Recent advances in the application of isoindigo derivatives in materials chemistry

• Andrei V. Bogdanov and
• Vladimir F. Mironov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1533–1564, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.111

• may be due to the low hole conductivity, a decrease in the HOMO level of the polymer, and a narrower band gap of visible light absorption [51]. Within the framework of the study of the prospects for polymer derivatives of isoindigo in organic photovoltaics and avoiding the use of the fullerene

• ). In a series of compounds of this type, the central platform of isoindigo is substituted in positions 6,6' either by a phenyl or by a substituted thiophene fragment. Thus, Ashizawa et al. [69] established the ambipolar character of the conductivity of 6,6'-diphenylisoindigo with μh/μe = 0.037 cm2·V−1

• in the length and structure of the thiophene chain, nor the presence of an embedded benzothiadiazole fragment led to an improvement in the characteristics of transistors based on compounds 39–43 [70][71][72][73]. These derivatives had only hole-type conductivity in the range μh = 1.5⋅10−4–6⋅10−6 cm2

Synthesis, crystal structures and properties of carbazole-based [6]helicenes fused with an azine ring

• Daria I. Tonkoglazova,
• Anna V. Gulevskaya,
• Konstantin A. Chistyakov and
• Olga I. Askalepova

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 11–21, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.2

• have led to promising applications of helicenes. The latter have been studied with respect to conductivity [12][13][14][15], nonlinear optics [16][17], circularly polarized luminescence [18][19][20][21][22][23][24], organocatalysis [25][26][27][28][29], conformational analysis [30], chirality sensing

Controlled decomposition of SF₆ by electrochemical reduction

• Sébastien Bouvet,
• Bruce Pégot,
• Stéphane Sengmany,
• Erwan Le Gall,
• Eric Léonel,
• Anne-Marie Goncalves and
• Emmanuel Magnier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2948–2953, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.244

• electrochemistry. Having a dielectric constant relatively high (ε = 38), acetonitrile allows a good dissociation of several salts providing the conductivity of the medium. The concentration of SF6 in the following studies was then around 1.7 × 10−2 M. We then turned our attention to the determination of the

Synthetic approaches to bowl-shaped π-conjugated sumanene and its congeners

• Shakeel Alvi and
• Rashid Ali

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2212–2259, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.186

• transfer systems, cation–π complexation, electron conductivity, optical properties and so on. Keeping the importance of this beautiful scaffold in mind, we compiled all the synthetic routes available for the construction of sumanene and its heteroatom derivatives including Mehta’s first unsuccessful effort

• crystal of sumanene derivative 82 by means of time-resolved microwave conductivity technique. On the other hand, four years later, Sakurai and his teammates have reported the selective synthesis of diverse monosubstituted sumanene derivatives by employing electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions as

• furnish compound 132 (Scheme 34). Since polyanilines are interesting π-conjugated polymers that contain characteristic conductivity by acid doping, environmental stability, optical and redox properties. Therefore, bridging of oligoaniline as a spacer between the functional units can lead toward the

Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors

• Christopher G. Thomson,
• Ai-Lan Lee and
• Filipe Vilela

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1495–1549, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.125

• with TiO2 as a model system for metal oxide and inorganic semiconductor HPCats. 2.1 Inorganic semiconductor photocatalysis Semiconductors are defined as materials that have a conductivity between that of an insulator and a conductor [77]. The origin of conductivity is based on the quantum states of

The charge-assisted hydrogen-bonded organic framework (CAHOF) self-assembled from the conjugated acid of tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)methane and 2,6-naphthalenedisulfonate as a new class of recyclable Brønsted acid catalysts

• Svetlana A. Kuznetsova,
• Alexander S. Gak,
• Yulia V. Nelyubina,
• Vladimir A. Larionov,
• Han Li,
• Michael North,
• Vladimir P. Zhereb,
• Alexander F. Smol'yakov,
• Artem O. Dmitrienko,
• Michael G. Medvedev,
• Igor S. Gerasimov,
• Ashot S. Saghyan and
• Yuri N. Belokon

