Cyclodextrin-based rotaxanes for polymer materials: challenge on simultaneous realization of inexpensive production and defined structures

• Yosuke Akae

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3026–3049, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.252

• depended on the cavity size, the same as small-molecule inclusion. For example, PEG forms stable pseudopolyrotaxane structures with α, β, and γ-CDs, although polypropylene glycol (PPG) only forms a stable pseudopolyrotaxane structure with β-CD [41]. In addition to these linear polymer chains, various types

Radical chemistry in polymer science: an overview and recent advances

• Zixiao Wang,
• Feichen Cui,
• Yang Sui and
• Jiajun Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1580–1603, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.116

• presence of the Fe3+ were used to functionalize polypropylene surfaces [150][151]. Using a scanning electrochemical microscope, highly oxidative Ag(II) and NO3· species were generated at a polymer surface [152], and oxidized the organic surface via a radical process. The homolytic dediazonation of

• relatively low. Thermodynamics dominates the depolymerization of methacrylates [204][205]. Therefore, pyrolysis of PMMA gives a relatively high conversion to its monomer and the purification is straightforward [206][207]. Polyethylene and polypropylene make up a major fraction of commercial polymers. However

• , their upcycling is much more challenging. Uncontrolled radical depolymerization of these polymers in thermal processes typically gives low-value fuels and wax [208][209][210]. Kong et al. recently demonstrated a photothermal radical process for the conversion of polyethylene and polypropylene into

Modern flow chemistry – prospect and advantage

• Philipp Heretsch

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 33–35, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.3

• properties of organic solvents for standard polymers used in commercial 3D printers remain a drawback, while industrial 3D printers remain the much more expensive option. Reactors or other laboratory ware printed in polypropylene are restricted in use to only a few organic solvents or even to a single

Using UHPLC–MS profiling for the discovery of new sponge-derived metabolites and anthelmintic screening of the NatureBank bromotyrosine library

• Sasha Hayes,
• Aya C. Taki,
• Kah Yean Lum,
• Joseph J. Byrne,
• Merrick G. Ekins,
• Robin B. Gasser and
• Rohan A. Davis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1544–1552, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.164

• II ETD ESI-qTOF. Phenomenex Strata solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges (3 cc, polypropylene, single fritted) were used for the small-scale marine sponge extractions. GRACE Davisil (35–70 µm, 60 Å) C18-bonded silica was used for pre-absorption work before reversed-phase (RP) HPLC. The preabsorbed

In-depth characterization of self-healing polymers based on π–π interactions

• Josefine Meurer,
• Julian Hniopek,
• Johannes Ahner,
• Michael Schmitt,
• Jürgen Popp,
• Stefan Zechel,
• Kalina Peneva and
• Martin D. Hager

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2496–2504, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.166

• literature reported procedure was utilized (see Scheme 1), which described the synthesis of polypropylene glycol-based polymers featuring aromatic diimides [23]. Following the procedure, perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride was converted with poly(propylene glycol) bis(2-aminopropyl ether) with a

Constrained thermoresponsive polymers – new insights into fundamentals and applications

• Patricia Flemming,
• Alexander S. Münch,
• Andreas Fery and
• Petra Uhlmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2123–2163, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.138

An initiator- and catalyst-free hydrogel coating process for 3D printed medical-grade poly(ε-caprolactone)

• Jochen Löblein,
• Thomas Lorson,
• Miriam Komma,
• Tobias Kielholz,
• Maike Windbergs,
• Paul D. Dalton and
• Robert Luxenhofer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2095–2101, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.136

• non-conductive polymers like water-soluble poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) [35], polypropylene (PP) [36][37] photo-cross-linkable and biodegradable poly(ʟ-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone-co-acryloyl carbonate) [38], or thermoplastic elastomers [39] have successfully been processed via MEW [40

On the application of 3d metals for C–H activation toward bioactive compounds: The key step for the synthesis of silver bullets

• Renato L. Carvalho,
• Amanda S. de Miranda,
• Mateus P. Nunes,
• Roberto S. Gomes,
• Guilherme A. M. Jardim and
• Eufrânio N. da Silva Júnior

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1849–1938, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.126

• this specific metal are highly desirable. Titanium is well known to be used as titanium dioxide, a powerful photocatalyst present in inks [61][62] and sunscreens [63][64]. As a catalyst, it can be used, for example, in polymerization methods to synthesize polypropylene [65]. With regard to C–H

Synthetic approaches to bowl-shaped π-conjugated sumanene and its congeners

• Shakeel Alvi and
• Rashid Ali

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2212–2259, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.186

• hydrofluoride) in the presence of an activating agent, e.g., N-iodosuccinimide (NCS) in a usual glass flask, a mixture of products 55–57 were obtained (Scheme 12). Interestingly, when a polypropylene tube was used instead of glass flask, the expected hexafluorosumanene 55 was obtained in 73% yield. To explore

A golden opportunity: benzofuranone modifications of aurones and their influence on optical properties, toxicity, and potential as dyes

• Joza Schmitt and
• Scott T. Handy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1781–1785, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.171

