Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The shape and size of the nanoparticles can be determined by these two methods [59]. TEM is extensively utilized and can differentiate between nanocapsules and nanospheres, as well as measure the thickness of the nanocapsule

• [61]. Nanoparticle size: The nanoparticle size can be determined using a variety of methods including dynamic (DLS) and static (SLS) light scattering; TEM, SEM, and AFM are also widely employed [62][63]. DLS and SLS can detect particle size by determining changes in distribution of particle size

• , while TEM and SEM yield images of separated particles [61]. Surface area: The reactivity of nanoparticles and their ability to interact with ligands highly depend on their surface area. This property of the nanoparticles can be detected directly by adsorbing an inert gas under various pressures to form

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• scattering (DLS) and zeta potential spectra measurements were carried out in three replicates on a nanoPartica Horiba SZ-100 (Japan) with a scattering angle of 90° at 25 °C to determine the size distribution and stability of the nanocomposites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) The F127-folate@PLGA/CHL

• /IR780 (10 μL) suspension was loaded on a silica film for 1 min, and water was allowed to evaporate. Then, the nanoparticles were coated with titanium, and the SEM images were acquired using a FE-SEM S4800 HITACHI, Japan. Drug loading efficiency The F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 suspension was freeze-dried

• generated by the nanoprecipitation–diffusion method were homogeneous with a polydispersity index (PDI) of less than 0.075 ± 0.05 and a size of 198 ± 5 nm for F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 and 228 ± 4 nm for F127@PLGA/CHL/IR780 (Table 1 and Figure 1A). SEM images showed that the nanoparticles have a spherical

Facile synthesis of Fe-based metal–organic frameworks from Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles and their application for CO₂/N₂ separation

• Van Nhieu Le,
• Hoai Duc Tran,
• Minh Tien Nguyen,
• Hai Bang Truong,
• Toan Minh Pham and
• Jinsoo Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 897–908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.74

• and yield of the as-prepared MIL-100(Fe) materials, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) measurements, determination of textural properties, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

• the obtained MIL-100(Fe) depending on the H3BTC concentration. To further reinforce this statement, the morphology of all materials was examined via SEM analysis. Figure 3 reveals that Fe2O3 nanoparticles appeared in spherical shapes, while MIL-100(Fe) crystals displayed an octahedral morphology with

• sizes around 1 μm. The SEM images of M-100Fe@Fe2O3 samples showed polyhedral nanoparticles, indicating the successful preparation of MIL-100(Fe) crystals. It is important to note that the morphology of the obtained MIL-100(Fe) crystals depends on both the source of Fe-based precursor and the synthetic

Water-assisted purification during electron beam-induced deposition of platinum and gold

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Fabian A. Polman and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 884–896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.73

• ) is a nanofabrication technique that allows for the direct writing of three-dimensional nanostructures [1][2][3]. In FEBID, a gaseous precursor, often an organometallic compound, is injected in the vacuum chamber of a scanning electron microscope (SEM), adsorbed on a substrate, and dissociated by a

• 24 and 35 °C for Au deposition, and between 30 and 35 °C for Pt deposition. The pressure increase in the SEM chamber is taken as a measure of the water flux. The latter is controlled through the temperature setting of the GIS reservoir and manual adjustment of the GIS valve. Before deposition and

• patterning parameters are the patterned area size, dwell time, primary beam energy and current, pitch, number of passes, and SEM chamber pressure during deposition or chamber pressure increase during deposition. The complete parameters for the deposits presented in this work are presented in Supporting

The effect of age on the attachment ability of stick insects (Phasmatodea)

• Marie Grote,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 867–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.72

• projections. 8 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) For inspection of the tarsal morphology of different age groups, samples were chosen after CLSM to compare regions of interest, such as altered autofluorescence or damage. Selected tarsi were transferred from glycerin into 50% ethanol via a gradual series of

• glycerin (descending) and ethanol (ascending) mixtures. Afterwards, samples were dehydrated in an ascending ethanol series and dried using a Leica EM CPD300 (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) critical point drier. The tarsi were mounted on SEM stubs and sputter-coated with 10 nm gold–palladium in a Leica Bal-TEC

