Phosphorus monolayer doping (MLD) of silicon on insulator (SOI) substrates

• Noel Kennedy,
• Ray Duffy,
• Luke Eaton,
• Dan O’Connell,
• Scott Monaghan,
• Shane Garvey,
• James Connolly,
• Chris Hatem,
• Justin D. Holmes and
• Brenda Long

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2106–2113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.199

• methods and averaging between all geometries to remove most major error components and obtain an accurate Hall voltage assessed against the signal-to-noise (SNR) accuracy obtained [21]. For all samples assessed in this work, the coupon size is ca. 1 cm × 1 cm with four pressure probe metal contacts placed

Recent highlights in nanoscale and mesoscale friction

• Andrea Vanossi,
• Dirk Dietzel,
• Andre Schirmeisen,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Rémy Pawlak,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Marcin Kisiel,
• Shigeki Kawai and
• Nicola Manini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1995–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.190

• of the field foreseeable in the near future. Review Controlled nanomovements Friction force microscopy (FFM) is a well-defined AFM operation mode in which tiny lateral forces acting on the tip, as it scans across the surface, are recorded [9]. Atomic forces involving few-atom contacts can provide

• patterns on a lattice-mismatched crystal overlayer [10][11][12]. One of the most frequent motivations to utilize FFM as a tool in nanotribology is its ability to mimic a single-asperity contact by the junction between a sharp AFM tip and the substrate. Such single-asperity contacts are widely considered as

• the most fundamental building blocks of friction, as pointed out in well-established interface models, where interfaces are considered as a complex system of single-asperity contacts [13][14]. Consequently, FFM has received tremendous attention since its invention 30 years ago. To date an ever growing

Electromigrated electrical optical antennas for transducing electrons and photons at the nanoscale

• Arindam Dasgupta,
• Mickaël Buret,
• Nicolas Cazier,
• Marie-Maxime Mennemanteuil,
• Reinaldo Chacon,
• Kamal Hammani,
• Jean-Claude Weeber,
• Juan Arocas,
• Laurent Markey,
• Gérard Colas des Francs,
• Alexander Uskov,
• Igor Smetanin and
• Alexandre Bouhelier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1964–1976, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.187

• devices before electromigration is in the range of 1 to 4 mS, and includes the contribution from leads and contacts. Vdc is then incremented by steps of 100 mV. We monitor G(t) during each step and the entire electromigration process may be divided into phases. During the first few Vdc steps, G(t) is

• in agreement with this picture [19][20][21][27][54]. However, some authors reported an over-bias emission from atomic contacts where the emitted spectra are no longer limited by the kinetic energy of the electrons given by the applied bias [18][55][56]. In these devices, the emission is described by

A differential Hall effect measurement method with sub-nanometre resolution for active dopant concentration profiling in ultrathin doped Si_1−xGe_x and Si layers

• Richard Daubriac,
• Emmanuel Scheid,
• Hiba Rizk,
• Richard Monflier,
• Sylvain Joblot,
• Rémi Beneyton,
• Pablo Acosta Alba,
• Sébastien Kerdilès and
• Filadelfo Cristiano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1926–1939, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.184

• use an encapsulation cell to protect metallic contacts of the electric test structures during etch (Figure S3, Supporting Information File 1). Due to the funnel-shaped cell designed for this study, the reaction zone is confined, which results in a reduction of the etch rate. By optimising the

• symmetrical shape with peripheral contacts separated from the centre region, in which the current lines converge allowing precise characterization. For this last reason, we were able to design an encapsulation cell (Figure S3, Supporting Information File 1) defining a reaction region in the centre part of the

• Greek-cross structure while protecting the metallic contacts with the lowest impact on structure symmetry and measurement reproducibility. Electrical measurements were carried out with a HL5500PC Nanometrics Hall bench equipped with a 0.3 T magnet. For each investigated sample, the sheet resistance and

Electrical characterization of single nanometer-wide Si fins in dense arrays

• Steven Folkersma,
• Janusz Bogdanowicz,
• Andreas Schulze,
• Paola Favia,
• Dirch H. Petersen,
• Ole Hansen,
• Henrik H. Henrichsen,
• Peter F. Nielsen,
• Lior Shiv and
• Wilfried Vandervorst

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1863–1867, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.178

