Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• may respond by increasing others [13]. Importantly, knockdown of caveolin may lead to increased uptake via the CLIC/GEEC pathway [14], and a similar phenomenon is seen after knockdown of cavin [15]. To which extent the CLIC/GEEC pathway is important for endocytosis of NPs has not been explored in

• misunderstanding that can lead to erroneous conclusions is that if a ligand becomes colocalized with cholera toxin in a vesicle, this can be used as proof for uptake from caveolae. In fact, cholera toxin can cause transmembrane signaling and may induce pinching off of caveolae itself, and cholera toxin has been

• as a control to see that the treatment reduces the uptake of this ligand. Chlorpromazine has been reported to lead to relocalization of clathrin and the adaptor AP2 from the plasma membrane and to endosomes [46]. Notably, this is associated with an inhibition of the recycling of receptors for α2

Ca_n neutral clusters: a two-step G₀W₀ and DFT benchmark

• Sunila Bakhsh,
• Sameen Aslam,
• Muhammad Khalid,
• Muhammad Sohail,
• Sundas Zafar,
• Sumayya Abdul Wadood,
• Kareem Morsy and
• Muhammad Aamir Iqbal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1010–1016, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.82

• predict the new ground-state structure of Be and Mg and successfully applied to obtain the correct IPs for these elemental clusters [15][16]. This comprehensive benchmark study will help to enhance our understanding of these fascinating nanostructures and lead to their real-world utilization in various

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• . The polymer may degrade during or after the release of active material by diffusion. The in vivo degradation times for commonly used polymers change from days to months [52][61][92]. Different properties of the polymers lead to a wide range of degradation and drug release rates [33][93]. Since the

Effects of cutting tool geometry on material removal of a gradient nanograined CoCrNi medium entropy alloy

• Yu-Sheng Lu,
• Yu-Xuan Hung,
• Thi-Xuyen Bui and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 925–940, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.76

• decreases when the cutting depth is fixed. When the cutting-edge radius is 0.5 nm, the tool is the sharpest and has the best material removal rate. The blunt tool with a cutting-edge radius of 2.0 nm will preferably lead to plowing and squeezing for material removal at the initial cutting stage. It will

Identification of structural features of surface modifiers in engineered nanostructured metal oxides regarding cell uptake through ML-based classification

• Indrasis Dasgupta,
• Totan Das,
• Biplab Das and
• Shovanlal Gayen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 909–924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.75

• values of maxsNH2 in compounds 1, 2, and 4 are zero, and these surface modifiers lead to higher cellular uptake in the PaCa2 cell line. This is also suggested by our previous Bayesian classification model (UIp 2 and UIp 3 fingerprints in Figure 3). The fifth negatively contributing descriptor in the

• negatively contributing descriptor in the model output was maxsNH2. The maxsNH2 value indicates the maximum electronic state value of a single-bonded NH2 group [53]. Higher values of maxsNH2 lead to a lower cellular uptake of ENMOs in the HUVEC cell line (e.g., 1, 2, 14, and 104). The aforementioned

Water-assisted purification during electron beam-induced deposition of platinum and gold

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Fabian A. Polman and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 884–896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.73

• , resulting in the fabrication of metal oxide nanostructures. Post-deposition purification requires the removal of carbon after completion of the deposition, causing porosity and/or severe changes in size and shape. In addition, post-deposition purification may lead to only partly purified material. For

• -deposition purification because of the concomitant deposition and purification, which should lead to the direct deposition of the desired FEBID structures. Furthermore, deposition and purification at the same time are expected to produce pure bulk material [24]. In Table 1 an overview of the currently

• purification was achieved, but the functionalization of the material could lead to interesting applications, such as the production of nitrides using FEBID [28]. Water-assisted reactions in Pt FEBID deposits Water-assisted post-exposure purification of condensed layers of MeCpPtMe3 that mimic Pt FEBID deposits

The effect of age on the attachment ability of stick insects (Phasmatodea)

• Marie Grote,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 867–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.72

