Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• XPS spectra was performed by referring to the Au 4f7/2 line at 84.0 eV measured from a clean Au foil. XPS data processing was carried out using CASA XPS software version 2.3.15. Fitting of the core-level spectra was performed using the sum of Gauss–Lorenz and Doniach–Sunjic functions after the

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• also permitted to acquire and analyze Ce 2p3/2 core level spectra using HAXPES at photon energies higher than the core-level binding energy of 5723 eV [24]. The analysis of Ce 2p core level spectra enables an accurate determination of Ce3+ and Ce4+ concentration due to the absence of spectral overlap

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• orbital of S2− in FeS [49]. The bulk core level of S bound as a disulfide group (S22−) in iron pyrite, S 2p3/2b and S 2p1/2b, respectively, was centered around 162 and 164 eV. To form S–S dimers, each S atom forms a tetrahedrally coordinated bond with three Fe2+ and one other S atom [50][51][52]. The

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• data (grey squares in Figure 12), the fitting procedure was applied, after which the Fe 2p core-level spectra for both samples were deconvoluted into six peaks whose parameters are gathered in Table 3. It is clearly seen that the binding energies of the obtained components under the Fe 2p3/2 and Fe 2p1

• core level lines there is no trace of Fe2+ ions recognized in the Raman studies of Fe3O4, as its binding energy is substantially lower than those registered here [87][92][93]. It should be stressed that the Fe 2p spectra and the results of their deconvolution obtained in this study are extremely

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• be suitable for increasing the sensitivity to a number of defects per unit volume forming at the surface, which can be recorded by the significant photoemission core level binding energy shift [25][26]. The significance of these studies lies in the exploration of novel materials with improved

• all three aforementioned modes on thin CrCl3 flakes at RT on a native Si oxide substrate. The survey spectra indicate beam damage resulting from the focused beam, as evidenced by the high intensity of the Si 2p core level photoemission, which was not observed in the other cases involving defocused

• corroborated by the signal from the Si 2p core level of the underlying substrate. When using the OSA mode, a contribution from the substrate is also anticipated because of the larger beam size. During the mapping process, the sample was continuously scanned and data points were recorded within a few

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• the Se 3d core level lines. One of the components was found to correspond to Se in TiSe2; the second component, which had no known analogues, was attributed to structural fragments of CrSe2. This confirmation was obtained directly by SPEM [13]. In the cleaved surface of the Cr0.78Ti0.36Se2 single

• the local binding energy position of the core level directly follows the energy of the valence and conduction band and thus the band-bending at the interface between the p- and n-doped segments, the observed shift in binding energy directly reflects the in-built potential of the p–n junction at the

• - and n-doped ends. In practice, the electrode with the n-doped segment was grounded, while a bias of +0.4, 0, or −0.3 V was applied to the electrode with the p-doped segment, resulting in forward-biased, unbiased, and backward-biased conditions of the p–n junction. High-resolution In 3d core-level

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• evidence of changes in surface chemical states due to irradiation. In summary, we elucidate the underlying mechanism responsible for the retrieval of the B1 phase from the transformed B2 phase following O ion irradiation using core-level spectroscopy. While the B1 to B2 phase transformation is reported to

• of the O K edge spectrum. This attenuation suggests that O ion irradiation diminishes the likelihood of core-level electronic transitions from O 1s to the hybridized Zn 4s–O 2p orbitals. It is plausible that O ion irradiation generates oxygen vacancies (VO) at lattice sites and introduces defects

• , further supports these findings. The correlation between core-level spectroscopic techniques and X-ray diffraction patterns reinforces the conclusion that electronic energy loss from oxygen ions leads to partial degradation of the Zn2SiO4 crystalline structure, diminishing local pressure on the CdO

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• 200 W and 15 kV. Samples were washed with water, dried, and affixed to double-sided adhesive copper tape. Survey scans were averaged over five scans and spanned 0–1200 eV with a 1 eV step size, 200 ms dwell time, and 160 eV pass energy. High-resolution core level scans were averaged over five scans

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• corresponds to the deconvoluted C (1s) core level of GO, Chl, and GO–Chl respectively. To analyze the relative content of functional groups, the C (1s) peaks of the samples were deconvoluted into different components viz. C=C (284.4), C–C (284.6), C–N (285.6), C–OH (285.6), C–Cl (286.4), C–O (286.6), C=N

• of high-intensity functional group peaks (286–290 eV) relative to C=C sp2 framework peak (graphitic domains, 284.4 eV) in GO indicates the formation of highly exfoliated and oxidized GO nanosheets [48]. The deconvoluted C (1s) core level peaks of GO with the relative intensity of 30.25 % (COOH

