Photocatalytic methane oxidation over a TiO₂/SiNWs p–n junction catalyst at room temperature

• Qui Thanh Hoai Ta,
• Luan Minh Nguyen,
• Ngoc Hoi Nguyen,
• Phan Khanh Thinh Nguyen and
• Dai Hai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1132–1141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.92

• valuable products such as formaldehyde (HCHO), methanol (CH3OH), and other value-added oxygenates, which serve as essential precursors in various manufacturing and production processes [18][19]. The n-type semiconductor titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been discovered as a potential photocatalyst material

• performance of the TiO2/Si composite with previous photocatalysts. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 66: Additional figures. Acknowledgements We acknowledge Material projects for using the TiO2 and Si CIF files for the structures in the graphical abstract. The TiO2 structure was reproduced

Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• Katja Hoflich Krzysztof Mackosz Chinmai S. Jureddy Aleksei Tsarapkin Ivo Utke Ferdinand-Braun-Institut (FBH), Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 4, 12489 Berlin, Germany Laboratory of Mechanics for Materials and Nanostructures, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology

• fabrication of nano-optical components, where the actual geometry in combination with the material composition governs the optical response of the device [13]. However, typically a dominant carbon portion is present in the deposit due to the use of organometallic precursors [9][14], which poses practical

• functionality [23][24]. Here, skin depth refers to the penetration depth of an electromagnetic field into a (non-transparent) metallic material. While pure metal deposition by direct electron beam writing was demonstrated for gold precursors with inorganic ligands [25][26], high purity comes often at the

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• , biocompatibility, biodegradability, and water solubility of alginate have expanded opportunities in material and biomedical sciences. Recently, research on alginate-based nanoparticles and their applications has begun. These materials are gaining popularity because of their wide usage potential in the biomedical

• body, as they are antimicrobial, biodegradable, and non-toxic [22]. Biopolymeric nanoparticles are a very effective material for producing biosensors. In today’s world, people need sensors to monitor various types of pollution. Food contamination with infectious microorganisms or air and water

• therapy [78]. Alginate-based fully natural nanoparticles were developed and used for cancer treatment. Pakistani scientists investigated amygdalin in an alginate–chitosan-based matrix [79]. Amygdalin is a natural material and it has very strong anticancerous activity. Scientists achieved over 90% drug

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• implications for developing more efficient and stable SERS substrates for chemical detection applications. Keywords: dimethyl methyl phosphonate; laser material interaction; metal nanoparticles; picosecond laser ablation; SERS; thiram; Introduction Metal nanoparticles (NPs) are versatile materials widely

• media [27][28][29]. The SERS substrate efficiency mainly depends on the material, size, and shape of the NPs. Recent terrorist activities involving explosives and chemical warfare agents highlight the urgent need for sensitive and selective chemical sensors. These sensors must be using low power and be

• conditions. To avoid confusion, the names of the ablated samples and their descriptions are provided in Table 1. Preparation of filter-paper-based flexible SERS and SERS measurements Flexible substrates were fabricated using Whatman FP as the base material, which was cut into small squares of 1 cm2 each

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• between medical implants and living tissues are of great complexity because of the simultaneous occurrence of a wide variety of phenomena. The engineering of implant surfaces represents a crucial challenge in material science, but the further improvement of implant properties remains a critical task. It

• carefully to ensure reproducible production protocols. The next section briefly overviews all nanosized carbon materials since a deep understanding of each material is of capital importance for a comprehensive understanding of their applications at biological interfaces. Graphene and graphene-related

• materials In 2008, Lee and co-workers [32] stated that neat graphene was the strongest material ever tested with a tensile strength of 131 GPa and a Young’s modulus close to 1 TPa. The reason for these properties of graphene is the stability of the π-bond network around the hexagonal structures of carbon

Bolometric IR photoresponse based on a 3D micro-nano integrated CNT architecture

• Yasameen Al-Mafrachi,
• Sandeep Yadav,
• Sascha Preu,
• Jörg J. Schneider and
• Oktay Yilmazoglu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1030–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.84

