasma process

• Priscila Jussiane Zambiazi,
• Dolores Ribeiro Ricci Lazar,
• Larissa Otubo,
• Rodrigo Fernando Brambilla de Souza,
• Almir Oliveira Neto and
• Cecilia Chaves Guedes-Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 631–637, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.53

• cellulose acetate membrane with 200 nm pores. The process was concluded by drying to obtain the TiN nanosheets. The flowchart of the synthesis procedure is shown in Figure 1. The morphology of the exfoliated material was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with a Jeol JEM-2100 electron

• is an indication of no carbon contamination, which would be observed around 1300–1400 cm−1 and 1550–1600 cm−1 [26]. The relaxation in the vibrational modes, as evidenced by the Raman spectra, serves as a compelling indicator of the successful exfoliation. It is in good agreement with XRD and TEM

Comparative analysis of the ultrastructure and adhesive secretion pathways of different smooth attachment pads of the stick insect Medauroidea extradentata (Phasmatodea)

• Julian Thomas,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 612–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.52

• blue. In addition, the blue colour intensity corresponds to the relative electron density of the tissue in TEM [57][58][59]. Cason’s triple stain allows for the differentiation of differently sclerotized regions from brown over orange to yellow (with a decreasing degree of sclerotization) to resilin

• basal layer, similar to that found in G. portentosa [45], confirmation requires TEM analysis. The presence of the wide basal layer potentially augments the mechanical stability of the exocrine cells and ultimately of the arolium [79]. Another difference lies in the autofluorescence of both exocrine

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• ), and CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs were observed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (Figure 2a–c). The sizes of Fe3O4 NCs, CUR-Fe NPs, and CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs were 50.72 ± 10.16 nm, 94.00 ± 12.21 nm, and 96.27 ± 19.14 nm, respectively. The Fe3O4 NCs surface coating can be seen in Figure 1b, indicating that CUR

• was successfully incorporated. CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs appeared flower-like in the TEM images, indicating successful modification with MnO2. The zeta potentials of the Fe3O4 NCs, CUR-Fe NPs, and CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs were −30.133 mV, −16.133 mV, and −15.133 mV, respectively (Figure 2d) and the hydrodynamic

• diameters were 156 nm, 177 nm, and 199 nm, respectively (Figure 2e). The average size obtained from TEM was different from the sizes found by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The reason is that the TEM image depicts the size of the sample in the dry state, while the DLS method depicts the size of the

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• (Japan). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) observation was performed with a JEM 1010. The intermediates in the MB degradation were determined by using an Agilent 1100 LC/MS-MS system with an electron spray ionization source combined with an ion trap. Synthesis of CoFe2O4, CoFe2O4

• CF/GQDs synthesized at hydrothermal temperatures of 140, 180 and 200 °C are shown in Figure 4a–c. The morphology reveals that CF/GQDs consist of heavily agglomerated particles, several hundreds of nanometers in diameter, because of their magnetic nature. Figure 4d and Figure 4e present the TEM images

• of CF and CF/GQDs-200, respectively, and the corresponding particle size distribution. CF has very fine particles of around 15–20 nm. The intimate interfacial contact between GQDs sheets and the CF nanoparticle is further depicted in the TEM image (Figure 4e). In this image, the deposited

Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• Fisher Scientific FEG Tecnai 20 D239 S-Twin TEM using an acceleration voltage of 200 keV and spot 3. The evolution of the right sidewall is shown in Figure 4, where a clear, albeit surprising, trend is visible. The profile of the as-deposited structure (deposit 10) is shown in Figure 4j for reference

• simply varying the etch position on the sidewall using the top view SE image for reference, the slope of the deposit can be tuned from negative (outward) to positive (inward). The evolution has been studied in detail by high-resolution imaging in a TEM. A surprising trend not indicated by the simple

• , all carbon depositions were performed in succession, after which the chamber was allowed to pump down for at least 2 h, and overnight when possible. The etching experiments were then performed in succession. The carbon deposits for the TEM inspection were patterned with a 20 keV beam with 3.2 nA of