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1124–1134, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.99

• advantage of HOFs and CAHOFs is their self-healing property, as the frameworks can easily self-reassemble after the disassembly induced by an external stimulus [26][27][37]. Although the field of HOF and CAHOF applications is still in its infancy, there are some promising advances in proton conductivity [30

Probing of local polarity in poly(methyl methacrylate) with the charge transfer transition in Nile red

• Aydan Yadigarli,
• Qimeng Song,
• Sergey I. Druzhinin and
• Holger Schönherr

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2552–2562, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.248

• get μe = 17 D for the charge transfer excited state of DMABN from the solvatochromic plot (Equation 1). The corresponding dipole moments were determined with cavity radius free techniques: μg = 6.60 D [39] by dielectric spectroscopy and μe = 17 D [65] by time-resolved microwave conductivity. For the

Mechanochemical synthesis of hyper-crosslinked polymers: influences on their pore structure and adsorption behaviour for organic vapors

• Sven Grätz,
• Sebastian Zink,
• Hanna Kraffczyk,
• Marcus Rose and
• Lars Borchardt

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1154–1161, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.112

• . Scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX) images were obtained using a Hitachi SU8020 SEM equipped with a secondary electron (SE) detector. Prior to the measurement the samples were prepared on an adhesive carbon pad and sputtered with gold to obtain the necessary electron conductivity. Thermogravimetric

Fabrication, characterization and adsorption properties of cucurbit[7]uril-functionalized polycaprolactone electrospun nanofibrous membranes

• Changzhong Chen,
• Fengbo Liu,
• Xiongzhi Zhang,
• Zhiyong Zhao and
• Simin Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 992–999, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.97

• loadings influences the morphology and AFD of the resulting electrospun nanofibers. The variations in AFD of the PCL/CB[7] nanofibers are attributed to differences in electrical conductivity and viscosity of the polymer solutions [13][14][15]. FTIR spectroscopy is a frequently used and effective method to

Learning from B₁₂ enzymes: biomimetic and bioinspired catalysts for eco-friendly organic synthesis

• Keishiro Tahara,
• Ling Pan,
• Toshikazu Ono and
• Yoshio Hisaeda

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2553–2567, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.232

• electronic conductivity and nonvolatility. Thus, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF4]) was utilized as the solvent in the dechlorination of DDT [110]. During the extraction process, the product and 1 were separated in the organic solvent and ionic liquid layers, respectively. The ionic

Strong binding and fluorescence sensing of bisphosphonates by guanidinium-modified calix[5]arene

• Jie Gao,
• Zhe Zheng,
• Lin Shi,
• Si-Qi Wu,
• Hongwei Sun and
• Dong-Sheng Guo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1840–1845, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.157

• chromatography combined with conductivity detection (or other detectors) can be used to solve the problems of separation and detection of BPs, but the relatively expensive instruments often are not affordable [13]. As a result, the development of a label-free optical method for BPs detection is highly appealing

Graphitic carbon nitride prepared from urea as a photocatalyst for visible-light carbon dioxide reduction with the aid of a mononuclear ruthenium(II) complex

• Kazuhiko Maeda,
• Daehyeon An,
• Ryo Kuriki,
• Daling Lu and
• Osamu Ishitani

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1806–1812, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.153

• W high-pressure Hg lamp (SEN) was used as a light source, in combination with a NaNO2 solution as a filter to provide visible light irradiation (λ > 400 nm). The gaseous reaction products were analyzed using a gas chromatograph with a thermal conductivity detector (GL Science, Model GC323). The

Synthesis and stability of strongly acidic benzamide derivatives

• Frederik Diness,
• Niels J. Bjerrum and
• Mikael Begtrup

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 523–530, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.38