• core of non-cryogenic IR microbolometers is the fundamental principle of absorbing incident IR radiation and converting it to heat. This conversion process results in a change in the resistance of the active material, which, in turn, is related to the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of the

• material. The electrical conductivity of a vertically aligned CNT structure is defined by the intrinsic conductivity along the CNTs and the tunneling at the CNT junctions. The vertical electrical conduction is based on long conduction paths along the CNTs and few junction contacts, while the lateral

• quantitative measure of the device’s ability to transduce absorbed IR radiation into an electrical signal [18]. Regarding CNT-based microbolometer systems, the responsivity is influenced by a number of factors inherent to the CNT material and the device architecture. Both samples were characterized using the

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• of new types of NPs, there is a knowledge gap when it comes to our understanding of the interaction of NPs with both cells and tissues. However, it is well known that NP properties, such as surface charge, size, and the material they are composed of can affect cellular uptake, biodistribution, and

• cell layer in this manner when it comes to size, charge, material, and NP-associated ligands. In vivo there are also a number of challenges regarding studies of distribution, half-life, and long-term effects. Furthermore, there is a major challenge in the field of NP research regarding the fact that

• different types of material, and even NPs with slight differences in chemical composition but having the same size and zeta potential have turned out to have very different effects on cells. They have for instance very different effects on autophagy in a cellular system [73], and it can be difficult to

Atomistic insights into the morphological dynamics of gold and platinum nanoparticles: MD simulations in vacuum and aqueous media

• Evangelos Voyiatzis,
• Eugenia Valsami-Jones and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 995–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.81

• compared to the atomic mobility in a dense crystal/amorphous bulk material. For the Au NP with a diameter of 2 nm, a similar steep drop takes place at even lower temperatures of 500 and 600 K. This large shift in the transition temperature indicates that the NP diameter of 2 nm is smaller than a critical

• and 8 nm is noted. Nevertheless, the gap between the NP with 8 nm diameter and the bulk material is large enough to suggest that finite-size effects as well as geometrical deviations from a flat surface are strong for the considered diameters. With the knowledge of the coordination number and the

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• ). 1.1 Motivation of this review The development of advanced bioelectronic technologies involves exploration of novel material systems as well as emerging device architectures. However, an accurate assessment of different device architectures and their design criteria requires a systematic modeling of

• ]. This structure uses two surrounding nanogap cavities separated by HfO2 as a high-k dielectric material and SiO2 as an interface layer. It has been reported that this structure offers higher sensitivity compared to that of the dual-material JL MOSFET-biosensor proposed by Ahangari et al. [74] and the

• biosensing applications. Figure 9 shows the 2D representation of NW TFET-based biosensors. In this structure, a double gate and two similar nanocavity regions were created to immobilize targeted biomolecules. A high-k material was implemented between the gate–metal and channel–source–drain regions. Besides

Beyond biomimicry – next generation applications of bioinspired adhesives from microfluidics to composites

• Dan Sameoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 965–976, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.79

• compliant and, thus, compatible with collaborative robotics, wearable components, and relatively safe human–robot interactions, which potentially provides a unique capability compared to traditional rigid robotics. However, there is a trade-off in soft robotics between the compliance of the material and the

• common structural material for biomimetic adhesives in academic literature and our previous publications), the list price is close to $400 CDN/kg at the time of writing (≈$300 USD). For an adhesive sample with an average thickness of 0.1 mm, this would represent approximately $0.19 of material alone and

• the cap structure [28]. The choice of material depends on the application requirements; silicone rubber may be preferable for applications needing high directionality and easy activation/deactivation, while materials like polyurethane or thermoplastic elastomers are better suited for tolerating slight

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• ). Previous research has demonstrated that the presence of folate on the particles increases the internalization of the nanoparticles into the cell [12][14][36][37]. Many studies have used F127 as a drug delivery agent because it is an FDA-approved material for use in the living body and assists the entry of

