Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• expensive III–V materials to the active device area. The flexible geometry of nanowires standing upright on their growth substrate directly leads to gate-all-around metal-oxide-semiconductor stacks [23][24], and advanced electronic device designs such as nanowire tunneling field-effect transistors [24] or

• supercapacitors [35][36] fast spintronics [37], electrochromic devices [38][39], catalysts, and gas sensors [40][41], [42][43]. The characteristic p-type conductivity of this transition metal oxide is related to the presence of oxygen interstitials and the inherent nickel deficiency which leads to the formation

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• nanoparticles that can interact with both aqueous and non-aqueous environments. The synthesis begins with the interaction of the metal oxide initiator, tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (Sn(oct)2), with the monomers ethylene oxide and ε-caprolactone. Sn(oct)2 acts as a catalyst, activating the monomers by generating

• reactive metal oxide species. These reactive species facilitate the ring-opening polymerization of ethylene oxide and ε-caprolactone, initiating copolymerization. During this process, the monomers alternately add to the growing copolymer chain, forming blocks of distinct PEG and PCL segments. This

Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• ), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere and can be used for industrial safety, security, and defense [2]. Gas sensors consisting of metal oxide possess several disadvantages, such as high-power consumption, sensor stability, and low sensitivity. To reduce the cost of sensors

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• of metal and metal oxide-nanomaterials (NMs) in aqueous media. The individual models were integrated into a consensus modelling scheme, enhancing their predictive accuracy and reducing their biases. The consensus models outperform the individual models, resulting in more reliable predictions. We

• relationship (QSPR/QSFR) modelling, read-across, and deep learning models. Mikolajczyk et al. [16] implemented a consensus nano-QSPR scheme for the prediction of the ZP of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) based on the size and a quantum mechanical descriptor encoding the energy of the highest occupied molecular

• orbital per metal atom of 15 metal oxide NPs. Toropov et al. [31] developed, for a set of 15 metal and metal oxide NPs, a QFPR model considering both the NPs’ molecular structure and the experimental conditions, encoded in quasi-SMILES. Furthermore, research has explored the computational assessment of

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• Supratik Kar Siyun Yang Chemometrics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Kean University, 1000 Morris Avenue, Union, NJ 07083, USA 10.3762/bjnano.15.93 Abstract Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) are widely used in medicine and environmental remediation because

• models. Finally, the developed nano-qRASTR model was applied to predict toxicity data for an external dataset comprising 35 MONPs, addressing gaps in zebrafish toxicity assessment. Keywords: metal nanoparticles; metal oxide nanoparticles; nano-qRASTR; periodic table descriptors; QSAR; zebrafish

• range of substances that can be categorized as carbon-based, metal oxides, semiconductors, polymers, clays, emulsions, or metals [2]. Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) are metallic oxides that exist within the nanoscale range and can be intentionally created or occur naturally [3]. Under the rapid

Photocatalytic methane oxidation over a TiO₂/SiNWs p–n junction catalyst at room temperature

• Qui Thanh Hoai Ta,
• Luan Minh Nguyen,
• Ngoc Hoi Nguyen,
• Phan Khanh Thinh Nguyen and
• Dai Hai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1132–1141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.92

• handling [12][13][14]. Photocatalytic metal oxide semiconductor materials have been utilized for converting solar energy into valuable chemical energy in the field of CH4 conversion [15][16][17]. Methane oxidation presents a particularly promising strategy. The primary objective is to convert methane into

Atomistic insights into the morphological dynamics of gold and platinum nanoparticles: MD simulations in vacuum and aqueous media

• Evangelos Voyiatzis,
• Eugenia Valsami-Jones and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 995–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.81

• employed to study other metallic and metal oxide nanomaterials. Keywords: crystallization; gold; molecular dynamics; nanoparticles; platinum; Introduction Nanomaterials, that is, materials with dimensions in the range of 1–100 nm [1][2], are central to a variety of developments in science and technology

• category of engineered NPs is comprised of metal and metal oxide NPs, which rank among the highest in production volume. They have already found widespread applications in technological advancements such as photovoltaics, catalysis, gas sensors, fuel cells, and adsorbents [7][8]. This prevalence is

• initially spherical, with diameters ranging from 1 to 8 nm, and melted. Because of the small size of the NPs under consideration, the structural modifications observed pose challenges for experimental techniques. The adopted approach can be readily applied to investigate other metallic and metal oxide

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• increasing their use in daily life [38]. The first ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (IS FETs) biosensor combined the metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) structure with glass electrodes for measuring ion activities in electrochemical and biological environments [39]. Subsequently, hydrogen-sensitive MOSFET

• technology rapidly emerged [40][41]. However, all these FETs were highly bulky and required more space. Nakamoto et al. [42] later devised a biosensor with a novel fabrication method aligned well with the complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication process. Usually, biosensors convert