• conditions applied to common chemical transformations has not been described. With the prospect of using these strong benzoic acid derivatives for enhancing proton conductivity in proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells [3][40] we have examined their compatibility with chemical transformations as well as

A concise flow synthesis of indole-3-carboxylic ester and its derivatisation to an auxin mimic

• Marcus Baumann,
• Ian R. Baxendale and
• Fabien Deplante

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2549–2560, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.251

• have been reported using machine vision systems [16][17], and inline detection devices employing optics [18] or inductive conductivity (impedance measurements) [19] to determine phase partitions. However, due to specific project time limitations we were constrained to use a more manual approach but

Block copolymers from ionic liquids for the preparation of thin carbonaceous shells

• Sadaf Hanif,
• Bernd Oschmann,
• Dmitri Spetter,
• Muhammad Nawaz Tahir,
• Wolfgang Tremel and
• Rudolf Zentel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1693–1701, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.163

• energy is needed to overcome the lattice energy and melt the salt. Ion liquids are also called “green solvents”, because of their low vapor pressure, fire resistance and thermal stability [4]. Beside this, they have a high ionic conductivity, large heat capacity and good thermal and chemical stability [5

• polymers with narrow polydispersity, controlled molecular weight and also well-defined block copolymers. Such block copolymers with ionic liquid blocks might enable to control the properties of PILs spatially. An interesting aspect of this might be (i) a reduction of the dimension of the ion conductivity

• conductivity [16]. There are many different morphologies of carbon achievable, like hallow carbon spheres [17], nanotubes, membranes and fibers [18]. Due to their charged nature the PILs show a low vapor pressure and are non-volatile, leading to high carbon yields [19]. Furthermore, PILs offer the possibility

Fast and efficient synthesis of microporous polymer nanomembranes via light-induced click reaction

• Qi An,
• Youssef Hassan,
• Xiaotong Yan,
• Peter Krolla-Sidenstein,
• Tawheed Mohammed,
• Mathias Lang,
• Stefan Bräse and
• Manuel Tsotsalas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 558–563, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.54

• conductivity. All specimen were imaged under high-vacuum conditions (1.0 Torr), using an acceleration voltage of 20 keV. Atomic force microscopy (AFM): AFM-imaging was performed using an Asylum Research Atomic Force Microscope, MFP-3D BIO. The AFM was operated at 25 °C in an isolated chamber in alternating

3D printed fluidics with embedded analytic functionality for automated reaction optimisation

• Andrew J. Capel,
• Andrew Wright,
• Matthew J. Harding,
• George W. Weaver,
• Yuqi Li,
• Russell A. Harris,
• Steve Edmondson,
• Ruth D. Goodridge and
• Steven D. R. Christie

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 111–119, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.14

• improved upon with future design alterations. The use of both a FlowSyn and HPLC system made it complex to co-ordinate both pieces of instrumentation. Also the reaction could not be carried out at uniform temperature throughout due to poor thermal conductivity and stability of the Accura material that RD1

Solution-phase automated synthesis of an α-amino aldehyde as a versatile intermediate

• Hisashi Masui,
• Sae Yosugi,
• Shinichiro Fuse and
• Takashi Takahashi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 106–110, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.13

• separated mixture is then transferred to a receiver flask from the lower layer by passing through a flow-type electro-conductivity sensor, which detects the difference in conductivity between the organic phase and aqueous phase. When the sensor detects the boundary of the phases, the solenoid valve is

Stabilization of nanosized titanium dioxide by cyclodextrin polymers and its photocatalytic effect on the degradation of wastewater pollutants

• Tamás Zoltán Agócs,
• István Puskás,
• Erzsébet Varga,
• Mónika Molnár and
• Éva Fenyvesi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2873–2882, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.286

• + 60 mg/L, SO42− 27 mg/L, HCO3− 150 mg/L, NO3− 5 mg/L, orthophosphate <5 mg/L. The electric conductivity is 480 μS/cm and pH 7.5. Total organic carbon content (TOC) 1–2 mg/L. Methods Turbidity measurements Turbidity of the nanoTiO2 dispersions was measured at 410 nm by Agilent 8453 spectrophotometer