• might be results of such ageing processes. Tracheal degeneration could lead to leg tissue dying because of a lack of oxygen and, therefore, might also influence the adhesive pads and their performance. The suspected vascular insufficiency ties into the hemolymph pressure. In the insect circulatory

• lead to a decrease in adhesive properties due to the formation of folds in the pad surface, resulting in reduced actual contact area, in contrast to the findings of Dening et al. [43]. Tracheal degeneration could further harm the tarsal organs as a lack of oxygen could lead to damage in tissues. Loss

A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• view, ECHA recognizes the complexity of NMs and the fact that the same chemicals could lead to different nanostructured substances, which, despite sharing the chemical composition, should be considered different materials in terms of their activity and properties. ECHA uses the term “nanoform” to

• preparation and handling) will lead to different structural configurations and to different properties. Thus, the reported experimental conditions are significant, and they often need to be included in a predictive model. Finally, the quality of data is a key component in the development of QSAR models

• . Consistency of the data is a key aspect in the preparation of a database for a QSAR study as different changes in the conditions of the test could lead to a dispersion of the results [4]. This should be considered carefully when collecting data from different sources. It becomes a harder problem in nano-QSAR

Investigation on drag reduction on rotating blade surfaces with microtextures

• Qinsong Zhu,
• Chen Zhang,
• Fuhang Yu and
• Yan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 833–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.70

• surfaces. (2) The analysis of drag reduction performance is mostly based on numerical simulation results, with a lack of technology research regarding the processing of microtextures and of analysis of experimental results. On the one hand, the small size of microtextures may lead to significant errors in

• of Figure 3. According to the flow field information from the smooth blade, the velocity in the front section of the suction surface is faster. The placement of ribs here increases the projection area, resulting in the increase of Pd, which will lead to advanced transition and separation of the flow

• . Therefore, the groove has little effect on drag and ξ. According to Figure 14b, the grooves arranged in the front section of the blade suction surface lead to an increase in turbulent kinetic energy. This results in an earlier increase in turbulence intensity, indicating the premature separation of the

Synthesis of silver–palladium Janus nanoparticles using co-sputtering of independent sources: experimental and theorical study

• Maria J. Martínez-Carreón,
• Francisco Solís-Pomar,
• Abel Fundora,
• Claudio D. Gutiérrez-Lazos,
• Sergio Mejía-Rosales,
• Hector N. Fernández-Escamilla,
• Jonathan Guerrero-Sánchez,
• Manuel F. Meléndrez and
• Eduardo Pérez-Tijerina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 808–816, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.67

• that present two faces or regions with different chemical or physical properties in a single particle. Their compositional asymmetry can lead to interesting interactions with their environment or other materials, which give them properties and potential applications that homogeneous nanoparticles do

Electron-induced ligand loss from iron tetracarbonyl methyl acrylate

• Hlib Lyshchuk,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Thomas F. M. Luxford,
• Miloš Ranković,
• Jaroslav Kočišek,
• Juraj Fedor,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Pamir Nag

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 797–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.66

• (FEBID). FEBID is an emerging method for the fabrication of 3D nanostructures. It relies on the local decomposition of precursors in the focal area of an electron beam [1][2][3][4]. In the case of deposition of metals, the interaction with the electrons should ideally lead to a cleavage of all metal

• already mentioned π* shape resonance around 1 and 1.4 eV, respectively, which leads to the dissociation of two ligands (in the present case either two CO ligands or one CO and one MA ligand). Also, there are several core-excited resonances that lead to more complete stripping. In both cases, the bare Fe

• first field-free region) or lead to the broadening of the ion mass peaks (if the decay happens in the extraction region). Non-physical causes of these spurious signals can be related either to the collision-induced dissociation of the weakly bound anions in the mass analyzer or to a significant

Exploring surface charge dynamics: implications for AFM height measurements in 2D materials

• Mario Navarro-Rodriguez,
• Andres M. Somoza and
• Elisa Palacios-Lidon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 767–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.64