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• . In the repair phase, where the hematoma is replaced by fibrin-rich granulation tissue over time, the granulation tissue first evolves into fibrous tissue consisting of fibroblasts and then into soft callus. At this stage, new vessels, fibroblasts, intracellular material, and supporting cells begin to

• the mechanism of release of active material from the nanofibers can be adjusted by changing the type and composition of polymer or polymer blends used as matrix and the process parameters. Some of the parameters affecting the release are (i) degradation of the polymer matrix, (ii) molecular weight of

• polymer and drug, (iii) hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of polymer and drug, (iv) properties of additives, (v) morphology of the system (e.g., porosity), and (vi) drug loading [4]. The aim of nanofiber production may be to provide the release of active material with zeroth-order kinetics after the burst

Effects of cutting tool geometry on material removal of a gradient nanograined CoCrNi medium entropy alloy

• Yu-Sheng Lu,
• Yu-Xuan Hung,
• Thi-Xuyen Bui and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 925–940, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.76

• transform into a mixed structure of face-centered cubic and hexagonally close-packed phases. The sliding and twisting of grain boundaries and the merging of grains are essential mechanisms for polycrystalline deformation. Regarding the cutting parameters, the average resultant force, the material

• accumulation, and the chip volume increase significantly with the increase in cutting depth. In contrast to sharp tools, which mainly use shear deformation, blunt tools remove material by plowing, and the cutting force increases with the increase in cutting-edge radius and negative rake angle. Keywords

• investigates the effects of GNG structures, relative tool sharpness (RTS), and rake angle on the cutting behavior of a CoCrNi MEA using molecular dynamics simulations. Methods The cutting simulation model was established to explore the characteristics of plastic deformation and material removal of a GNG CoCrNi

Facile synthesis of Fe-based metal–organic frameworks from Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles and their application for CO₂/N₂ separation

• Van Nhieu Le,
• Hoai Duc Tran,
• Minh Tien Nguyen,
• Hai Bang Truong,
• Toan Minh Pham and
• Jinsoo Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 897–908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.74

• resulting material, resulting in a high yield of 81% and an impressive BET surface area of 1365.4 m2·g−1. At 25 °C and 1 bar, M-100Fe@Fe2O3#1.80 showed a CO2 adsorption capacity of 1.10 mmol·g−1 and an IAST-predicted CO2/N2 selectivity of 18, outperforming conventional adsorbents in CO2/N2 separation

• areas, high thermal stability, changeable pore system sizes, and customizable chemical surfaces [1][2][3][4][5][6]. The family tree of MOFs holds giant lineages such as Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework (ZIF), University of Olso (UiO), Material of Institute Lavoisier (MIL), Dresden University of Technology

• (DUT), and others. Among them, the Fe-based MIL-100(Fe) material stands out as an exceptional member of the MIL family because of its distinct properties [7][8]. MIL-100(Fe) offers a substantial number of unsaturated metal sites. These sites act as Lewis acid sites once ligands (–OH and water) are

Water-assisted purification during electron beam-induced deposition of platinum and gold

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Fabian A. Polman and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 884–896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.73

• ligands are removed. However, in most cases, a large amount of the carbon from the organic ligands is incorporated in the deposits. The removal of the carbonaceous material and, hence, the increase of metallic content of FEBID structures is ultimately important for the performance of the obtained

• [16]. One of the most widely used FEBID gaseous precursors is trimethyl(methylcyclopentadienyl)platinum(IV) (MeCpPtMe3), which, under standard deposition conditions, leads to the deposition of a material that consists of around 15 atom % Pt, with the rest of the material consisting of an amorphous

• carbon matrix [15][17][18]. Variation of deposition conditions [15] and post-deposition purifications [18][19][20][21] have all led to an increased Pt content in the deposits, but a straightforward method of obtaining pure material is still a challenge. However, Shawrav et al. [22] managed to deposit

The effect of age on the attachment ability of stick insects (Phasmatodea)

• Marie Grote,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 867–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.72

• Hennemann, 2023 and elucidate the age effects on the material and microstructure of the attachment apparatus. Attachment performance (adhesion and friction forces) on substrates with different roughnesses was compared between two different age groups, and the change of attachment performance was monitored

