Direct writing of gold nanostructures with an electron beam: On the way to pure nanostructures by combining optimized deposition with oxygen-plasma treatment

• Domagoj Belić,
• Mostafa M. Shawrav,
• Emmerich Bertagnolli and
• Heinz D. Wanzenboeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2530–2543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.253

• and/or sufficiently long DT lead to an increase of the Au content in the deposits. However, setting too small PPS and too long DT drastically increased the total deposition time to a few hours, even for a relatively small planar nanostructure having an area of a few square micrometers. Thus the PPS

• the main planar nanostructure, with more material deposited in the SSA direction, clearly indicating a shadowing effect. This likely occurred due to scattering of primary electrons on already deposited material, which resulted with favoured generation of secondary electrons in front of the deposit (as

• , the shape of the deposit was largely preserved, but more importantly, the EDX analysis showed an increase in Au content throughout the nanostructure. The enhancement factor (EF) was considerably larger on the initially Au-poor, “end” side (EF ≈ 4), while the initially Au-rich “beginning” side saw only

Refractive index sensing and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy using silver–gold layered bimetallic plasmonic crystals

• Somi Kang,
• Sean E. Lehman,
• Matthew V. Schulmerich,
• An-Phong Le,
• Tae-woo Lee,
• Stephen K. Gray,
• Rohit Bhargava and
• Ralph G. Nuzzo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2492–2503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.249

• a metal nanostructure (localized surface plasmons). The attributes of these excitations are highly sensitive to local refractive index changes, which in turn allow for their exploitation in chemical and biological sensing [7][8][9]. In this way, surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) sensors are

• frequencies. A ≈5 nm titanium dioxide adhesion layer was deposited using atomic layer deposition (Cambridge nanotech) on the embossed SOG nanostructure followed by deposition of a ≈50 nm metallic film (Au, Ag or both) via one of the various methods. Sputter deposition in a 5 mTorr argon atmosphere (AJA

Au nanostructure fabrication by pulsed laser deposition in open air: Influence of the deposition geometry

• Rumen G. Nikov,
• Anna Og. Dikovska,
• Nikolay N. Nedyalkov,
• Georgi V. Avdeev and
• Petar A. Atanasov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2438–2445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.242

• water drop (Vd = 2 μL) with respect to the underlying substrate surface. Results and Discussion Nanostructure formation We present the general aspects of the nanostructure fabrication process using geometry 4 as an example, where the samples were deposited using a standard on-axis configuration

• procedure described in the Experimental section. The nanoparticles and aggregates produced in the ablated plasma led to the formation of a chain-like nanostructure on the substrate. SAED electron diffraction patterns of the nanostructure are also shown in Figure 1b. The interplanar distance from the main

• are arranged along the (111) reflection plane of Au, which possesses the lowest surface-free energy. This crystallite alignment leads to the chain-like nanostructure formation on the substrate, as shown in Figure 1b. The XPS analysis of the as-deposited Au nanostructure is presented in Figure 3. The

Comparing postdeposition reactions of electrons and radicals with Pt nanostructures created by focused electron beam induced deposition

• Julie A. Spencer,
• Michael Barclay,
• Miranda J. Gallagher,
• Robert Winkler,
• Ilyas Unlu,
• Yung-Chien Wu,
• Harald Plank,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2410–2424, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.240

• demonstrated great potential in the field of nanostructure fabrication [1][2][3][4]. In FEBID, a volatile organometallic precursor is introduced into a vacuum chamber (typically a modified scanning electron microscope (SEM)) and irradiated by a focused electron beam [2][3]. The precursor decomposes under

• electron beam irradiation, with non-volatile product species being incorporated into the growing deposit. The size and shape of the nanostructure are controlled by manipulation of the electron beam (focusing ability and patterning capabilities), which allows an almost unlimited array of three-dimensional

• impact the shape integrity of the deposits by producing voids, cracks or other unwanted side effects [5][9][10][14][15]. An ideal purification strategy in FEBID is one that removes all of the organic impurities to leave behind a compact, high-fidelity metal nanostructure, whose shape is unchanged as

Increasing the stability of DNA nanostructure templates by atomic layer deposition of Al₂O₃ and its application in imprinting lithography

• Hyojeong Kim,
• Kristin Arbutina,
• Anqin Xu and
• Haitao Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2363–2375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.236