• ) larger than dcontact, the procedure is identical to the previously described case of blanket materials. The electrical contact is indeed created, i.e., contacts j = 1, 2, 3, 4 are activated, when Ipulse ≥ Ithreshold and the electrical resistance Rfin of the region of the fin included between the two

• inner contacts is readily obtained from the ratio Rfin = V/Iin [6]. Secondly, in the more complex case of dense fins, i.e., fin pitch < dcontact, the μ4pp electrodes can physically contact multiple fins at the same time. For simplicity, this paper only considers the case of two fins physically contacted

• by the electrodes (Figure 1b). In this situation, electrical contact is formed on both fins, i.e., contacts j = 1, 2, …, 8 are activated, when the magnitude of Ipulse is similar as used on blanket materials. The measured resistance is then determined by the ratio between the two currents Iin1 and

SO₂ gas adsorption on carbon nanomaterials: a comparative study

• Deepu J. Babu,
• Divya Puthusseri,
• Frank G. Kühl,
• Sherif Okeil,
• Michael Bruns,
• Manfred Hampe and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1782–1792, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.169

• supramolecular contacts surrounding the pore [2]. The beneficial role of hydroxy groups on SO2 adsorption was also observed in the case of flue gas adsorption on MOFs [8]. All these studies point to the fact that the presence of oxygen functionalities can certainly influence the SO2 adsorption characteristics of

Josephson effect in junctions of conventional and topological superconductors

• Alex Zazunov,
• Albert Iks,
• Miguel Alvarado,
• Alfredo Levy Yeyati and
• Reinhold Egger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1659–1676, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.158

• describe the semi-infinite S/TS leads and the isolated dot in between, respectively, and Htun refers to the tunnel contacts. We often use units with e = = kB = 1, and β = 1/T denotes inverse temperature. The QD is modeled as an Anderson impurity [36], i.e., a single spin-degenerate level of energy ε0 with

• devices allow for a Majorana-induced parity switch between Andreev state sectors with different parity in a superconducting atomic contact. This observation could be useful for future microwave spectroscopy experiments of Andreev qubits in such contacts. Schematic setups studied in this paper. a) S–QD–TS

Friction force microscopy of tribochemistry and interfacial ageing for the SiO_x/Si/Au system

• Christiane Petzold,
• Marcus Koch and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1647–1658, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.157

• ; tribochemistry; wear; Introduction Contact ageing, the strengthening of contacts after formation, is an important phenomenon in tribology, with impact ranging from the nano-scale (NEMS and MEMS) [1][2] to the macro-scale (sliding of rock in earthquakes) [3][4]. Different microscopic mechanisms for contact

• structure [10], for which friction maxima have been predicted [11]. Friction force microscopy (FFM) is a key method to investigate the microscopic mechanisms underlying friction, wear, and lubrication as it allows for measurements of static and kinetic friction of single nanometer-scale contacts. In FFM, an

• atmosphere by FFM [8]. It has been explained by an increase in the number of covalent bonds across the contact facilitated by the presence of water [12][13]. Ageing of well-defined contacts between metallic nanoparticles and surfaces has also been quantified by displacement of the particles in a FFM

Robust topological phase in proximitized core–shell nanowires coupled to multiple superconductors

• Tudor D. Stanescu,
• Anna Sitek and
• Andrei Manolescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1512–1526, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.142

• in Figure 14. This field is equivalent with the chain dependent potential Veff() introduced before. First, a perfectly symmetric shell is experimentally unrealistic from fabrication. Second, as already mentioned, in a regular experimental setup external gates and other contacts may affect the wire

Absence of free carriers in silicon nanocrystals grown from phosphorus- and boron-doped silicon-rich oxide and oxynitride

• Daniel Hiller,
• Julian López-Vidrier,
• Keita Nomoto,
• Michael Wahl,
• Wolfgang Bock,
• Tomáš Chlouba,
• František Trojánek,
• Sebastian Gutsch,
• Margit Zacharias,
• Dirk König,
• Petr Malý and
• Michael Kopnarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1501–1511, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.141

• measurements were post-annealed in the same furnace in pure H2 gas at 450 °C for 1 h to enable the passivation of dangling bond defects [18]. For electrical measurements, MOS capacitors were processed by thermal evaporation of Al-contacts. Molecular Cs+ secondary ion mass spectrometry (MCs+-SIMS [19]; Cameca

Electrostatically actuated encased cantilevers

• Benoit X. E. Desbiolles,
• Gabriela Furlan,
• Adam M. Schwartzberg,
• Paul D. Ashby and
• Dominik Ziegler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1381–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.130

