A systematic study of the controlled generation of crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles on graphene using a chemical etching process

• Peter Krauß,
• Jörg Engstler and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2017–2025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.202

• -supported graphene transfer laborious and time consuming [35][36][37]. The standard catalyst and growth substrate used to synthesize graphene by chemical vapor deposition is copper due its effective decomposition of hydrocarbons and its low carbon solubility as compared to the use of nickel as a substrate

Bi-layer sandwich film for antibacterial catheters

• Gerhard Franz,
• Florian Schamberger,
• Hamideh Heidari Zare,
• Sara Felicitas Bröskamp and
• Dieter Jocham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1982–2001, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.199

• easily precipitated by Cl− ions. The solubility product is 10−10 mol2/L2. Urine contains approximately 0.1 M of Cl−. Silver and silver ions can only be used because urine also contains urease and urea, which generate ammonia, NH3. Ammonia is responsible for a successful application of the antibacterial

• ]). Physiological sodium salt solution, for example, never passes the limit of the solubility product at concentrations that are typical for these drug-release systems. Release rate: The coated substrates [two catheter pieces (outer diameter: 5.3 mm) with a length of 2 cm (13% of the length of a normal balloon

• inverted (as in the derivation of the solubility product, Equation 5): Because PPX is a solid with an activity of 1, it is integrated into the equilibrium constant Kp yielding Equation 6, which expresses diffusion control The condensation is followed by a chemical reaction (enlargement of the polymeric

Self-assembly of chiral fluorescent nanoparticles based on water-soluble L-tryptophan derivatives of p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene

• Pavel L. Padnya,
• Irina A. Khripunova,
• Olga A. Mostovaya,
• Timur A. Mukhametzyanov,
• Vladimir G. Evtugyn,
• Vyacheslav V. Vorobev,
• Yuri N. Osin and
• Ivan I. Stoikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1825–1835, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.184

• -tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene in cone conformation capable of recognizing peptides [35]. Similar compounds in cone and 1,3-alternate conformations containing peptide fragments as substituents were able to form complexes with DNA [36]. In both cases, solubility in water was achieved by introducing

Luminescent supramolecular hydrogels from a tripeptide and nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots

• Maria C. Cringoli,
• Slavko Kralj,
• Marina Kurbasic,
• Massimo Urban and
• Silvia Marchesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1553–1562, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.157

• excellent water solubility, ease of functionalization, high chemical stability and resistance to photo-bleaching. In particular, CNDs have attracted particular interest in light of their biocompatibility, combined with their fascinating fluorescence properties, such as excitation-dependent emission range

• concentration up to nearly its solubility limit (i.e., for a final peptide concentration of 15 mM in the hydrogel) progressively increased the amount of NCND that could be tolerated by the peptide to achieve self-assembly, up to a maximum of 1 mg/mL or 15% w/w relative to DLeu-Phe-Phe (highlighted in Table 1

A biofunctionalizable ink platform composed of catechol-modified chitosan and reduced graphene oxide/platinum nanocomposite

• Peter Sobolewski,
• Agata Goszczyńska,
• Małgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Karolina Urbaś,
• Joanna Derkowska,
• Agnieszka Bartoszewska,
• Jacek Podolski,
• Ewa Mijowska and
• Mirosława El Fray

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1508–1514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.151

• modified the chitosan with catechol groups, in order to obtain adhesive properties and improve solubility. Dispersions of rGO–Pt in ethylene glycol were admixed with an aqueous solution of modified chitosan to yield an ink that is suitable for non-contact piezoelectric printing using a commercial

• ]. However, we first chemically modify the chitosan to add catechol pendant groups to the chitosan polymer chains [9], in order to improve water solubility, as well as provide adhesive properties to a variety of substrates [10]. The ink is formed by admixing rGO–Pt dispersions in ethylene glycol with the

• ]. Additionally, we modified the chitosan with catechol groups, in order to gain the additional adhesive properties of these groups and improve water solubility [9]. Following the methodology of Kim et al. [9], we used carbodiimide chemistry to couple hydrocaffeic acid (HCA) to the amine groups of chitosan. Based

A nanocomplex of C₆₀ fullerene with cisplatin: design, characterization and toxicity

• Svitlana Prylutska,
• Svitlana Politenkova,
• Kateryna Afanasieva,
• Volodymyr Korolovych,
• Kateryna Bogutska,
• Andriy Sivolob,
• Larysa Skivka,
• Maxim Evstigneev,
• Viktor Kostjukov,
• Yuriy Prylutskyy and
• Uwe Ritter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1494–1501, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.149