• on the pads of older animals (Figure 5 I), and large parts of the euplantular area frequently showed an overall reddish hue throughout the pad surface (Figure 5I–L). Microscopic ageing signs Several further microscopic signs of ageing were visible using SEM (Figure 7). Wrinkles due to deflation of

Intermixing of MoS₂ and WS₂ photocatalysts toward methylene blue photodegradation

• Maryam Al Qaydi,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Michael Lejeune,
• Abdellatif Bouchalkha,
• Mimoun El Marssi,
• Steevy Cordette,
• Chaouki Kasmi and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 817–829, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.68

• binding energies). This means there is no chemical shift in the compounds, implying that the intermixing of Mo and W did not disturb the chemical environment, and the elements retained a stable chemical bond. Microstructure analysis Figure 4 shows scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of all

• the flakes is in a range of a few hundred nanometers to a few microns, as observed in the SEM images. Figure 5a and Figure 5b show that the MoS2 flake has a hexagonal crystal structure with an interplanar distance of 0.61 nm, corresponding to the (002) plane of 2H-MoS2 [33]. Other MoS2 crystal

• further advancements in materials science and engineering. Conclusion Neat and intermixed MoS2 and WS2 phases were evaluated for the PD of MB dye under solar irradiation excitation. The considered samples were systematically characterized by XPS, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and HRTEM. WS2 exhibited the

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mechanical tests, investigation of salt dissolution from the scaffolds, examination of their antibacterial activity against four different bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and

• FTIR analysis, we used an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) detector during the SEM measurements to show the presence of salts in the fibers. The EDX spectra were taken at a voltage of 15 kV. Mechanical properties A mechanical testing machine (4952, Instron, USA) and the associated software

• of the salts was difficult to detect at this concentration, elemental analysis was performed with an EDX detector during the SEM experiments. In Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1, it can be seen that, in both cases, Zn and Sr appeared inside the fibers. The presence of the salts was

Effect of repeating hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing on CuO thin film properties

• Monika Ozga,
• Eunika Zielony,
• Aleksandra Wierzbicka,
• Anna Wolska,
• Marcin Klepka,
• Marek Godlewski,
• Bogdan J. Kowalski and
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 743–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.62

• characterized using an analytical scanning electron microscope (SEM) Hitachi SU-70 with the X-ray microanalysis system (EDX) enabling composition analysis (Thermo Fisher Pathfinder system with a silicon drift detector). Additionally, in the study, a scanning probe microscope (Dimension Icon, Bruker) was used

• cracking. This phenomenon was manifested, for example, during SEM measurements, when the sample was locally heated by an electron beam, as shown in Figure 1. Simultaneously, exposing the samples to thermal processing results in a reduction of the content of carbon atoms. On this basis, it is postulated

• cycle one, two, and three times was conducted using SEM and AFM. Figure 3 shows representative images of the surface and height profiles (where 0 corresponds to the mean plane) acquired along the marked lines from the AFM scans of the analyzed samples. The measured parameters are compiled in Table 2

Level set simulation of focused ion beam sputtering of a multilayer substrate

• Alexander V. Rumyantsev,
• Nikolai I. Borgardt,
• Roman L. Volkov and
• Yuri A. Chaplygin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 733–742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.61

• microscopy (SEM) image of the trenches with a superimposed line depicting the position of the prepared cross section. Figure 3b–d presents the corresponding cross-sectional STEM images of trenches, where the silicon dioxide is visualized as the dark layer. The shape of trenches was mainly determined by the

• crystalline silicon substrate covered by an approximately 600 nm thick silicon dioxide layer. The plan-view SEM image corresponding to M = 2 and cross-sectional STEM images of the prepared boxes are shown in Figure 3e and Figure 3f–h, respectively. As can be seen from Figure 3e–h, V-like boxes cutting through

• of the cross section are depicted in (a), while the cross-sectional view of the fabricated structure can be seen in (b). Averaged sputtering yield shown together with the dependences of Yi(θ′) for Ga ions with an energy of 30 keV. Plan-view SEM (a, e) and cross-sectional STEM (b–d, f–h) images with

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• microscope (SEM), Hitachi (Japan). UV–vis absorption spectroscopy measurements was carried out on an 8453 UV–vis spectrophotometer, Agilent, USA. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy measurements were performed on a FL3C-22 spectrophotometer, Horiba, USA. Synthesis of TiO2/GQDs Peroxo titanium complexes were