• Hyojeong Kim Kristin Arbutina Anqin Xu Haitao Liu Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States of America 10.3762/bjnano.8.236 Abstract We present a method to increase the stability of DNA nanostructure templates through

• resistive to UV/O3 oxidation. The ALD-coated DNA templates were used for a direct pattern transfer to poly(L-lactic acid) films. Keywords: aluminium oxide (Al2O3); atomic layer deposition; DNA nanostructure; nanofabrication; nanoimprint lithography; pattern transfer; polymer stamp; replica molding

• ; Introduction In 1982, Seeman et al. first introduced the idea of utilizing DNA to build a mechanically robust nanostructure [1]. Since then, the field of structural DNA nanotechnology has evolved remarkably from immobile Holliday junctions to complex shapes fabricated from single-stranded tiles [2][3]. Through

Surfactant-induced enhancement of droplet adhesion in superhydrophobic soybean (Glycine max L.) leaves

• Oliver Hagedorn,
• Ingo Fleute-Schlachter,
• Hans Georg Mainx,
• Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2345–2356, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.234

• and five variations of nonionic surfactants) have been investigated. The leaf surface structures show a hierarchical organization, built up by convex epidermal cells (microstructure) and superimposed epicuticular platelet-shaped wax crystals (micro- to nanostructure). Chemical analysis of the

Molecular dynamics simulations of nanoindentation and scratch in Cu grain boundaries

• Shih-Wei Liang,
• Ren-Zheng Qiu and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2283–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.228

• and adhesion when a probe touches the substrate) between Ni (probe) and Au (thin film substrate) under nanoindentation conditions using MD simulations. Moreover, Mulliah et al. [18] analyzed the friction coefficient, the dislocation, and related parameters of the nanostructure under nanoscratch

Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO quantum dot/KNb₃O₈ nanosheet photocatalysts for reducing carbon dioxide to methanol

• Xiao Shao,
• Weiyue Xin and
• Xiaohong Yin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2264–2270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.226

• excellent nonlinear optical, piezoelectric, ferroelectric, ionic conductivity, selective-ion exchange and photocatalytic properties [6][7][8][9]. Zhang et al. prepared K4Nb6O17 with a sheet-like nanostructure by hydrothermal synthesis and found its photocatalytic activity for degrading acidic red G to be

Vapor-based polymers: from films to nanostructures

• Meike Koenig and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2219–2220, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.221

• desired nanostructures. This combination of a conductive polymer with a hydrogel in a single nanostructure shows potential for the use in humidity sensors. Without the need for additives or solvents, a high purity of the resulting film is ensured, which is of paramount importance in the area of electronic

Evaluating the toxicity of TiO₂-based nanoparticles to Chinese hamster ovary cells and Escherichia coli: a complementary experimental and computational approach

• Alicja Mikolajczyk,
• Natalia Sizochenko,
• Ewa Mulkiewicz,
• Anna Malankowska,
• Michal Nischk,
• Przemyslaw Jurczak,
• Seishiro Hirano,
• Grzegorz Nowaczyk,
• Adriana Zaleska-Medynska,
• Jerzy Leszczynski,
• Agnieszka Gajewicz and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2171–2180, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.216

• nanoparticles, to model their quantitative nanostructure–toxicity relationships and to reveal the toxicity mechanism. In this context, toxicity tests for surface-modified TiO2-based nanoparticles were performed in vitro, using Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. The

Modelling focused electron beam induced deposition beyond Langmuir adsorption

• Dédalo Sanz-Hernández and
• Amalio Fernández-Pacheco

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2151–2161, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.214

• account of FEBID at the molecular level [27]. A key ingredient to much of this recent progress is the FEBID continuum model [25], which describes the time evolution of adsorbate concentration on a substrate as a function of the various processes comprising FEBID. This model describes nanostructure

Systematic control of α-Fe₂O₃ crystal growth direction for improved electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes

• Nan Shen,
• Miriam Keppeler,
• Barbara Stiaszny,
• Holger Hain,
• Filippo Maglia and
• Madhavi Srinivasan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2032–2044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.204

• α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (e.g. nanorods with hexagonal structure, electrospun nanorods, and nanowires) or other morphologies (e.g. nanotubes, flower-like nanostructure, spindles, and hollow spheres) showed a notable electrochemical performance in the interaction with lithium. The results are also