Identification of structural features of surface modifiers in engineered nanostructured metal oxides regarding cell uptake through ML-based classification

• Indrasis Dasgupta,
• Totan Das,
• Biplab Das and
• Shovanlal Gayen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 909–924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.75

• or passive transport across the cell membrane [12]. Excessive absorption by normal cells enables metal oxide nanoparticles to engage with various subcellular organelles, initiating diverse signaling pathways to generate a stress response within cells. This results in the production of free radicals

Water-assisted purification during electron beam-induced deposition of platinum and gold

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Fabian A. Polman and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 884–896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.73

• , resulting in the fabrication of metal oxide nanostructures. Post-deposition purification requires the removal of carbon after completion of the deposition, causing porosity and/or severe changes in size and shape. In addition, post-deposition purification may lead to only partly purified material. For

A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• of metal and oxygen atoms as descriptors in metal oxide models [15][16]. It is also common to find single-element descriptors based on the physicochemical properties of pure elements. The use of single-element descriptors is trivial in single-metal nanoforms, such as silver or gold nanoparticles [17

• from a symbolic formula [15][20][21], or descriptors calculated from element-based values transformed to the empirical formula [20]. However, because of the common presence of oxygen, several descriptors of metal oxide models do not take into account the oxygen atoms and depend only on the identity of

• conditions [35][36][37]. However, both data are not always combined; the first model by Toropov et al. restricts its textual descriptor to a simple SMILES representation of the molecular formula of the metal oxide [38], and there are quasi-SMILES descriptors without any composition data [39]. Nevertheless

Effect of repeating hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing on CuO thin film properties

• Monika Ozga,
• Eunika Zielony,
• Aleksandra Wierzbicka,
• Anna Wolska,
• Marcin Klepka,
• Marek Godlewski,
• Bogdan J. Kowalski and
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 743–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.62

• work [47], outlining the fabrication of structured CuO films on fluorine-doped tin oxide from a solution devoid of additional substances. Post-processing plays a significant role in the field of nanomaterials fabrication. Metal oxide thin films often undergo annealing. This practice aims to improve the

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• oxide cores and graphitic carbon shells. The third group consists of metals with metastable carbides (Mn, Fe, and Zn). As their carbides are either unstable or the metals have a higher affinity to oxygen than to carbon, the generated nanoparticles consist of metal/metal oxide cores and carbon shells

• ablated metal (Figure 9b) [101]. The first class consists of inert metals (Cu, Ag, Au, Pd, and Pt), which form an elemental metal core with a graphitic carbon shell. Active metals with stable carbides (Ti, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, W, Zr, and Ni) make up the second class and form mixed metal/metal carbide/metal

On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• the type of NP. It appears that metal oxide compounds such as SiO2 and TiO2 along with PEG-Si(OMe)3NP coating for almost all NDDs are likely to be promising for further assays. Double metal oxide compounds such as CoFe2O4 and ZnFe2O4 obtained intermediate probability values p(N2D3Sin)cdj.cnj = 0.17

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• better anti-aging properties than natural curcumin. By encapsulating curcumin in nanocarriers or by conjugating it to metal oxide nanoparticles, the solubility and bioavailability of curcumin have been substantially improved, leading to a rise in its pharmacological efficiency [136][137][138][139

• generating silver nanoparticles from silver ions, whereas hyaluronic acid enhanced hydrophilicity and strain activities. To enhance wound repair, metal or metal oxide-based nanoantioxidants can be conjugated with miRNA146a. Because of the capability of miRNA146a to downregulate IL-6 and IL-8 expression, this

• combinational approach decreases both ROS levels and inflammation [150][151]. Moreover, though excellent ROS scavenging, metal and metal oxide effectively protect miRNA146a from oxidative damage [152][153]. However, intradermal injection is required to deliver the antioxidant nanocomposites into the body, which

Controllable physicochemical properties of WO_x thin films grown under glancing angle

• Rupam Mandal,
• Aparajita Mandal,
• Alapan Dutta,
• Rengasamy Sivakumar,
• Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 350–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.31

• fabricating WOx-based optoelectronic devices, including photovoltaic cells. Keywords: annealing; glancing angle sputter deposition; heterojunction; tungsten oxide; work function; Introduction Tungsten oxide (WOx; x ≤ 3) is a popular transition-metal oxide for various optoelectronic devices because of its

• concentration within a metal oxide film is known to influence its bandgap and work function values. As OV increases, there is a corresponding rise in electron concentration within the bandgap region, which results in the formation of certain localized electronic states associated with these vacancy defects

Exploring the relationships between physiochemical properties of nanoparticles and cell damage to combat cancer growth using simple periodic table-based descriptors

• Joyita Roy and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 297–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.27

• treatment of cancer cells. To achieve this, QSPR modeling was first performed with 18 metal oxide (MeOx) NMs to measure their materials properties using periodic table-based descriptors. The features obtained were later applied for zeta potential calculation (imputation for sparse data) for MeOx NMs that