Elastic modulus of β-Ga₂O₃ nanowires measured by resonance and three-point bending techniques

• Annamarija Trausa,
• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Tauno Tiirats,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Boris Polyakov and
• Edgars Butanovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 704–712, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.58

• for studying the mechanical properties of NWs, such as nanoindentation [15], three-point bending tests using an atomic force microscope (AFM) [16], and in-situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) resonance [17]. However, challenges of obtaining consistent and comparable elastic modulus values across

• mechanisms alongside the vapour–liquid–solid (VLS) method. Following an examination via SEM, it became evident that the NWs exhibit variations in their dimensions, highlighting a nonuniform geometry (Figure 2). The observed NWs and NB-like structures exhibited various cross-sections, including square-like

• ]. Different growth mechanisms could potentially lead to variations in the NW structural properties, as was also indicated by the TEM study. The mechanical characteristics of Ga2O3 NWs were first examined using in-situ SEM resonance tests. Figure 3a–c presents a series of SEM images depicting an excitation of

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) of the powdered form of AuNM, as shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4. Growth mechanism in AuNMs during seed-mediated synthesis Seed-mediated synthesis approach has been adopted in the present work which is quite

• diffractogram (Figure 5b) also confirmed the preferred longitudinal growth towards the {111} facet. The XRD results as shown in Figure 5b along with SEM/EDX results (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4) confirmed that the AuNMs were made of gold. The formation of bilayer assembly of surfactants was

Comparative analysis of the ultrastructure and adhesive secretion pathways of different smooth attachment pads of the stick insect Medauroidea extradentata (Phasmatodea)

• Julian Thomas,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 612–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.52

• relatively large adhesive organs that bear no further surface microstructures [47][55][56] and because the droplet morphology of its tarsal secretion has been recently analysed [28][38][47][55][56]. Combining different imaging techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning

• , Netherlands) and Affinity Designer (Serif, Nottingham, UK). Results Tarsal structure The structure of the tarsus of M. extradentata was observed using CLSM and SEM (Figure 1B,C). It comprises five tarsomeres (ta 1–5) and the pretarsus. Tarsomeres one to four (ta 1–4) each bear a pair of euplantulae (eu 1–4

• , indicating the presence of a meshed network of flexible cuticle fibres within the attachment pad (Figure 2B). This coarse meshed-fibre structure was also observed in SEM (Figure 2C). In addition, using CLSM, the attachment pad structure exhibited a low degree of sclerotization indicating a presumably soft

Stiffness calibration of qPlus sensors at low temperature through thermal noise measurements

• Laurent Nony,
• Sylvain Clair,
• Daniel Uehli,
• Aitziber Herrero,
• Jean-Marc Themlin,
• Andrea Campos,
• Franck Para,
• Alessandro Pioda and
• Christian Loppacher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 580–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.50

• -Omicron, operated at 9.8 K. We use commercial qPlus sensors purchased from Scienta-Omicron. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures of one of these probes are shown in Figure 1. SEM analysis was performed with a Zeiss GeminiSEM 500 ultrahigh-resolution FESEM at 15 kV. Secondary electron detection was

• used for imaging. At 15 kV, the resolution is 0.6 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) chemical analyses have been performed too, for which an EDAX Octane Silicon Dri Detector (129 eV energy resolution for manganese) coupled to the SEM was used at 15 kV. A large side view (cf. Figure 1a

Electron-induced deposition using Fe(CO)₄MA and Fe(CO)₅ – effect of MA ligand and process conditions

• Hannah Boeckers,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Petra Martinović,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 500–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.45

• of the desired material, typically a metal, are dosed via a gas inlet system onto a surface placed in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). There, the precursor is decomposed by the tightly focused electron beam to form a solid deposit. To provide the precursor with sufficient volatility, the metal

Aero-ZnS prepared by physical vapor transport on three-dimensional networks of sacrificial ZnO microtetrapods

• Veaceslav Ursaki,
• Tudor Braniste,
• Victor Zalamai,
• Emil Rusu,
• Vladimir Ciobanu,
• Vadim Morari,
• Daniel Podgornii,
• Pier Carlo Ricci,
• Rainer Adelung and
• Ion Tiginyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 490–499, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.44