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• the results from the scheme 1. Approximately one hour waiting time between cycles was chosen to give enough time for taking series of scanning electron microscopy (SEM, FEI, Nanosem 450) images after each heating cycle. Additionally, a separate series of transmission electron microscopy (TEM

• leading to heat-induced fragmentation of Ag NWs as the mechanism of stress release, and could potentially involve recrystallization into single crystals. To test this hypothesis, we repeated experiments on TEM grids with subsequent observation of the crystal structure via TEM. It was found that the

• pentagonal structure is preserved even for small fragments of NWs that were split as a result of heat treatment as shown in Figure 7 (note that the fragments are kept in place due to contact with the thin carbon membrane of the TEM grid). These findings suggests that heat-induced morphological changes in Ag

On the mechanism of piezoresistance in nanocrystalline graphite

• Sandeep Kumar,
• Simone Dehm and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 376–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.34

• corresponds to a crystallite size of 4–5 nm. TEM studies also done in our previous work on NCG gave an average domain size of 3 nm. We therefore report a grain size range of 2–5 nm for the NCG film synthesized for this study. Figure 3b shows the Raman spectra as a waterfall plot for strain values up to 0.36

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• microscopy (AFM) [3] and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), it is possible to visualize these features. Formation of dots, ripples, and pits have been well studied using IBS [4][5][6][7][8][9]. In the last few decades, numerous efforts have been made to understand IBS through simulations [10] as well as

• . The RBS measurements were performed in channelling mode using 2 MeV He+ ions at the PARAS facility at the Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC), New Delhi, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using an equipment from Jeol, Japan. The samples for TEM were prepared for cross-sectional studies

• in the TEM sample preparation lab at IUAC, New Delhi. Results and Discussion Atomic force microscopy studies Energetic ions, of a few hundreds of kiloelectronvolts, from the ion implanters modify the surface of the target material to grow nanopatterns. The surfaces of the pristine and ion-treated

Comparative electron microscopy particle sizing of TiO₂ pigments: sample preparation and measurement

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Christopher Drury,
• Markus Rohe,
• Thomas Koch,
• Jochen Winkler and
• Petr Pikal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 317–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.29

• could not be ruled out” [7]. Recently, papers have been published in which a number of E171 samples were found by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to be nanomaterials according to the EU definition [8][9]. For TiO2 producers this is surprising as the former food-grade titanium dioxide E171 is

• samples in 2023. Three of the reported measurements were made by SEM and three by TEM. The following three images (Figures 3–5) illustrate typical images used for the different methods. A top-view SEM image is shown in Figure 3 (Precheza M2, Venator M3), Figure 4 is an example of a TEM image (RCPTM, P1

• particle sizes is the sample preparation: With preparation methods P1 and P6, only a small fraction (1/200 to 1/5000) of the initially prepared 2.5 mg of sample is finally transferred to the TEM grid, whereas methods M1, M2, and M3 all bring macroscopic sample amounts to the microscope. Methods RCPTM, M2

Quantitative wear evaluation of tips based on sharp structures

• Ke Xu and
• Houwen Leng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 230–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.22

• . Orji et al. [14] utilized a transmission electron microscope (TEM) to image a tip and derived its tapered shape from the TEM image. Electron microscopic observation offers the advantages of high precision and resolution, enabling accurate acquisition of morphological information about the tip. However

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• advanced TEM cross-sectional analysis would be needed. Conclusion The feasibility of water-assisted FEBIE, available on scanning electron microscopes operating in low-vacuum mode, makes the method very promising for prototyping various optical/electronic devices based on graphene. In this work, we showed

Ferromagnetic resonance spectra of linear magnetosome chains

• Elizaveta M. Gubanova and
• Nikolai A. Usov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 157–167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.15