• ), 21.54% (C=O), 20.83% (C–O), and 20.09% (C–OH) in comparison to 7.27% (C=C) confirms the high content of oxygen-containing functional group on the surface of GO nanosheets. In contrast, the deconvoluted C (1s) core level of GO–Chl reveals the presence of GO and Chl associated C=C, C–N, C=N, C–Cl and COOH

AFM-IR investigation of thin PECVD SiO_x films on a polypropylene substrate in the surface-sensitive mode

• Hendrik Müller,
• Hartmut Stadler,
• Teresa de los Arcos,
• Adrian Keller and
• Guido Grundmeier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 603–611, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.51

• compensation of the isolating polymer foils, the measurement was carried out in a 1.5 mbar N2 atmosphere. The survey spectra were recorded with a pass energy of 100 eV, while the core level spectra were taken with a 40 eV pass energy. The analysis was done using the software Unifit 2019 [17]. For all core

• detection. The chosen detection frequency should equal a mechanical contact resonance of the tip–sample contact for a sufficiently large signal level. NAP-XPS survey (a) and high-resolution core level spectra of oxygen O 1s (b), carbon C 1s, (c) and silicon Si 2p (d) of the polypropylene foil covered with

• 50 nm SiOx measured in a 1.5 mbar N2 atmosphere for environmental charge compensation. Black dots represent measured data, while the blue lines are fits to the data that incorporate different components as indicated by the red lines. NAP-XPS survey (a) and high-resolution core level spectra of oxygen

Controllable physicochemical properties of WO_x thin films grown under glancing angle

• Rupam Mandal,
• Aparajita Mandal,
• Alapan Dutta,
• Rengasamy Sivakumar,
• Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 350–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.31

• , chemical analysis on the NS-WOx films is conducted using XPS measurements. Figure 3a–d depicts the XPS core-level spectra of W 4f and O 1s for as-deposited and annealed films, each having a thickness of 6 nm. The W 4f spectra are deconvoluted into two major and two minor peaks using Gaussian–Lorentzian

• for as-deposited and annealed films. (a, c) XPS core-level spectra for W 4f and O 1s, respectively, of a 6 nm as-deposited WOx film. (b, d) W 4f and O 1s spectra of the film after vacuum annealing. (a, b) and (c, d) VCPD maps of, respectively, as-deposited and vacuum annealed WOx films having

Properties of tin oxide films grown by atomic layer deposition from tin tetraiodide and ozone

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Tanel Käämbre,
• Aile Tamm and
• Kaupo Kukli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1085–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.89

• ][41] and a broader and less intense feature in the region corresponding to the Sn 5p states, which then corresponds to an eg state split in C4v symmetry [37]. In the Sn 3d XAS results (Figure 11, right panel), the Sn 5s states are dipole-forbidden for transitions starting from the Sn 3d core level

Low temperature atomic layer deposition of cobalt using dicobalt hexacarbonyl-1-heptyne as precursor

• Mathias Franz,
• Mahnaz Safian Jouzdani,
• Lysann Kaßner,
• Marcus Daniel,
• Frank Stahr and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 951–963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.78

• of oxidised cobalt CoO consist of a core level peak (Co2+) and a shake-up satellite (Co2+ (S)) [37]. The measured Co 2p3/2 peak consists of three features (Figure 5). This indicates the presence of metallic as well as oxidised cobalt (mainly Co2+). After fitting, the peak with a binding energy of

Mixed oxides with corundum-type structure obtained from recycling can seals as paint pigments: color stability

• Dienifer F. L. Horsth,
• Julia de O. Primo,
• Nayara Balaba,
• Fauze J. Anaissi and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 467–477, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.37

• Table 2. The relative amount of the coloring ions evaluated by XPS is approximately 12 wt % in both samples. The XPS spectra recorded in the Al 2p core level region (Figure 4a,b,d) show a peak fitted with one component centered at 73.6 eV. This component indicates the presence of Al2O3 in all samples

• detector), (d) sample 2 (low magnification, SE detector), and (e) sample 2 (high magnification, SE detector). Size distribution histograms of (c) sample 1 and (f) sample 2. XPS core level spectra. (a) Al 2p of alumina, (b) Al 2p of sample 1, (c) Cr 2p of sample 1, (d) Al 2p of sample 2, and (e) Fe 2p of

A nonenzymatic reduced graphene oxide-based nanosensor for parathion

• Sarani Sen,
• Anurag Roy,
• Ambarish Sanyal and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 730–744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.65