• produced material is investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while its crystalline and optical qualities are assessed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, respectively. We demonstrate possibilities for controlling the composition and the crystallographic

• sensor applications. Keywords: aeromaterial; crystallographic structure; luminescence; physical vapor transport; scanning electron microscopy (SEM); X-ray diffraction (XRD); Introduction Porous materials represent a class of solid-state networks widely used in adsorptive and photocatalytic removal of

• 10 × 10 mm2 to prepare 2 mm thick sample tablets. In order to increase the mechanical stability, the tablets with a density of 0.5 g/cm3 were annealed at 1000 °C for 1 h in air. Morphology analysis was carried out with a VEGA TESCAN 5130 SEM instrument equipped with an EDX detector from Oxford

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• Tristar-3030 system (Micromeritics, USA). The magnetic properties were measured on a Micro Sense vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) at room temperature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations and energy-dispersive X-ray elemental mapping (EDX mapping) were carried out on a Hitachi S-4800 FESEM

• . Weight losses are observed between 200 and 800 °C, and the material remains stable at higher temperatures. The significant loss from 200 to 700 °C of around 50.92% is attributed to GQDs. These results show that the equation illustrating the synthesis of CF/GQDs can be written as follows: SEM images of

• curves of CF/GQDs-200. SEM images of (a) CF/GQD-140, (b) CF/GQD-180, and (c) CF/GQD-200; TEM observations and corresponding particle size distribution of (d) CF and (e) CF/GQDs-200. EDX-mapping of CF/GQDs-200. (a) Electron microscopy image, (b) EDX spectrum, (c) carbon mapping, (d) oxygen mapping, (e

Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• ., Ltd.) for 10 min. The collection was vacuum-dried to obtain DCS nanocrystals. Characterization of DCS nanocrystals The DCS nanocrystals were analyzed via scanning electronic microscopy (SEM, JEOL Ltd.) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD, Bruker AXS GmbH). For SEM, commercial DCS was spreaded onto a

• antisolvent, and the mixing conditions. During precipitation, different solvents can affect the size, the structure, and the stability of polymorphous particles. To confirm the morphology of DCS nanocrystals, SEM and XRPD analyses were applied for the examination of particle size and structure, respectively

• stability of the DCS nanocrystals used in this study were confirmed by SEM and XRPD before the experiments. The excipient compatibility study and the pH effect on DCS stability The objective of the DCS excipient compatibility test (Table 1) was to determine the best excipient, the optimal pH range, the best

Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• qualitative agreement with the experimental observations. As a demonstration, the proposed method is applied to a carbon FEBID structure whose sidewall is etched using FEBIE with water in an SEM, using SE signal monitoring to determine when a vertical sidewall has been achieved. Results Sidewall slope

• sidewall. This suggests that etching can be carried out at any position on the sidewall if the right dose can be applied to make it vertical. From a practical point of view, it would be advantageous if this entire process, etching as well as imaging, could be implemented in situ in the SEM. The above

• also been carried out in situ in an SEM. Making use of the phenomenon of enhanced SE emission from an edge, the evolution of the sidewall angle during etching was continuously monitored using the SE signal. It has been demonstrated that this technique is sufficiently sensitive to determine the dose at

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• the results from the scheme 1. Approximately one hour waiting time between cycles was chosen to give enough time for taking series of scanning electron microscopy (SEM, FEI, Nanosem 450) images after each heating cycle. Additionally, a separate series of transmission electron microscopy (TEM

• number of split events per length of either adhered or suspended part. The number of splits was calculated from SEM images of the large areas (approx. 120 × 80 µm) taken with maximum picture resolution (6144 × 4415). This ensured that there was no bias in choosing individual NWs for analysis, but all NWs

• significant bending in the suspended part in the heating scheme 2. The onset temperature of this phenomenon is difficult to determine as the deformation can be below the detection limits of SEM. Moreover, in SEM we only see the 2D projection normal to the electron beam. If NWs are bent out of the substrate

Potential of a deep eutectic solvent in silver nanoparticle fabrication for antibiotic residue detection