• area with the substrate. Keywords: adhesion; attachment pads; friction; locomotion; morphology; material properties; wear; Introduction Ageing inexorably affects most living organisms, does not exclude insects, and makes different organs or tissues susceptible to wear or fatigue of material [1

• ) or ants [4]. One difficulty of measuring age-dependent functional decay is finding feasible methods to investigate underlying material fatigue. One functional system affected by age and of concern for locomotion and, hence, for the survival of individual insects is the attachment system. Two

A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• distributed among the material that affect the properties), and (iv) ligands or coating (organic molecules linked to the external part of the particle that contribute to its formation, solubility, or function). Moreover, different experimental factors during the life of a NM (i.e., the conditions during its

• material, such as oxidation state, formal charge [8][16][20][23], softness [22], ionization potential [22], and weight percentage of the metal [23]. Furthermore, to include information regarding the particular nanoform, the crystal structure can be included as a categorical descriptor [24] or by using

• reference parameters by empirical formulas [31]. Additionally, QM calculations can be performed in very simplified models that only describe a part of the material, such as single metal atom, to calculate the enthalpy of formation of the cation [26]. However, there is an alternative, simplified way of

Intermixing of MoS₂ and WS₂ photocatalysts toward methylene blue photodegradation

• Maryam Al Qaydi,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Michael Lejeune,
• Abdellatif Bouchalkha,
• Mimoun El Marssi,
• Steevy Cordette,
• Chaouki Kasmi and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 817–829, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.68

• materials while taking into account their bandgap energies, as per the following equations: where ECB is the energy level of the conduction band, EVB is the energy level of the valence band, Eg(x) and X(x) are the bandgap and the electronegativity of the respective material. E0 represents the scaling

• catalyst [49]. The total obtained mass was 200 mg after the exfoliation process and sonication. The obtained material sheets were then extracted from the solution after solvent evaporation, and their mass was determined by subtracting the weight of the sample before and after exfoliation. For all PD

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• created and used in numerous biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, wound dressing, and drug delivery [11][12]. Electrospinning has many advantages: it is a simple technique, cost-effective, reproducible, scalable, and reliable. In addition, various polymers can be used as starting material

• [29][30][31][32]. Based on the special requirements to fulfill as a wound dressing material, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, good gas permeability, and water retention capacity, polysuccinimide (PSI) was used for the preparation of electrostatic fibers. Polysuccinimide is a nontoxic [33

• ][37]. This study aimed to create a two-component polymer-composite scaffold as a potential wound dressing material by electrospinning, using antibacterial salts (Zn(O2CCH3)2 or Sr(NO3)2) in addition to PSI. We performed the following experiments: physical and chemical characterization of the fibers by

Exploring surface charge dynamics: implications for AFM height measurements in 2D materials

• Mario Navarro-Rodriguez,
• Andres M. Somoza and
• Elisa Palacios-Lidon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 767–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.64

• , GO is a hydrophilic insulating material [72], while rGO exhibits a hydrophobic and more conductive nature [69][73][74][75], both dependent on the degree of reduction. This stark contrast provides an ideal heterogeneous sample to study the tip–sample interaction of co-deposited GO and rGO on

• apparent flake height seems to depend on both the tip–sample voltage and on the material, we explore these correlations on both GO and rGO flakes by biasing the tip with a DC voltage. To prevent any interaction between flakes arising from charge transfer through the substrate [79], we deliberately chose

• the local properties of the material. To gain a deeper understanding of this voltage-dependent dissipative interaction, we conducted 3D spectroscopy measurements on rGO. The amplitude vs Vbias as a function of tip–sample distance images (A(Vbias, z)) for two different free oscillation amplitudes (A0

Green synthesis of biomass-derived carbon quantum dots for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

• Dalia Chávez-García,
• Mario Guzman,
• Viridiana Sanchez and
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 755–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.63