• its voltage dependence, it is reasonable to assume an electronic origin. Previously, it has been proposed in other systems that a plausible explanation to this effect is related to Joule dissipation [80][81]. The physical processes that lead to Joule dissipation are as follows: (i) In the presence of

Effect of repeating hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing on CuO thin film properties

• Monika Ozga,
• Eunika Zielony,
• Aleksandra Wierzbicka,
• Anna Wolska,
• Marcin Klepka,
• Marek Godlewski,
• Bogdan J. Kowalski and
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 743–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.62

• methods becomes important for their continued enhancement and optimization. Such endeavors might consequently lead to the development of novel techniques for producing films tailored to specific parameters and purposes. The preparation of CuO thin films using various techniques is reported in the

• properties of these layers and to attain the desired parameters in the final product. Controlled thermal treatment serves various purposes, such as enabling crystal structure relaxation, defect reduction, and enhancement of the films’ crystalline arrangement. Furthermore, it can lead to improved electrical

• nanocrystallites are not as clearly distinguishable. Under the influence of temperature, atoms can diffuse along the boundaries between particular crystallites, which leads to their coalescence. Moreover, annealing of polycrystalline films can lead to grain boundary migration to reduce the surface energy of the

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• lead to an increase of Ip. However, a high Ustep might also trigger the oxidation of other substances with similar oxidation potential, which greatly affects the simultaneous quantification of substances with stripping peaks close to each other. Therefore, a Ustep value of 0.008 V was chosen for

Elastic modulus of β-Ga₂O₃ nanowires measured by resonance and three-point bending techniques

• Annamarija Trausa,
• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Tauno Tiirats,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Boris Polyakov and
• Edgars Butanovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 704–712, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.58

• ]. Different growth mechanisms could potentially lead to variations in the NW structural properties, as was also indicated by the TEM study. The mechanical characteristics of Ga2O3 NWs were first examined using in-situ SEM resonance tests. Figure 3a–c presents a series of SEM images depicting an excitation of

Functional fibrillar interfaces: Biological hair as inspiration across scales

• Guillermo J. Amador,
• Brett Klaassen van Oorschot,
• Caiying Liao,
• Jianing Wu and
• Da Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.55

• classifications. Future research linking form and function in microbial hairs may lead to a better understanding of their evolution, as well as providing inspiration for the development of functional fibrillar structures at the micrometer and nanometer scales. Filter feeding Locomotion is key for searching for

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• solvent and shockwaves can initiate bimolecular reactions that primarily lead to dimerization but also allow for fragmentation, polymerization, and other reactions to occur [52]. Figure 1 schematically summarizes the classification of LSPC methods and the generated particles (left side), and by-products

• aqueous solutions produces free electrons and ROS. The ROS lead to a certain degree of nanoparticle (surface) oxidation depending on the material’s standard electrochemical reduction potential for LAL and LFL. For LRL, both electrons and ROS contribute to the reduction reactions of the metal salts

• , Fe, and Al. As the H2/O2 ratio follows the same trend, redox reactions occurring between the formed nanoparticles and the formed oxygen species lead to the particles’ surface oxidation. This correlation shows that metals with a lower standard electrochemical reduction potential than hydrogen (E0 < 0

Stiffness calibration of qPlus sensors at low temperature through thermal noise measurements

• Laurent Nony,
• Sylvain Clair,
• Daniel Uehli,
• Aitziber Herrero,
• Jean-Marc Themlin,
• Andrea Campos,
• Franck Para,
• Alessandro Pioda and
• Christian Loppacher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 580–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.50

• method 2, is problematic. Their convergence and the accuracy of the fit coefficients may depend on type of noise, type of fit functional, minimization algorithm, and number of coefficients to fit along with their boundary conditions and may lead to erroneous results. Because some of these difficulties

Directed growth of quinacridone chains on the vicinal Ag(35 1 1) surface

• Niklas Humberg,
• Lukas Grönwoldt and
• Moritz Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 556–568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.48