• Le Hong Tho,
• Bui Xuan Khuyen,
• Ngoc Xuan Dat Mai and
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 426–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.38

• pattern of the Ag NPs-DES thin film. (A) SEM images of Ag NPs-DES. (B) XRF mapping of the Ag NPs-DES thin film with pink dots representing silver. (A) SERS performance of the Ag NPs-DES substrate in detecting different concentrations of NFT. (B) Linear fit of −log C and peak intensities at 1580 and 1321

Insect attachment on waxy plant surfaces: the effect of pad contamination by different waxes

• Elena V. Gorb and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 385–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.35

• ], where cryo-SEM was applied for the examination of plant surfaces, these projections were considered as round or angular tubules with dendrite-like branches on their tops. In the present study, we follow the latter opinion and treat B. oleracea wax projections as tubules bearing apical filamentous

• subsequently attach to a smooth surface after having a previous contact with a waxy plant surface. In combination with our SEM data on contaminated beetle feet, the above outcomes of the force tests indicated that the contamination of pads by the plant wax is responsible for the attachment force reduction on

• , experiments with all waxy plant surfaces (d.f. = 44) and (2) data obtained from five test insects on each plant surface separately (d.f. = 4). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of waxy plant surfaces in the young stem of Acer negundo (a) and adaxial (upper) leaf sides of Aloe vera (b), Aquilegia

Modulated critical currents of spin-transfer torque-induced resistance changes in NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowires

• Mengqi Fu,
• Roman Hartmann,
• Julian Braun,
• Sergej Andreev,
• Torsten Pietsch and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 360–366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.32

• device fabrication, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the devices during the fabrication process are presented in Supporting Information File 1. In most reported works, the nanowires were deposited in all pores of the AAO templates [18][19][20][21]. Additional etching steps or coating

• . Therefore, the fabrication process of 3D devices becomes easier. Figure 2a shows a SEM image of nanowires after removing the AAO template and top electrodes by diluted NaOH solution. Each nanowire consists of multiple NiCu layers of different thickness that are separated by thin Cu layers (denoted as Cu

• spacer in the following). From the bottom to the top, both NiCu layers and Cu spacers get thinner, which can be caused by the dynamical change of the ion concentration in the holes. Eventually, the thickness of the Cu spacers becomes zero and no well-defined Cu spacer can be observed. Through the SEM

Controllable physicochemical properties of WO_x thin films grown under glancing angle

• Rupam Mandal,
• Aparajita Mandal,
• Alapan Dutta,
• Rengasamy Sivakumar,
• Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 350–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.31

• films was studied in cross-section view mode using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) (Carl Zeiss). The samples were cleaved using a diamond cutter and placed on the SEM sample holder with the cross-sectional area facing the electron beam. All SEM images were captured using 5 keV

• annealed films show bigger grain sizes compared to the respective as-deposited ones. It is noted that the WOx films deposited on glass substrates show similar trends in grain sizes with film thickness (data not shown here). Additionally, cross-sectional SEM images of 60 and 120 nm thick films are depicted

• the AFM and SEM analysis, henceforth, the films will be referred to as NS-WOx films. Regarding the optical properties, the transmittance spectra of the as-deposited NS-WOx films on glass show the highest transmittance (more than 90%) over the spectral range of 300 to 1200 nm for 6 nm films, which

Comparative electron microscopy particle sizing of TiO₂ pigments: sample preparation and measurement

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Christopher Drury,
• Markus Rohe,
• Thomas Koch,
• Jochen Winkler and
• Petr Pikal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 317–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.29

• manufactured as a standard white pigment grade, which would be significantly inferior if more than 50% of its particles were below 100 nm in diameter. In other papers, samples of the same materials were measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and found not to meet the EU classification for

• round-robin test in 2023 by three laboratories (KRONOS INT. Inc., Precheza a.s, and Venator). The results are summarised in this publication. Each laboratory followed its own routine procedure to prepare samples, make SEM images, and measure several particle size parameters including the smallest

• samples in 2023. Three of the reported measurements were made by SEM and three by TEM. The following three images (Figures 3–5) illustrate typical images used for the different methods. A top-view SEM image is shown in Figure 3 (Precheza M2, Venator M3), Figure 4 is an example of a TEM image (RCPTM, P1