• establish the two separate electrical contacts required for electrostatic actuation. To make an electrical connection to the tip we removed the polymer layers on the back side of the chip and inserted a thin sheet of gold foil between the chip and the cantilever holder. By contacting the gold foil and the

• metallic spring clip of the holder, we can provide reliable electrical contacts to the cantilever (Utip) and excitation electrode on the encasement (Udrive). Results Experimental results Electrostatic vs piezoacoustic excitation Figure 2 compares piezoacoustic and electrostatic excitation in air. In both

• encasement could potentially reduce this effect, but establishing reliable electrical contacts would be more difficult. As shown in the following section, this effect can be eliminated using sub-harmonic excitation, which is independent of static electric potentials. Sub-harmonic electrostatic excitation In

Atomistic modeling of tribological properties of Pd and Al nanoparticles on a graphene surface

• Alexei Khomenko,
• Miroslav Zakharov,
• Denis Boyko and
• Bo N. J. Persson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1239–1246, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.115

• interface between the slider and the substrate, which usually lead to an increase in friction with time. Modern rate-and-state models for rough contacts predict that aging does not only influence the transition from static contact to sliding, but affects the overall sliding dynamics. The complex nature of

Theoretical study of strain-dependent optical absorption in a doped self-assembled InAs/InGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs quantum dot

• Tarek A. Ameen,
• Hesameddin Ilatikhameneh,
• Archana Tankasala,
• Yuling Hsueh,
• James Charles,
• Jim Fonseca,
• Michael Povolotskyi,
• Jun Oh Kim,
• Sanjay Krishna,
• Monica S. Allen,
• Jeffery W. Allen,
• Rajib Rahman and
• Gerhard Klimeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1075–1084, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.99

• , it is not appropriate for quantum dots adjacent to heavily doped regions, such as contacts. In addition, to calculate optical transitions of doped quantum dots, the many-particle states of the quantum dot are evaluated using atomistic configuration interaction [35]. The method accurately captures the

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

• are exposed via an extensive microscopic study. It has been shown that adhesion is ensured by sub-micrometric devices whereas flies and beetles rely on terminal setae that are of micrometer dimensions. The principle of contact mechanics, which shows that the adhesion leads to the splitting of contacts

Effect of microtrichia on the interlocking mechanism in the Asian ladybeetle, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

• Jiyu Sun,
• Chao Liu,
• Bharat Bhushan,
• Wei Wu and
• Jin Tong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 812–823, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.75

• DS could mesh with abdominal microtrichia [5]. A second function is air deflection in flight. When air flows over the surface of the hindwings, the microtrichia tilt because of the force of the wind, which can increase the time the boundary layer contacts the air, promoting laminar flow and

• against the abdomen, as shown by the red arrows. The VS of the elytra directly contacts the DS of the HW1 section of the hindwing. As shown in Table 2, the directional orientation of microtrichia on the internal face of the elytron is 70.33 ± 0.58° in the horizontal direction; correspondingly, the

Perovskite-structured CaTiO₃ coupled with g-C₃N₄ as a heterojunction photocatalyst for organic pollutant degradation

• Ashish Kumar,
• Christian Schuerings,
• Suneel Kumar,
• Ajay Kumar and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 671–685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.62

• procedure as performed in the case of RhB dye. Results and Discussion Synthesis and structural studies The heterojunction of g-C3N4 and CaTiO3 in a 1:1 ratio has been prepared by using a facile mixing method with well-defined 2D interfacial contacts. The powder XRD patterns of g-C3N4, CT and CTCN

Tuning adhesion forces between functionalized gold colloidal nanoparticles and silicon AFM tips: role of ligands and capillary forces

• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Marta Berholts,
• Rünno Lõhmus and
• Karine Mougin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 660–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.61

• bare solid, γSL is the interface energy between solid and liquid and γLV is the interface energy between liquid and vapour. This parameter shows the surface energy per unit area between the tip–liquid and substrate–liquid contacts. In the presence of humidity, Fadh is the sum of the direct adhesion Fss

Engineering of oriented carbon nanotubes in composite materials

• Razieh Beigmoradi,
• Abdolreza Samimi and
• Davod Mohebbi-Kalhori

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 415–435, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.41