• , increase solubility in bioavailable form and protect Cis from degradation [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. The carbon allotrope С60 fullerene could act as such a potent agent. Pristine C60 fullerenes have no acute or sub-acute toxicity in vitro [10][11][12] and in vivo [13] (at least at low physiological

Calcium fluoride based multifunctional nanoparticles for multimodal imaging

• Marion Straßer,
• Joachim H. X. Schrauth,
• Sofia Dembski,
• Daniel Haddad,
• Bernd Ahrens,
• Stefan Schweizer,
• Bastian Christ,
• Alevtina Cubukova,
• Marco Metzger,
• Heike Walles,
• Peter M. Jakob and
• Gerhard Sextl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1484–1493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.148

• exhibit a significant solubility in water, but CaF2 is insoluble in water and precipitates from aqueous solution. It is difficult to control the particle growth in aqueous solution and therefore the synthesis of the doped NPs is carried out in ethanol. This solvent contains a very low F− ion concentration

• because of the low solubility of NH4F in an ethanol solution and therefore the particle growth is slower [26]. The inset in Figure 1 shows the TEM micrograph of the CaF2:(Tb3+,Gd3+) NPs. The NPs possess a spherical shape with an average diameter of 5–10 nm. The results of the dynamic light scattering (DLS

Development of polycationic amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles for anticancer drug delivery

• Gamze Varan,
• Juan M. Benito,
• Carmen Ortiz Mellet and
• Erem Bilensoy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1457–1468, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.145

• is effective against a wide spectrum of cancers. To overcome its bioavailability problems arising from very poor aqueous solubility and tendency to recrystallize upon dilution, paclitaxel is commercially formulated with co-solvents such as Cremophor EL® that are known to cause serious side effects

• difficulties related to its intravenous administration to patients. The most important of these challenges is the very low solubility of PCX in water (0.3 µg/mL) [4]. To overcome poor solubility of PCX in water, the current commercial injectable formulation consists of a 1:1 mixture of anhydrous ethanol and

• complexes with non-polar drugs or active molecules [10]. CDs are easily able to modulate physicochemical properties of guest molecules, including solubility and/or stability in biological medium. Despite all the advantages, CDs have some challenges. For instance, it is well known that β-CD has low

Cationic PEGylated polycaprolactone nanoparticles carrying post-operation docetaxel for glioma treatment

• Cem Varan and
• Erem Bilensoy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1446–1456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.144

• cells in vitro due to disruption of microtubule function. However, they are known to have severe solubility problems in aqueous media, therefore co-solvents or excipients are used to improve their solubility to facilitate injectable formulation development. Unfortunately, these solubilizing agents may

• benefit from enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect thanks to their smaller size. They can also encapsulate hydrophobic drugs as their cargo to improve solubility at the target site. Consequently, nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems can protect drug activities in biological systems and

• shown in literature that addition of surfactant causes increased solubility of polymer in aqueous media and decreases the particle size [60], the exact opposite of this situation has been found, too [61]. In our studies, the addition of surfactant for both nanoparticle formulations may have led to the

Low uptake of silica nanoparticles in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial barriers

• Dong Ye,
• Mattia Bramini,
• Delyan R. Hristov,
• Sha Wan,
• Anna Salvati,
• Christoffer Åberg and
• Kenneth A. Dawson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1396–1406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.141

• , Figure S1). Based upon previous experience, we limited exposure times to 6 hours in order to reduce the risk of released free dye and fragmentation of the nanoparticles, stemming from partial solubility in cell culture medium, which could confuse uptake and transport studies [42]. Nanoparticle size and

Synthesis of [Fe(L_eq)(L_ax)]_n coordination polymer nanoparticles using blockcopolymer micelles

• Christoph Göbel,
• Ottokar Klimm,
• Florian Puchtler,
• Sabine Rosenfeldt,
• Stephan Förster and
• Birgit Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1318–1327, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.133

• -phenylenebis(iminomethylidyne)-bis(2,4-pentanedionato)(2−)) allowed the determination of the preconditions for the selective formation of nanoparticles. A low solubility of the CP in the used solvent and a high stability of the Fe–L bond with regard to ligand exchange are necessary for the formation of

• (bpey) (Scheme 1). The ligands were chosen because of their different flexibility. From the synthesis of the bulk complexes it is known, that an increasing flexibility of the ligand leads to an increase in solubility of the obtained CP [44][45]. This way we can investigate the impact of the solubility