• potential of nanotechnology in developing sustainable solutions. Experimental Materials/material synthesis The synthesis of CQDs involved the utilization of biomass-derived precursors. The method employed was based on the hydrothermal approach reported by Yuan et al. [40] with modifications in terms of

Effect of repeating hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing on CuO thin film properties

• Monika Ozga,
• Eunika Zielony,
• Aleksandra Wierzbicka,
• Anna Wolska,
• Marcin Klepka,
• Marek Godlewski,
• Bogdan J. Kowalski and
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 743–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.62

• crystalline quality of the films. The implementation of the HT+RTA procedure significantly enhances the potential of CuO films for electronic applications. Key findings from Kelvin probe force microscopy analysis demonstrate the possibility of modulating the work function of the material. In addition

• that, under the influence of temperature, organic compounds are released from the material, leading to the formation of discontinuities within the layers. Therefore, the HT+RTA sequencing procedure was developed. The modification aimed to obtain continuous layers with minimal carbon compound content

• content in the CuO films. The chemical composition of such thin films determined using EDX is only an approximation. However, the obtained results demonstrate a clear trend of decreasing carbon content in the material with successive HT+RTA cycles. To validate those findings, additional XPS analyses were

Level set simulation of focused ion beam sputtering of a multilayer substrate

• Alexander V. Rumyantsev,
• Nikolai I. Borgardt,
• Roman L. Volkov and
• Yuri A. Chaplygin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 733–742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.61

• cross section, the simulation can accurately predict the depth and shape of the structures, but there is some inaccuracy in reproducing the form of the left sidewall of the structure with a large amount of the redeposited material. To further validate the developed simulation approach and gain a better

• ; multilayer substrate; silicon; silicon dioxide; sputtering; Introduction The focused ion beam (FIB) technique is an effective method for surface nanostructuring. It is based on the local removal of material by sputtering with a narrow beam of, typically, gallium ions. This feature of the FIB method makes it

• , the desired properties are achieved by FIB processing of such substrates with different irradiation doses. A low-dose treatment is sufficient for cases that do not require sputtering of large amounts of material. Among such cases are the precise tuning of the magnetic characteristics of thin

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• composite (TiO2/GQDs) obtained by in situ synthesis of GQDs, derived from coffee grounds, and peroxo titanium complexes was used as electrode modifier in the simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine. The TiO2/GQDs material was characterized by photoluminescence, X-ray

• wavelength of ca. 450 nm decreases with increasing ratio of TiO2/GQDs in the material until it almost disappears when the fraction of GQDs is lower than that of TiO2. This indicates that mainly GQDs contribute to the luminescence of all samples. Figure 1d presents the UV–vis spectra of the obtained

• ± 0.25 μA (n = 7), respectively; while the values for HYP are 1.341 ± 0.004 V and 7.204 ± 0.055 μA (n = 7), respectively. This shows that the TiO2/GQDs material interacts well with URI and HYP during the accumulation step. An Eacc value of +0.1 V with low relative standard deviation (RSD) values for IP

Reduced subthreshold swing in a vertical tunnel FET using a low-work-function live metal strip and a low-k material at the drain

• Kalai Selvi Kanagarajan and
• Dhanalakshmi Krishnan Sadhasivan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 713–718, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.59

• research paper, a vertical tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) structure containing a live metal strip and a material with low dielectric constant is designed, and its performance metrics are analyzed in detail. Low-k SiO2 is incorporated in the channel–drain region. A live molybdenum metal strip with

• minimum subthreshold slope and a good Ion/Ioff ratio. The low-k material at the drain reduces the gate-to-drain capacitance. Both the SiO2 layer and the live metal strip show excellent leakage current reduction to 1.4 × 10−17 A/μm. The design provides a subthreshold swing of 5 mV/decade, which is an

• device. The lifetime of devices is reduced because of leakage currents [1]. Leakage increases when thin SiO2 is used as gate dielectric material. The subthreshold swing (SS) is 60 mV/dec for the thermionic injection of electrons in field-effect transistors (FETs) [2]. In practical implementations, the SS