• core-level spectrum of (A) C 1s, (B) O 1s for GO, (C) C 1s, and (D) O 1s for ERGO samples, respectively. (A) TEM images of as-synthesized GO, ERGO synthesized in different electrolytes: (B) PBS pH 4.5, (C) pH 7, and (D) pH 9.6. (E) HRTEM image of ERGO in PBS pH 4.5. (F) SEM micrographs of as

Investigation of a memory effect in a Au/(Ti–Cu)Ox-gradient thin film/TiAlV structure

• Damian Wojcieszak,
• Jarosław Domaradzki,
• Michał Mazur,
• Tomasz Kotwica and
• Danuta Kaczmarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 265–273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.21

• transitions using the Tauc method. Structure and elemental composition Surface properties The oxidation state of copper on the surface of (Ti0.48Cu0.52)Ox thin film was analyzed with the XPS Cu 2p core level spectrum (Figure 6). The Cu 2p core level has split spin–orbit components with ΔBE of 19.8 eV and an

• the presence of Cu2+ species related to the CuO oxide [48][49][50]. The XPS spectrum of the Ti 2p core level is presented in Figure 6b. The position of the Ti 2p doublet and the binding energy separation between Ti 2p3/2 and Ti 2p1/2 (marked in the figure as ΔEW) equal to 5.8 eV testifies the

Impact of device design on the electronic and optoelectronic properties of integrated Ru-terpyridine complexes

• Max Mennicken,
• Sophia Katharina Peter,
• Corinna Kaulen,
• Ulrich Simon and
• Silvia Karthäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 219–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.16

• . Instrumentation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were conducted with a PHI5000 VersaProbe II using monochromatic Al Kα radiation (1.486 keV). Survey scans (187.5 eV pass energy, 0.8 eV/step) and core level spectra (23.5 eV pass energy, 0.1 eV/step) of the elements C 1s, N 1s, O 1s, S 1s, Ru 3d

• . Therefore, the core level spectra of C 1s, Ru 3d, and O 1s have been recorded after each growth step and the obtained values are given in Table 1 (see Supporting Information File 1 for in depth analysis, section 4, and XPS core level spectra, Figure S4). Overall, the result of the detailed XPS analysis is

Plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence from TiO₂ and TeO₂ thin films doped by Eu³⁺ for optoelectronic applications

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Jakub Czubek,
• Katarzyna Drozdowska,
• Anna Synak,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1271–1278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.94

• decrease of transmittance at 350 nm is caused by absorption of glass substrate and can be noticed for other samples as well. TiO2:Eu-based structures The chemical composition of the luminescent titanium dioxide doped with europium was examined using XPS. The spectra of Ti 2p and Eu 4d core level electrons

Interface interaction of transition metal phthalocyanines with strontium titanate (100)

• Reimer Karstens,
• Thomas Chassé and
• Heiko Peisert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 485–496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.39

• transfer with the oxide substrate was observed, involving both the macrocycle and the central metal atom. For molecules of the first monolayer, an electron transfer to the central metal atom is concluded from transition metal 2p core level photoemission spectra. The number of interacting molecules in the

• semiconducting substrates, such a charge transfer would result in an interface doping of the substrate. Depending on the charge carrier concentration, the doping is accompanied by a shift of the Fermi level, visible as rigid energy shifts of all substrate-related core level spectra in photoemission. As an

• bending at the interface (p-type doping). Adsorbate-related core level spectra are shown in Figure 3 for different film thicknesses. For the 0.25 nm and the 0.45 nm film, the Sr 3p1/2 background was subtracted in the C 1s spectra. Original data and the background procedure are shown in Figure S5

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• core level spectrum of Fe 2p is presented in Figure 2b. On the deconvolution of Fe 2p3/2, peaks are observed at 710.4 and at 712.6 eV. The first peak can be attributed to Fe3+ in free MnFe2O4 nanoparticles, whereas the second peak corresponds to Fe3+ in FeOOH [23], resulting from the adapted

• depth of XPS (approx. 10 nm), it is anticipated that all the core level spectra shown in Figure 8 are from the MnFe2O4 particles attached to external surface of the tubes rather than from those in the inner cavities of the tubes. The XPS survey scan of MnFe2O4/MWCNTs (Figure 8a) shows photoelectron

• lines of C, O, Mn, and Fe. The highest-intensity peak is noticed for carbon, which corresponds to the carbon content of MWCNTs. The deconvolution of the core level energy peak of C 1s identifies two components at 284.5 and 285.5 eV, respectively. The first peak is ascribed to sp2-hybridized and the

Impact of fluorination on interface energetics and growth of pentacene on Ag(111)

• Qi Wang,
• Meng-Ting Chen,
• Antoni Franco-Cañellas,
• Bin Shen,
• Thomas Geiger,
• Holger F. Bettinger,
• Frank Schreiber,
• Ingo Salzmann,
• Alexander Gerlach and
• Steffen Duhm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1361–1370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.120