• number of nanoparticles and type of chain anisotropy accepted makes it possible to obtain statistically significant results for the magnetic susceptibility of a dilute assembly of linear chains. Results and Discussion An analysis of transmission electron microscope (TEM) images [1][2][8][38][39] shows a

• is also the average distance a between the centers of particles in the chain, since this distance determines the amplitude of the dipole field Hdip, acting between the particles of the chain. Based on the TEM data [1][2][7][8][38][39], it can be concluded that the nearest distance between the

Development and characterization of potential larvicidal nanoemulsions against Aedes aegypti

• Jonatas L. Duarte,
• Leonardo Delello Di Filippo,
• Anna Eliza Maciel de Faria Mota Oliveira,
• Rafael Miguel Sábio,
• Gabriel Davi Marena,
• Tais Maria Bauab,
• Cristiane Duque,
• Vincent Corbel and
• Marlus Chorilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 104–114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.10

• aqueous media [37]. According to NTA measurements, the Cym-NE particle size was 145.7 ± 7.7 nm, while the Myr-NE particle size was 126.4 ± 5.6 nm, confirming the nanometric droplet size. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) is one of the most

• useful techniques for the investigation of NEs, since it provides detailed information about the internal structure of colloidal systems observed in their native state [38]. In cryo-TEM, it was possible to observe spherical droplets (Figure 1). Similar results of spherical droplets smaller than 180 nm

• were observed with cryo-TEM [39]. This technique is widely used to characterize the morphology of nanoemulsions and faithfully confirms the results obtained with other techniques [40]. In vitro drug release One potential advantage of using NEs is their ability to enhance drug solubility and

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• powder. (b) TEM image of BBR NPs. (c) Digital image of the electrospun nanofiber scaffolds. (d, d’), (e, e’), (f, f’) SEM images and the distribution of fiber diameter of electrospun PLA, BBR/PLA, and BBR NPs/PLA nanofiber scaffolds, respectively. FTIR spectra of (a) PLA, (b) BBR/PLA, and (c) BBR NPs/PLA

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• submicrometer apertures were milled on SiN membranes using a focused ion beam. Furthermore, we have developed a new TEM sample preparation method, where we fabricated Py nanostructures on a bulk substrate with a SiN buffer layer and etched the substrate to create a thin SiN membrane under the Py nanostructure

• ], transmission electron microscopy (TEM) [1][8][9][10][11], scanning transmission X-ray microscopy [12][13], and magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy [14][15]. Possible applications of Py nanodisks were proposed for zero-hysteresis magnet sensors, magnetic logic devices, and data storage [16]. Py is a nickel

• –iron alloy (80 atom % Ni and 20 atom % Fe) that has a small coercive field (Hc) [17] and low magnetostriction (λs) [18], as well as high permeability and high saturation magnetization (Ms) [19]. TEM offers high spatial resolution for magnetic imaging. TEM-based magnetic imaging techniques such as

Determination of the radii of coated and uncoated silicon AFM sharp tips using a height calibration standard grating and a nonlinear regression function

• Perawat Boonpuek and
• Jonathan R. Felts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1200–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.99

• relation to the PSD were collected to observe the tip blunting behavior. The quantitative determination of the tip radii compared to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the tips showed corresponding results between the blunted tips and the PSD curves, concluding that blunter tips produced a

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

Sulfur nanocomposites with insecticidal effect for the control of Bactericera cockerelli

• Lany S. Araujo-Yépez,
• Juan O. Tigrero-Salas,
• Vicente A. Delgado-Rodríguez,
• Vladimir A. Aguirre-Yela and
• Josué N. Villota-Méndez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1106–1115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.91

• eucalyptus and rosemary at different concentrations. Characterizations were carried out through UV–visible spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM); also the insecticidal efficacy of the NCMPs for the control of

• , and O, corresponding to the by-products of the reduction of sodium thiosulfate to sulfur (see Experimental section), were found [19][31][34]. Carbon is from the substrate used in the EDS analysis [35][36]. The TEM micrograph in Figure 3a reveals the formation of spherical SNPs that agglomerate into