Freestanding graphene/MnO₂ cathodes for Li-ion batteries

• Şeyma Özcan,
• Aslıhan Güler,
• Tugrul Cetinkaya,
• Mehmet O. Guler and
• Hatem Akbulut

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1932–1938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.193

• nanostructure composed of uniform nanowires have 1–2 μm length and 40–60 nm average diameter. β-MnO2 (Figure 1b) shows that the as-prepared β-MnO2 sample has a nanorod structure with 0.5–1 μm length and 20–40 nm average diameter. The γ-MnO2 (Figure 1c) exhibits an urchin-like structure with 0.5–1 μm average

Near-infrared-responsive, superparamagnetic Au@Co nanochains

• Varadee Vittur,
• Arati G. Kolhatkar,
• Shreya Shah,
• Irene Rusakova,
• Dmitri Litvinov and
• T. Randall Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1680–1687, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.168

• average outer diameter of 75 ± 3 nm, in close contact with each other; the shell is rough, with a typical thickness of about 14 ± 6 nm. Moreover, some pinholes were observed in the wall of the bimetallic nanochains, indicating the formation of a hollow nanostructure as shown in Figure 2c. Figure 3

• the hollow nanostructure. As noted above, PVP is widely used as a colloidal stabilizer to inhibit the aggregation of metal nanoparticles such as gold [49][50][51][52], silver [53][54], platinum [55][56][57], palladium [46][57][58][59], nickel [60][61], and cobalt [62][63]. To verify this hypothesis in

Luminescent supramolecular hydrogels from a tripeptide and nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots

• Maria C. Cringoli,
• Slavko Kralj,
• Marina Kurbasic,
• Massimo Urban and
• Silvia Marchesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1553–1562, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.157

• ). In this case, self-supportive hydrogels were formed regardless of the protocol used (i.e., addition of the NCNDs to either alkaline or acidic buffer), as shown in Figure 1. Both conditions were further investigated since peptide nanostructure morphology may change significantly upon co-assembly with

• supramolecular extended beta-sheets that could bind thioflavin T. This resulted in more intense CD minima at 216 and 219 nm and more intense thioflavin T fluorescence. Nanostructure morphology of NCND–peptide hydrogels Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to assess the nanostructure of the hydrogels

• diameters in all samples, with and without NCNDs (see Supporting Information File 1). These observations are not surprising since it is well known that the nanostructure outcome of self-assembly is greatly influenced by experimental conditions and gelation kinetics [39][40]. Thermal stability of NCND

Fixation mechanisms of nanoparticles on substrates by electron beam irradiation

• Daichi Morioka,
• Tomohiro Nose,
• Taiki Chikuta,
• Kazutaka Mitsuishi and
• Masayuki Shimojo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1523–1529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.153

• been attracting attention because these arrays and patterns offer unique electrical and optical properties. One of the applications of such nanostructure arrays is plasmonic waveguides, in which the energy of light propagates because of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect [1][2]. In

Charge transport in organic nanocrystal diodes based on rolled-up robust nanomembrane contacts

• Vineeth Kumar Bandari,
• Lakshmi Varadharajan,
• Longqian Xu,
• Abdur Rehman Jalil,
• Mirunalini Devarajulu,
• Pablo F. Siles,
• Feng Zhu and
• Oliver G. Schmidt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1277–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.129

• understanding of charge transport mechanisms across the organic nanostructure is a key topic nowadays for developing and optimizing novel nanostructured devices [8][9][32][33]. In this work, we fabricate organic nanocrystal diodes sandwiched between flat metal electrode and rolled-up nanomembrane electrode

• between the organic material and the electrodes will restrain the charge transport in the diodes consisting of pure VOPc or organic nanostructure with single F16CuPc buffer layer. In this report, we will focus on the investigation of charge transport in the F16CuPc/VOPc/F16CuPc organic nanopyramid diode

A top-down approach for fabricating three-dimensional closed hollow nanostructures with permeable thin metal walls

• Carlos Angulo Barrios and
• Víctor Canalejas-Tejero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1231–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.124

• indicates that the resonance must be sensitive to refractive index changes of the superstrate. This was corroborated by immersing the nanostructure array in different liquids. Figure 5a shows the measured spectral reflectance of a hollow nanopillar array in different top cladding media: air, methanol