• interfaces. Results The determination of the vertical adsorption heights of F4PEN in (sub)monolayers on Ag(111) relied on high-resolution core level spectra, which are shown in Figure 1 (additional XPS spectra are shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1). Following the assignment of the F4PEN core

• the screening effect (also often called the mirror force effect), which is commonly observed in photoemission data of organic thin films on metal substrates [71][72][73]. The absence of nonrigid shifts of the core level peaks between the mono- and multilayer coverage, which usually occur in the case

• in situ under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. The analysis chamber (base pressure: 3 × 10−10 mbar) contained a VG Scienta EW4000 HAXPES hemispherical photoelectron analyzer, which was mounted at 90° relative to the incident X-ray beam. The reflectivity and photoelectron core level spectra of all

Hybridization vs decoupling: influence of an h-BN interlayer on the physical properties of a lander-type molecule on Ni(111)

• Maximilian Schaal,
• Takumi Aihara,
• Marco Gruenewald,
• Felix Otto,
• Jari Domke,
• Roman Forker,
• Hiroyuki Yoshida and
• Torsten Fritz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1168–1177, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.101

• a promising n-type contact for molecular electronics. Core level spectroscopy Finally, we investigated the chemical structure by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) at normal emission. In Figure 5 the N 1s, the C 1s and the B 1s spectra for DBP on bare Ni(111) as well as on h-BN/Ni(111

• background [43]. The peak positions of each core level are summarized in Table 3. The comparison of the C 1s level of DBP on bare Ni(111) with DBP on h-BN/Ni(111) shows that the peak positions are shifted against each other, and the line width of the latter is significantly reduced. The binding energy shift

• corrected according to the photoionization cross sections of Yeh and Lindau [44]. For each spectrum the binding energy of the core level is marked by vertical black lines. The black arrow points to an unassigned second component of the N 1s level of the less ordered DBP layer on h-BN/Ni(111). Comparison of

A few-layer graphene/chlorin e6 hybrid nanomaterial and its application in photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans

• Selene Acosta,
• Carlos Moreno-Aguilar,
• Dania Hernández-Sánchez,
• Beatriz Morales-Cruzado,
• Erick Sarmiento-Gomez,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Luis Octavio Sánchez-Vargas and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1054–1061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.90

• graphene lattice. In the Raman spectrum of the FLG-Ce6 hybrid nanomaterial, the D band is overshadowed by the Raman signals of Ce6. Figure 1c shows the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of the hybrid nanomaterial and Ce6. The O 1s core level spectrum of the hybrid nanomaterial FLG-Ce6 is

• mainly composed of two peaks at 530.9 and 532.4 eV corresponding to HO–C and C=O, respectively. There is a peak at 535.4 eV corresponding to the chemisorbed oxygen on the hybrid nanomaterial, which is almost absent in the Ce6 sample. The N 1s core level spectrum is the same in the hybrid nanomaterial as

• in the Ce6 sample because the nitrogen contribution comes only from Ce6 in both cases. The spectrum analysis allows the two types of chemical bonding of nitrogen present in the Ce6 structure to be distinguished. The C 1s core level spectrum in the hybrid nanomaterial is mainly composed of a peak at

Adsorption behavior of tin phthalocyanine onto the (110) face of rutile TiO₂

• Lukasz Bodek,
• Mads Engelund,
• Aleksandra Cebrat and
• Bartosz Such

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 821–828, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.67

• molecules has a central protrusion (marked by the black arrow); b) empty-state RT-STM image of a SnPc monolayer after annealing at 200 °C; c) XPS spectra of the Sn 3d core level; d) XPS N 1s and C 1s core-level peaks measured for a SnPc monolayer before and after sample annealing at 200 °C, which do not

Evolution of Ag nanostructures created from thin films: UV–vis absorption and its theoretical predictions

• Robert Kozioł,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Paweł Syty,
• Damian Koszelow,
• Wojciech Sadowski,
• Józef E. Sienkiewicz and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 494–507, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.40

• observed using XPS. The spectral contribution of 5s and 5p electronic states to the valence band spectrum of Ag is negligible and the valence band mainly originates from 4d electronic state. The Ag 3d valence-band and Ag 4d core-level spectra are shown, respectively, in Figure 12a and Figure 12b. It should

• (FWHM). FWHM values both of the valence-band and core-level spectra are clearly larger for the nanostructures than for the bulk material. The changes in the peak position originating from the d bands and the broadening of the FWHM can be attributed to the modified electronic structure [33]. In turn, it