• (bpey)]n and the previously investigated [FeLeq(bipy)]n the expected order with regard to the rigid nature of the ligand is observed. With increasing solubility of the complex (increasing flexibility of the ligand) in the solvent used for the synthesis of the nanomaterial, the probability for the

Bright fluorescent silica-nanoparticle probes for high-resolution STED and confocal microscopy

• Isabella Tavernaro,
• Christian Cavelius,
• Henrike Peuschel and
• Annette Kraegeloh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.130

• available carbopyronine dye Atto647N was selected as a model dye [50]. It matches the preferred spectral characteristics and has gained popularity as fluorescence label due to its strong absorption, excellent fluorescence, quantum yield and good solubility [51][52]. However, Atto647N had to be modified

• Abberior STAR 635 (Star635, charge: 0) and three negatively charged pentamethine based Dyomics dyes (Dy-647, charge: −1; Dy-648, charge: −2; Dy-649, charge: −3), which exhibit a high water solubility mainly caused by negatively charged sulfonate side groups (supplier information). Compared to Atto647N, all

Oxidative chemical vapor deposition of polyaniline thin films

• Yuriy Y. Smolin,
• Masoud Soroush and
• Kenneth K. S. Lau

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1266–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.128

• solvent-based methods becomes considerably more challenging due to the lack of solubility in common commercial solvents, which limits processability and leads to poor wettability. These challenges can be overcome with oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD). oCVD is a single step, solvent-free

Nano-engineered skin mesenchymal stem cells: potential vehicles for tumour-targeted quantum-dot delivery

• Liga Saulite,
• Dominyka Dapkute,
• Karlis Pleiko,
• Ineta Popena,
• Simona Steponkiene,
• Ricardas Rotomskis and
• Una Riekstina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1218–1230, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.123

• modifications of various NPs. These modifications increase the solubility of QDs to make QDs unnoticeable by the immune system, increase the QD half-life in the blood stream and target QDs to specific ligands or antigens [12]. Different therapeutic and recognition molecules can be attached to the surfaces of

Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and thermogravimetric analysis of two series of substituted (metallo)tetraphenylporphyrins

• Rasha K. Al-Shewiki,
• Carola Mende,
• Roy Buschbeck,
• Pablo F. Siles,
• Oliver G. Schmidt,
• Tobias Rüffer and
• Heinrich Lang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1191–1204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.121

• presence of dimethylformamide. As we used a larger amount of dimethylformamide as indicated in [18], the yields of 2 and 3 could be increased significantly. This is attributed to the solubility of 1 in dimethylformamide. The addition of a large excess of the mild chlorinating agent oxalyl chloride

• -COSY,1H,13C-HSQCETGP and HMBCGP) because of too broad NMR resonances and/or the comparatively poor solubility. According to Jones and Wilkins [35] for the –NMe2 groups two 13C NMR chemical shifts are observed. According to Manke et al. [36] the 13C NMR resonances of the pyrrole carbon atoms C9,9′ and

• . Comments: No re-precipitation needed. Due to the poor solubility of 2a a 13C NMR spectrum could not be recorded. The ESIMS spectra of 2a reveals as basis peak 988.3599. The origin of this peak remains unclear and may likely correspond to a fragmentation/recombination process under ESIMS measurement

AgCl-doped CdSe quantum dots with near-IR photoluminescence

• Pavel A. Kotin,
• Sergey S. Bubenov,
• Natalia E. Mordvinova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1156–1166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.117

• of silver and chloride ions in the reaction mass due to the restricted solubility of this complex. In this work, we use a modification of the oleate method to prepare Ag-doped CdSe QDs using AgCl as a precursor of Ag. We focus our attention on the two origins of trap states: halides and silver

• and strong IR-PL. As was already mentioned, it is mainly related to the low solubility of Ag4Cl4(PPh3)4 in the reaction mass. This leads to a low concentration of silver and chloride ions. Hence, only tetrapod-like particles with short legs (about 5 nm) were formed when Ag4Cl4(PPh3)4 was added to Cd

Preparation of thick silica coatings on carbon fibers with fine-structured silica nanotubes induced by a self-assembly process

• Benjamin Baumgärtner,
• Hendrik Möller,
• Thomas Neumann and
• Dirk Volkmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1145–1155, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.116

• -solubility at ambient temperature. If an aqueous LPEI suspension is heated up to 80 °C, it forms a transparent solution and upon cooling down to room temperature, the polymer recrystallizes as a dihydrate in the form of linear aggregates [14]. If silica precursors are used, the formed aggregates can be used