• temperatures, the periodic step edges lead to a preferential growth of two distinct orientations out of four. Furthermore, we observed the growth of one, hitherto not described, azimuthal chain orientation parallel to the Ag step edges. Experimental The experiments were conducted in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber

Electron-induced deposition using Fe(CO)₄MA and Fe(CO)₅ – effect of MA ligand and process conditions

• Hannah Boeckers,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Petra Martinović,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 500–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.45

• fabrication of iron nanostructures with optimum performance. Post-deposition purification approaches relying on O2 or H2O are not appropriate for iron deposits because they lead to oxidation [8]. The further improvement of iron deposition can, however, be tackled by rational design of the precursor molecules

• such larger species can still lead to the release of H2 and possibly also of CO [53]. However, such polymerization reactions would be expected to lead to retention of a considerable amount of carbon in a deposit produced by electron irradiation of Fe(CO)4MA, which is not supported by the AES results

• thickness regime where the TaNNN signal is still visible. This is a consequence of the larger EAL of CKLL and OKLL electrons as compared to that of TaNNN electrons. Furthermore, AG can contribute to the deposition in EBID after small Fe seeds have formed. This would lead to a higher deposit purity. For

Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• Gaussian cross section will lead to pattern infidelity in subsequent pattern transfer into the underlying substrate. The aim of this work is to use FEBIE to modify the sidewalls of as-deposited FEBID lines in order to obtain vertical sidewalls. The paper is organised as follows. First, the idea is

• imaging is used to monitor the etching. As the SE emission from the sidewall is known to depend on the angle between the beam and the surface, an increase in SE emission is expected as the sidewall angle approaches 90°. For a sufficiently thick deposit, this change could lead to edge highlighting in the

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• . However, during prolonged heat treatment (lasting minutes or more), surface atom diffusion can lead to morphological changes in NWs even at temperatures several hundred degrees below the melting point of the material [26][27]. Sintering of Ag and Au NWs at intersections can occur at temperatures as low as

• the real system. Nevertheless, such results may give an additional hint for understanding the mechanisms responsible for splitting in different configurations. In particular, we can speculate that repeated heat-induced bending of the suspended part in scheme 1 can lead to fatigue and formation of

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• ; oxidative stress; Introduction Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in proper cellular functions and adaptation. However, an excess of free ROS in biological systems can lead to oxidative stress-related diseases such as inflammatory disorders, neurological diseases, aging-related diseases

• because most drugs cannot cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) [115][116]. Besides, the accumulation of drugs at damaged areas of the BBB can lead to an unprotected, disrupted BBB and to disturbances of the brain microenvironment. In contrast, the integrity of the BBB can decrease the accumulation of drugs

• to biological systems can cause detrimental effects on human health. Sobolewski et al. confirmed the Fe2O3 nanoparticles with sizes between 11.2 and 13.6 nm can lead to oxidative damage and neurotoxicity in the mouse brain [189]. Meanwhile, the rapid clearance of SiNPs from blood depletes plasma

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• displays two steps corresponding to the backscattering from Si and Ar for channel numbers ≈1050 and ≈1275, respectively. Defect clustering may lead to a subsequent increase of the damage peak in irradiated samples as compared to that of pristine Si and Ge samples. To understand the evolution of the lattice

Modulated critical currents of spin-transfer torque-induced resistance changes in NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowires

• Mengqi Fu,
• Roman Hartmann,
• Julian Braun,
• Sergej Andreev,
• Torsten Pietsch and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 360–366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.32

• ][13] and ferromagnetic resonance modes [14][15]. Meanwhile it has been shown that it might also lead to sequential flipping of different free layers, which, on the one hand, increases the complexity of the STT effects [16] and, on the other hand, expands its applications [5]. In this work, we present

• 1 and 2 lead to one oscillation period of Ic+. A similar argumentation holds for Ic− and Imicro. Note that for the whole features under µ0H between −0.15 T and 0.16 T in Figure 3b and Figure 3c, the flipping and nonuniform excitation process would be even more complex, and further studies are needed