• nanostructure array. The aperture angle was 5.7°, which restricts light detection to zero-order diffraction. The reflectance spectrum from a bare Al film was used as a reference [9]. Hollow nanocage array modelling The zero-order reflection diffraction efficiency and field distributions of a 600 nm period

Metal oxide nanostructures: preparation, characterization and functional applications as chemical sensors

• Dario Zappa,
• Angela Bertuna,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Navpreet Kaur,
• Nicola Poli,
• Veronica Sberveglieri and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1205–1217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.122

• –condensation are the evaporation temperature of the source material and the condensation temperature at which materials start to condensate and grow as 1D nanostructure. An ultrathin layer of gold particles were deposited on alumina substrates with RF magnetron sputtering at 70 W, Ar flow 7 sccm for 5 sec

Enhanced catalytic activity without the use of an external light source using microwave-synthesized CuO nanopetals

• Govinda Lakhotiya,
• Sonal Bajaj,
• Arpan Kumar Nayak,
• Debabrata Pradhan,
• Pradip Tekade and
• Abhimanyu Rana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1167–1173, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.118

• , which promotes the preferential growth of CuO primary crystals along the <010> and suppresses the growth in <001> [22][23]. This preferential growth of the CuO nanostructure has also been observed in the sample obtained after a reaction time of 5 min, where some flake-like morphology is formed

Ultrasmall magnetic field-effect and sign reversal in transistors based on donor/acceptor systems

• Thomas Reichert and
• Tobat P. I. Saragi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1104–1114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.112

• Thomas Reichert Tobat P. I. Saragi Macromolecular Chemistry and Molecular Materials, Department of Mathematics and Science, Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany Accenture GmbH, Kaistraße 20

Fully scalable one-pot method for the production of phosphonic graphene derivatives

• Kamila Żelechowska,
• Marta Prześniak-Welenc,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Izabela Kondratowicz and
• Tadeusz Miruszewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1094–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.111

• graphene derivative (GO-P) behaves in a way similar to that of reduced GO. This suggests that the functional groups are mainly connected to carbon atoms located at the edges of nanostructure, and the basal plane was restored after functionalization. Thus, the synthesis method presented in this paper allows

Nanoantenna-assisted plasmonic enhancement of IR absorption of vibrational modes of organic molecules

• Alexander G. Milekhin,
• Olga Cherkasova,
• Sergei A. Kuznetsov,
• Ilya A. Milekhin,
• Ekatherina E. Rodyakina,
• Alexander V. Latyshev,
• Sreetama Banerjee,
• Georgeta Salvan and
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 975–981, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.99

• ]. The principle of SEIRA and SERS is based on specially designed, resonant, metal nanoantennas, providing a high electromagnetic field intensity in close proximity to the plasmonic nanostructure when resonantly excited in the IR or optical regime [14][15]. It was shown that elongated nanoantennas can

Near-field surface plasmon field enhancement induced by rippled surfaces

• Mario D’Acunto,
• Francesco Fuso,
• Ruggero Micheletto,
• Makoto Naruse,
• Francesco Tantussi and
• Maria Allegrini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 956–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.97

• the optical excitation of SPPs, which are ultimately collective optical electromagnetic modes strongly connected to the nanostructure geometry and size [12]. This is because at a metal–dielectric interface, large electric field fluctuations can occur for a plasmon resonance frequency, ωr, that in a

• two-dimensional system corresponds to the condition Re(εm(ωr)) = −εd, where εm(ωr) is the dielectric function of the metal at the resonant frequency and εd is the effective dielectric constant. In a randomly organized nanostructure, collective plasmon oscillations are deeply influenced by the locally

• role, in particular whenever the nanostructure morphology shows anisotropy at the local scale. Polarization can induce strong confinement of plasmons in the resonance region in close correlation with the local surface morphology, characterized by a pattern of hills and valleys. As a consequence, an

Selective detection of Mg²⁺ ions via enhanced fluorescence emission using Au–DNA nanocomposites

• Tanushree Basu,
• Khyati Rana,
• Niranjan Das and
• Bonamali Pal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 762–771, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.79

• nanostructure. Keywords: Au–DNA nanocomposites; enhanced fluorescence emission; metal-ion detection; Mg2+ ion detection; Introduction The interactions between Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) and DNA are essential to classify and expand upon, given the potential applications for NP–DNA complexes such as gene therapy