• wider range of fabrics. While several were natural fibers (silk and wool in particular), synthetics including polypropylene were also substrates. This feature is quite remarkable and has the potential to make aurone dyes useful in dyeing polypropylene, a substrate that is generally only dyed with any

• than the unsubstituted benzofuranone system. Finally, preliminary dyeing studies showed the expected absorption on natural fibers, but also an unexpected affinity for polypropylene. Future studies of these and other aurones are underway and the results will be reported in due course. Experimental Full

• fabric strips with premordant, simultaneous, and post-mordant dying (top to bottom) using aurone 15 after dyeing (left) and after one week of sun exposure (right). The fabric order on the strip is acetate, rayon, sef, arnel, cotton, creslan, dacron 54, dacron 64, nylon 6.6, orlon 75, silk, polypropylene

Cyclopropene derivatives of aminosugars for metabolic glycoengineering

• Jessica Hassenrück and
• Valentin Wittmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 584–601, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.54

• reaction: In a polypropylene vial, the sugar derivatives ManNCp(H2), ManNCyc(H2) and ManNCyoc(H2), respectively, were dissolved in phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.16) to a final concentration of 0.1 M. Sodium pyruvate (15 equiv.) and sialic acid aldolase (a spatula tip) were added. After stirring for 17

Low-budget 3D-printed equipment for continuous flow reactions

• Jochen M. Neumaier,
• Amiera Madani,
• Thomas Klein and
• Thomas Ziegler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 558–566, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.50

• organic solvents and in powder-based printing (i.e., SLS) the unsintered powder remains in the channels, which could lead to plugging of the printed device [19]. On the other hand, fused deposition modeling is an inexpensive technology and, especially when the reactor is printed in polypropylene (PP), it

Repurposing the anticancer drug cisplatin with the aim of developing novel Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection control agents

• Mingjun Yuan,
• Song Lin Chua,
• Yang Liu,
• Daniela I. Drautz-Moses,
• Joey Kuok Hoong Yam,
• Thet Tun Aung,
• Roger W. Beuerman,
• May Margarette Santillan Salido,
• Stephan C. Schuster,
• Choon-Hong Tan,
• Michael Givskov,
• Liang Yang and
• Thomas E. Nielsen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3059–3069, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.284

• times higher than the required range. 10 μL of each diluted solution of Pt compounds were added to each corresponding well of a 96-well microtiter plate (polypropylene, Costar) and 90 μL of diluted bacterial culture in ABTGC medium were added before serial dilutions. The plate was incubated at 37 °C for

Design and biological characterization of novel cell-penetrating peptides preferentially targeting cell nuclei and subnuclear regions

• Anja Gronewold,
• Mareike Horn and
• Ines Neundorf

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1378–1388, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.116

• -terminally amidated molecules. All syntheses were performed in open polypropylene reactor vessels (2 mL syringes) stocked with a fritted filter disc. All aa were dissolved in DMF except from phenylalanine that was dissolved in NMP. Amino acids were coupled in 8-fold excess and every coupling step was

Synthesis and in vitro biochemical evaluation of oxime bond-linked daunorubicin–GnRH-III conjugates developed for targeted drug delivery

• Sabine Schuster,
• Beáta Biri-Kovács,
• Bálint Szeder,
• Viktor Farkas,
• László Buday,
• Zsuzsanna Szabó,
• Gábor Halmos and
• Gábor Mező

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 756–771, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.64

• transferred onto the top of 1 mL of ice-cold binding buffer which contained 1.5% bovine serum albumin in siliconized polypropylene microcentrifuge tubes (Sigma-Aldrich Kft.). The tubes were centrifuged at 12,000g for 3 min at 4 °C (Beckman J2-21M, Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea, CA). Supernatants were aspirated

Position-dependent impact of hexafluoroleucine and trifluoroisoleucine on protease digestion

• Susanne Huhmann,
• Anne-Katrin Stegemann,
• Kristin Folmert,
• Damian Klemczak,
• Johann Moschner,
• Michelle Kube and
• Beate Koksch

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2869–2882, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.279

• support by means of an Fmoc/tert-butyl protecting group strategy on a preloaded Fmoc-Lys(Boc)Wang resin (0.57 mmol/g loading) using 10 mL polypropylene reactors. HfLeu containing peptides were synthesized with an Activo-P11 automated peptide synthesizer (Activotec, Cambridge, United Kingdom). Couplings of

Theoretical simulation of the infrared signature of mechanically stressed polymer solids

• Matthew S. Sammon,
• Milan Ončák and
• Martin K. Beyer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1710–1716, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.165

• Hessian matrix in redundant internal coordinates under the influence of an external mechanical force [75][80]. So far, most studies on infrared spectroscopy of stressed polymers focused on polypropylene [30]. Lacking a pronounced infrared chromophore, however, the spectrum is relatively complicated

• result from numerous overlapping C–H and backbone vibrations. Due to their complexity, as described in detail before for polypropylene [30], as well as the lower intensity compared to vibrations from strongly IR active functional groups, they do not seem to be a valuable reference for force-dependent