• ; cell damage; MeOx NMs (metal oxide nanomaterials); nano-QSPR; zeta potential; Introduction Engineered nanoparticles have become an integral part of our daily lives in consumable products and commercial goods. Their versatile tunable properties have made nanomaterials a center of innovation in

• studies have demonstrated that metal oxide nanoparticles (MeOx NPs) are toxic and tend to have adverse effects on living organisms and the environment [2][3][4][5][6]. The toxicity of NPs depends on various structural (intrinsic) [7] and extrinsic properties. Depending on the dispersing environment

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

• Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
• Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
• Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

• the synthetic materials [26]. The bonding of Zn–O is in the range of 400–1090 cm−1 [27][28][29]. Therefore, the distinctive bands in the FTIR spectrum at 545–1040 cm−1 could be attributed to the stretching vibration of the metal oxide, which belongs to the ZnO metal group [27][28][29][30]. The peak at

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• , drugs, metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, or biomolecules. This is a very important advantage that opens ways of designing composite hydrogels with various properties and applications such as biomedical [8][9][10], biosensors [11][12][13], wearable electronics [14][15][16

Properties of tin oxide films grown by atomic layer deposition from tin tetraiodide and ozone

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Tanel Käämbre,
• Aile Tamm and
• Kaupo Kukli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1085–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.89

• before the solid metal oxide could be formed by the reaction of surface iodide species with ozone. Further, the apparent increase in the GPC at the highest temperature examined (600 °C) is probably caused by an uncontrolled decomposition of the precursor, also related to the enhancement of the lateral

Experimental investigation of usage of POE lubricants with Al₂O₃, graphene or CNT nanoparticles in a refrigeration compressor

• Kayhan Dağıdır and
• Kemal Bilen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1041–1058, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.86

• refrigeration compressors are metal oxides and carbon-based nanoparticles [11][12]. It is emphasized that both kinds of nanoparticles have positive effects on system performance. Krishnan et al. [13]. examined the effects of addition of metal oxide nanoparticles of Al2O3, SiO2, ZrO2, and carbon-based

• nanoparticles of CNTs to the refrigeration compressor lubricant. The study reported that the compressor performance was increased with the addition of both metal oxide and carbon-based nanoparticles to the lubricant compared to that of the base case. In particular, the use of carbon-based nanoparticles is

• refrigeration compressors [12]. Therefore, three different types of nanoparticles were used to increase the diversity within the scope of this study. These nanoparticles are metal-oxide-based Al2O3 and carbon-based (graphene and CNTs) nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are the most preferred nanoparticles in

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

• Elangovan Sarathkumar,
• Rajasekharan S. Anjana and
• Ramapurath S. Jayasree

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 988–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.82

• ]. Transition metal chalcogenides are another class of photothermal nanomaterials that exhibit strong NIR absorption, good photostability, and low toxicity. The architectonics of these nanomaterials also plays an important role regarding the PCE. Among the different types of transition metal oxide nanoparticles

Fragmentation of metal(II) bis(acetylacetonate) complexes induced by slow electrons

• Janina Kopyra and
• Hassan Abdoul-Carime

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 980–987, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.81

• . Metal bis(acetylacetonate) complexes are of interest for many thin film fabrication techniques (e.g., chemical vapor deposition [9], atomic layer epitaxy [10], or atomic layer etching [11]) and as precursors for carbon materials, such as carbon nanotubes and carbon onion particles [12], or metal oxide

Prediction of cytotoxicity of heavy metals adsorbed on nano-TiO₂ with periodic table descriptors using machine learning approaches

• Joyita Roy,
• Souvik Pore and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 939–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.77

• attention due to their widespread applications in different areas, and they are continually designed to yield certain desired properties [1]. With the uninterrupted development of new NPs, engineered nanoparticles in the form of metal oxide nanoparticles are becoming a new area of research. Metal oxides

• have been used in different industries, and the market is developing rapidly [2]. According to a recent analysis, approximately 1300 consumer products containing NPs were marketed in 2012. As a common metal oxide nanoparticle material, nanoscale titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) has been evaluated for

• time-effectively and cost-effectively. The previously used descriptors by Kar et al. [23] are the metal electronegativity (χ), the sum of metal electronegativity for an individual metal oxide (∑χ), the sum of metal electronegativity for an individual metal oxide divided by the number of oxygen atoms

Carboxylic acids and light interact to affect nanoceria stability and dissolution in acidic aqueous environments

• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Eric A. Grulke and
• Robert A. Yokel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 762–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.63

• structures. The authors thank Marsha Ensor for her contribution. This report is based on the following: Hancock, M. L. The Fabrication and Characterization of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Employed in Environmental Toxicity and Polymeric Nanocomposite Applications. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Kentucky