The integration of graphene into microelectronic devices

• Guenther Ruhl,
• Sebastian Wittmann,
• Matthias Koenig and
• Daniel Neumaier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1056–1064, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.107

• carbon dissolves in Ni with a substantial solubility and during cooling down it segregates to the Ni–substrate interface where it precipitates as graphene. After etching off the nickel, the graphene film is exposed. The complete process sequence is shown in Figure 2 [29]. By choosing the appropriate

• grain boundaries through a copper film to the underlying substrate [30]. As there is no significant solubility of carbon in copper, the film formation is expected to be very inhomogeneous. Alternatively Cu is used as catalytic material to convert a self-assembled monolayer as carbon source at the Cu

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

• Michelle Romero-Franco,
• Hilary A. Godwin,
• Muhammad Bilal and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

• patterns of toxicity. In DF4Nano, ENMs are grouped into four main categories: soluble ENMs, biopersistent high aspect ratio (HAR) ENMs, passive ENMs, and active ENMs. Soluble ENMs are defined as ENMs with a water solubility that exceeds 100 mg/L or not water-soluble but soluble in biological media and/or

• as determined in vitro and in vivo short term inhalation studies (STIS). The DF4Nano Grouping is based on data provided by the analyst for the ENMs of interest through “tiers” or information filters, where specific thresholds are set for intrinsic material properties (e.g., water solubility, primary

• ), oxidative stress, redox activities, etc.) and apical toxic effects (e.g., respiratory effects shown in short-term inhalation studies). The initial tier (0) focuses on gathering data regarding intrinsic material properties (e.g., water solubility, primary particle size (PPS), surface area, composition

Bio-inspired micro-to-nanoporous polymers with tunable stiffness

• Julia Syurik,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Prerna Sudera,
• Stephan Weyand,
• Siegbert Johnsen,
• Gabriele Wiegand and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 906–914, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.92

• result of supersaturation, as the solubility of CO2 in PMMA drops together with the pressure. The further growth of nuclei during the step (iii) is caused by diffusion of CO2 from the polymer matrix. The gradient in pore size was achieved by combining two ideas, namely to limit the penetration of CO2

Investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes

• Marianna V. Kharlamova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 826–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.85

• the growth of nanotubes. The formation of nanotubes on nonmetallic catalysts has peculiarities as compared to the growth on metals [46][47][48][49]. Catalytic nanoparticles of diamond [47], zirconia [48] and silica [46][49] have negligibly small bulk solubility of carbon, and it is therefore unlikely

• temperature and higher carbon solubility [50]. The melting temperature of metallic catalytic particles is lowered by two effects. Firstly, the melting temperature of the particle (Tp) with the radius r is decreased by the Gibbs–Thomson effect by the equation: where T0 is the bulk melting temperature of a

First examples of organosilica-based ionogels: synthesis and electrochemical behavior

• Andreas Taubert,
• Ruben Löbbicke,
• Barbara Kirchner and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 736–751, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.77

• by simple variation of the respective ions. This facilitates the tailoring of their properties, e.g., viscosity, ionic conductivity, solubility, or melting and glass points and therefore makes ILs perfect media for task-specific applications [1][4]. Additionally, compared to many systems based on

Analysis and modification of defective surface aggregates on PCDTBT:PCBM solar cell blends using combined Kelvin probe, conductive and bimodal atomic force microscopy

• Hanaul Noh,
• Alfredo J. Diaz and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 579–589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.62

• , the solubility differences of donor and acceptor materials and the boiling point of the solvents affect the morphology and thus the performance of PSCs [20]. The PCDTBT:PCBM blend fabricated with the DCB solvent has shown better performance than the one cast from CB [21]. We performed KPFM

Liquid permeation and chemical stability of anodic alumina membranes

• Dmitrii I. Petukhov,
• Dmitrii A. Buldakov,
• Alexey A. Tishkin,
• Alexey V. Lukashin and
• Andrei A. Eliseev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 561–570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.60

• phases having extremely low solubility products. Unfortunately, thermal treatment of anodic alumina films is known to be accompanied by increasing brittleness and possible membrane curling [24][25]. However, none of the pure chemical methods (phosphate or chromate treatment) results in the necessary

Diffusion and surface alloying of gradient nanostructured metals

• Zhenbo Wang and
• Ke Lu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 547–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.59

• concentration equal to the solubility limit at an effective temperature of 680 °C in Cu–Ag alloys with different initial states. This will also contribute to the promoted surface alloying kinetics during simultaneous treatment, and might even result in the formation of metastable phases. However, deficiencies