The digital code driven autonomous synthesis of ibuprofen automated in a 3D-printer-based robot

• Philip J. Kitson,
• Stefan Glatzel and
• Leroy Cronin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2776–2783, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.276

• removed after the completion of the synthesis ready to repeat the process (see Supporting Information File 1 for more details). One of the drawbacks of using a PP-printing bed for the reactor fabrication was that, due to the poor thermal conductivity of PP, we were unable to use the RepRap’s standard

A versatile route to polythiophenes with functional pendant groups using alkyne chemistry

• Xiao Huang,
• Li Yang,
• Rikard Emanuelsson,
• Jonas Bergquist,
• Maria Strømme,
• Martin Sjödin and
• Adolf Gogoll

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2682–2688, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.265

• increasingly important role in this field. The attractiveness of PEDOT in organic electronics is due to its electrochemical stability in combination with conductivity and solution processability. Recently demonstrated successful applications include electrochromic materials [8], energy storage materials [2][3

Mutagenic activity of quaternary ammonium salt derivatives of carbohydrates

• Barbara Dmochowska,
• Karol Sikora,
• Anna Woziwodzka,
• Jacek Piosik and
• Beata Podgórska

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1434–1439, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.138

• interesting group of QASs. These are extensively explored worldwide and find many applications. Because of their unique properties, including low melting point (by definition below 100 °C), high conductivity, high thermal stability, low flammability, and very low (if any) volatility [14], they are called

3,6-Carbazole vs 2,7-carbazole: A comparative study of hole-transporting polymeric materials for inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite solar cells

• Wei Li,
• Munechika Otsuka,
• Takehito Kato,
• Yang Wang,
• Takehiko Mori and
• Tsuyoshi Michinobu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1401–1409, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.134

• to P3HT. Dynamic impedance spectroscopy Dynamic impedance spectroscopy was used to determine the charge-transporting parameters in the PSCs, such as the chemical capacitance, recombination resistance, and charge conductivity [45]. It is known that the performance metrics of the HTMs in the PSCs can

Recent advances in metathesis-derived polymers containing transition metals in the side chain

• Ileana Dragutan,
• Valerian Dragutan,
• Bogdan C. Simionescu,
• Albert Demonceau and
• Helmut Fischer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2747–2762, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.296

• membranes provided with single cation–anion pairs. Cross-linking with dicyclopentadiene ensured a high mechanical stability of the copolymer. The film cast from 28 displayed an anion conductivity and mechanical properties similar to those of the traditional quaternary ammonium-based anion exchange membranes

Urethane tetrathiafulvalene derivatives: synthesis, self-assembly and electrochemical properties

• Xiang Sun,
• Guoqiao Lai,
• Zhifang Li,
• Yuwen Ma,
• Xiao Yuan,
• Yongjia Shen and
• Chengyun Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2343–2349, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.255

• driving forces for self-assembly of TTF derivatives were mainly hydrogen bond interactions and π–π stacking interactions. The electronic conductivity of the T1 and T2 films was tested by a four-probe method. Keywords: hydrogen bond; nanoribbon; self-assembly; tetrathiafulvalene; urethane; Introduction

• tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), and the CT complexes of TTF derivatives and TCNQ exhibit high electrical conductivity [14][15][16]. Therefore, TTF derivatives are extensively used in the field of functional organic conductive nanomaterials. Herein, we designed and synthesized two compounds, T1 and T2, which contain TTF

• T1 ( = +0.514 V (I), = +0.841 V (II)). These changes indicated the formation of the CT complex. Electrical conductivity measurements The electrical conductivity of thin films obtained from the T1 and T2 samples with TCNQ (1:1 molar)/I2 (30 min) were further evaluated. To eliminate the influence of