• . This method is also used to produce electrical contacts with individual CNTs [28][106][107]; and recently, the ability of the technique has been investigated to purify metallic SWCNTs from the mixture species [106]. Magnetic field The alignment of CNTs using a magnetic field is a unique technique

Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

• microscope [8][10][11][12][13][14][15]. In situ studies of the dynamics of force interactions, conductance and adhesion in gold point contacts using combined transmission electron microscopy/scanning tunnelling microscopy (TEM-STM) [51][52] and atomic force microscopy/transmission electron microscopy (AFM

• electrical contact between a switching element and a contact electrode, which is followed by electrical-current-assisted processes in the on state, and a subsequent disengagement of both electrical and mechanical contacts while switching back to the off state. The switching cycle is based on balancing

• switching element from the contact [71] by nearly an order of magnitude. Processes in NEM switch contacts A reliable NEM switch contact is required to maintain stable characteristics over repetitive operation cycles. Assuming the switch is in an optimal operational environment, the contact properties are

Combined scanning probe electronic and thermal characterization of an indium arsenide nanowire

• Tino Wagner,
• Fabian Menges,
• Heike Riel,
• Bernd Gotsmann and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 129–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.15

• processes at the interface to electrodes may dominate and limit device performance. A crucial step towards device optimization is being able to separate such contact effects from intrinsic device properties. Likewise, an increased local temperature due to Joule heating at contacts and the formation of hot

• operation. The observed temperature along the wire is substantially elevated near the contacts and deviates from the bell-shaped temperature profile one would expect from homogeneous heating. Voltage profiles acquired by Kelvin probe force microscopy not only allow us to determine the electrical nanowire

• ][25]. As seen in our data, the temperature profiles do not follow this trend, but instead show an inverse parabola with increased temperatures towards the electrical contacts. Similar temperature profiles were observed already in previous measurements of a 120 nm diameter InAs nanowire [12]. This

Comparative study of post-growth annealing of Cu(hfac)₂, Co₂(CO)₈ and Me₂Au(acac) metal precursors deposited by FEBID

• Marcos V. Puydinger dos Santos,
• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Artur Rydosz,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez,
• Fanny Béron,
• Kleber R. Pirota,
• Stanislav Moshkalev,
• José Alexandre Diniz and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 91–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.11

• metals, makes its localised direct-write deposition attractive for applications in high-performance integrated circuits and nanoelectronics [13][27]. Similarly, Au nanostructures are promising materials in nanoplasmonics, biomedical applications, electrochemical sensing, as well as contacts for carbon

The rational design of a Au(I) precursor for focused electron beam induced deposition

• Ali Marashdeh,
• Thiadrik Tiesma,
• Niels J. C. van Velzen,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Remco W. A. Havenith,
• Jeff T. M. De Hosson and
• Willem F. van Dorp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2753–2765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.274

• ). In contrast, two molecules in the unit cell show Au∙∙∙Au contacts > 4.0 Å and should basically be considered monomeric. The clearly less pronounced formation of aurophilic bonds in MeAuPMe3 compared to ClAuPMe3 should likely be explained by a difference in electronic factors instead of sterics: the

Dry adhesives from carbon nanofibers grown in an open ethanol flame

• Christian Lutz,
• Julia Syurik,
• C. N. Shyam Kumar,
• Christian Kübel,
• Michael Bruns and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2719–2728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.271

• a maximum adhesion energy of 75 fJ at a preload force of 4 μN. Randomly oriented CNFs show a maximum adhesion energy of 47 fJ at a preload force of 3.4 μN. This can be explained with the contact-splitting theory [31] stating that adhesion rises with the number of contacts per area. From SEM images

Exploring wear at the nanoscale with circular mode atomic force microscopy

• Olivier Noel,
• Aleksandar Vencl and
• Pierre-Emmanuel Mazeran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2662–2668, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.266

• the Experimental section for details). This material is of industrial relevance as it is widely used in electrical sliding contacts such as those in railway overhead current collection system, lead frames in large-scale integrated circuitd, welding electrodes, transfer switches and electrical contact

The role of ligands in coinage-metal nanoparticles for electronics

• Ioannis Kanelidis and
• Tobias Kraus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2625–2639, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.263

• inks colloidally stable, but they may prevent electrical contacts in deposited films [32]. Charge transport can be improved after deposition by removing the surface-bound ligands [105], by linking nanoparticles chemically [106], or by ligand exchange in order to manipulate spacing in metal nanoparticle