• distribution were calculated. UV–vis spectrum of SNPs. (a) SEM micrograph and (b) EDS spectrum of synthesized SNPs. (a) TEM micrograph of synthesized SNPs and (b) density function. STEM micrographs (left) and density plots (right) of eucalyptus nanocomposites with oil concentrations of (a) 0.25%, (b) 0.5%, and

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

• Elangovan Sarathkumar,
• Rajasekharan S. Anjana and
• Ramapurath S. Jayasree

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 988–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.82

• of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0.) Shape-dependent photothermal properties. TEM image of gold nanostructures (A). (Figure 6A was adapted from [61

• Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0).). TEM images of gold crosses (E). (Figure 6D and E was reprinted with permission from [62], Copyright 2011 American Chemical Society. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0.). Absorbance and TEM images of

Isolation of cubic Si₃P₄ in the form of nanocrystals

• Polina K. Nikiforova,
• Sergei S. Bubenov,
• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Andrey S. Kumskov,
• Nikolay N. Kononov,
• Tatyana A. Kuznetsova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 971–979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.80

• nanoparticles with a defective zinc blende structure under mild conditions through thermal annealing of hydrogenated silicon nanoparticles with red phosphorus. The synthesized Si3P4 nanoparticles were analyzed using FTIR, XRD, electron diffraction, EDX, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

• Si3P4 decomposition, sample SP670 as well as the freshly prepared sample SP550 were selected for the TEM studies. A typical TEM bright-field image is shown in Figure 6a. The particles show a profound tendency to agglomerate, not unlike the parent oxidized Si NPs [38]. The agglomeration obstructs size

• control over the width of the bandgap through selection of the composition. Conclusion A synthesis of freestanding Si3P4 NPs with cubic crystal structure was successfully carried out and corroborated by XRD, TEM, EDX, electron diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The cell parameter of the experimentally

Upscaling the urea method synthesis of CoAl layered double hydroxides

• Camilo Jaramillo-Hernández,
• Víctor Oestreicher,
• Martín Mizrahi and
• Gonzalo Abellán

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 927–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.76

• CoAl-LDH synthesis method. We thoroughly study the effects of the mass scale-up (25-fold: up to 375 mM) and the volumetric scale-up (20-fold: up to 2 L). For this, we use a combination of several structural (XRD, TGA, and N2 and CO2 isotherms), microscopic (SEM, TEM, and AFM), magnetic (SQUID), and

• CoAl-based LDH synthesis through an ARR method had been demonstrated, morphological aspects were addressed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) (Figure 4 and Figure 5). For reference x1, well-defined hexagonal single

• corresponding structure. Microscopy Sample preparation The dried solids were suspended in ethanol and drop cast onto Au TEM grids covered with a lacy carbon film, and the solvent was left to evaporate. SEM samples were prepared from the same solution after 5 min of ultrasonication. The sonicated suspension was

Green SPIONs as a novel highly selective treatment for leishmaniasis: an in vitro study against Leishmania amazonensis intracellular amastigotes

• Brunno R. F. Verçoza,
• Robson R. Bernardo,
• Luiz Augusto S. de Oliveira and
• Juliany C. F. Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 893–903, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.73

• , arrowheads). The ferrous nature of the observed structures was assessed by chemical element mapping analysis using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (Figure 2C), confirming that the electron-lucent structures contain iron atoms (Figure 2D). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to confirm the

• internalization of the SPIONs. First, promastigotes were treated with 100 µg/mL of SPIONs for 24 h (Figure 3A–C). TEM images confirmed the presence of SPION aggregates randomly distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the promastigotes (Figure 3A–C, arrowheads). The images suggest that these aggregates have

• , different from most compounds, drugs, and nanomaterials developed in the last decades. During TEM analyses, we observed that intracellular amastigotes were undergoing substantial ultrastructural alterations (Figure 5) when treated with SPIONs. These alterations include (1) accumulation of lipid bodies, (2