Extrusion – back to the future: Using an established technique to reform automated chemical synthesis

• Deborah E. Crawford

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 65–75, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.9

• and reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerisation, amongst others [21], has been studied extensively by extrusion to produce, for example, branched polypropylene, polyethylene and polylactide polymers. The process involves the production of a free radical at the end of an

The digital code driven autonomous synthesis of ibuprofen automated in a 3D-printer-based robot

• Philip J. Kitson,
• Stefan Glatzel and
• Leroy Cronin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2776–2783, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.276

• was used to 3D print reaction vessels (reactionware) of differing internal volumes using polypropylene feedstock via a fused deposition modeling 3D printing approach and subsequently make use of these fabricated vessels to synthesize the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen via a consecutive

• widely used 3D printing material. It was found, however, that it was better to construct certain components of the printer from 3D-printed polypropylene (PP) as PLA components degraded quickly if exposed to the chemical environment of a fume hood. The robot was required to have the capacity to both 3D

Release of β-galactosidase from poloxamine/α-cyclodextrin hydrogels

• César A. Estévez,
• José Ramón Isasi,
• Eneko Larrañeta and
• Itziar Vélaz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 3127–3135, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.330

• physically cross-linked hydrogels have recently received attention as potential injectable and encapsulation materials. Poloxamers (Pluronics) are triblock copolymers comprised of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polypropylene oxide (PPO) blocks. Poloxamines (Tetronics) are x-shaped copolymers comprised of four

• polyethylene oxide–polypropylene oxide (PEO–PPO) copolymer blocks of Tetronic 90R4 and α-CD resulted in a white viscous fluid. The rate of formation depends on the concentration of the 90R4 copolymer, α-CD and water. The relatively slow kinetics can be attributed to the arrangement of the blocks in the

Preparation and evaluation of cyclodextrin polypseudorotaxane with PEGylated liposome as a sustained release drug carrier

• Kayoko Hayashida,
• Taishi Higashi,
• Daichi Kono,
• Keiichi Motoyama,
• Koki Wada and
• Hidetoshi Arima

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2756–2764, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.292

• water. The assembly of PPRX complexes is a size-dependent process, whereby the small cavity of α-CD assembles with PEG, while the large cavity of β-CD forms the PPRX with polypropylene glycol (PPG) [6][7][8]. In addition, γ-CD forms PPRX with double strand PEG chains [9]. In this case, γ-CD not only

Removal of volatile organic compounds using amphiphilic cyclodextrin-coated polypropylene

• Ludmilla Lumholdt,
• Sophie Fourmentin,
• Thorbjørn T. Nielsen and
• Kim L. Larsen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2743–2750, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.290

• , F-59140 Dunkerque, France 10.3762/bjoc.10.290 Abstract Polypropylene nonwovens were functionalised using a self-assembled, amphiphilic cyclodextrin coating and the potential for water purification by removal of pollutants was studied. As benzene is one of the problematic compounds in the Water

• for quantification of the uptake exploiting the volatile nature of benzene and its derivatives. The capacity was shown to increase beyond the expected stoichiometries of guest–host complexes with ratios of up to 16:1. Keywords: amphiphilic cyclodextrins; polypropylene; static headspace chromatography

• study, it is shown how this coat technique can be used to functionalise a polypropylene (PP) filter to create a filtration membrane with a large capacity for uptake of pollutants using six different ACD derivatives. As benzene is one of the priority substances in the Water Framework Directive, benzene

Automated solid-phase peptide synthesis to obtain therapeutic peptides

• Veronika Mäde,
• Sylvia Els-Heindl and
• Annette G. Beck-Sickinger

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1197–1212, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.118

• . reported the parallel synthesis of different peptides, which was performed at polystyrene-based polymers welded in a polypropylene network [62]. Each so called 'tea bag' thereby reflects one independent peptide. In this method, collective deprotection and washing are carried out in a polyethylene (PE

3D-printed devices for continuous-flow organic chemistry

• Vincenza Dragone,
• Victor Sans,
• Mali H. Rosnes,
• Philip J. Kitson and
• Leroy Cronin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 951–959, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.109

• . Nevertheless, it is not suitable for carrying out organic reactions as it can absorb the reactants and will swell in most nonaqueous solvents [8]. 3D-printing technology offers the possibility of employing polypropylene (PP), a thermopolymer that is inert in a range of organic solvents and organic compounds

New core-pyrene π structure organophotocatalysts usable as highly efficient photoinitiators

• Sofia Telitel,
• Frédéric Dumur,
• Thomas Faury,
• Bernadette Graff,
• Mohamad-Ali Tehfe,
• Didier Gigmes,
• Jean-Pierre Fouassier and
• Jacques Lalevée

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 877–890, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.101

• provided by Cytec. Photopolymerization procedures TMPTA was irradiated at room temperature under lamination conditions: the formulation (25 μm thick) is sandwiched between two polypropylene films. The weight percentages for the photoinitiators are given in the figure captions. The evolution of the acrylate