Beyond symmetric self-assembly and effective molarity: unlocking functional enzyme mimics with robust organic cages

• Keith G. Andrews

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 421–443, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.30

• zeolites [28][29][30][31][32]. Undoubtedly property changes can occur in cavities, but those properties not covered by organization must be explicable: I would argue (for typical ground-state reactions) they are covered by the concept of polarization. Modern descriptions of enzyme active sites speak of

Machine learning-guided strategies for reaction conditions design and optimization

• Lung-Yi Chen and
• Yi-Pei Li

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2476–2492, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.212

• represent the prediction targets, as some additives, such as molecular sieves and zeolites, cannot be represented by SMILES notation. However, the labels in the datasets may have some inconsistencies, such as different names for the same chemical, which may affect the learning and performance of the models

Advancements in hydrochlorination of alkenes

• Daniel S. Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 787–814, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.72

• 50 mmol scale [60]. Little racemization (<7%) of 77 occurred during the reaction. The simplicity of the Kropp protocol resulted in a report in the journal of chemical education [61]. Similar work was reported by Delaude and co-workers [62]. They studied a series of zeolites for the hydrochlorination

• (anti-Markovnikov product). One plausible explanation for this intriguing observation is that K10 and other zeolites may function both as Brønsted acids and radical initiators [63]. Consequently, it is likely that both ionic and radical pathways are concurrently in operation. The in situ generation of

Green synthesis of C5–C6-unsubstituted 1,4-DHP scaffolds using an efficient Ni–chitosan nanocatalyst under ultrasonic conditions

• Soumyadip Basu,
• Sauvik Chatterjee,
• Suman Ray,
• Suvendu Maity,
• Prasanta Ghosh,
• Asim Bhaumik and
• Chhanda Mukhopadhyay

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 133–142, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.14

• for industrial purposes [1][2][3]. In this regard, different insoluble supports, such as alumina [4], silica [5], zeolites [6], polymers [7], carbon nanotubes [8], etc. have been reported. Recently, the use of bio-based natural polymers became one of the interesting features of heterogeneous catalysts

A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries

• Guido Gambacorta,
• James S. Sharley and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1181–1312, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.90

Valorisation of plastic waste via metal-catalysed depolymerisation

• Francesca Liguori,
• Carmen Moreno-Marrodán and
• Pierluigi Barbaro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 589–621, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.53

• these processes are promoted by heterogeneous acid catalysts (e.g., zeolites, alumina, silica) and are usually unselective, resulting in a broad distribution of gas (C3 and C4 hydrocarbons), liquids (cycloparaffins, oligomers, aromatics) and solid products (char, coke) as a consequence of the random

An atom-economical addition of methyl azaarenes with aromatic aldehydes via benzylic C(sp³)–H bond functionalization under solvent- and catalyst-free conditions

• Divya Rohini Yennamaneni,
• Vasu Amrutham,
• Krishna Sai Gajula,
• Rammurthy Banothu,
• Murali Boosa and
• Narender Nama

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 3093–3103, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.259

• the yield of the product 3a (Table 1, entry 3). In order to address the economic cost and ecological impact, we tried this reaction without using a solvent (Table 1, entry 4). Further, this reaction was screened using various zeolites, such as Hβ, H-mordenite, H-ZSM, HY, NaY, and MCM-41 under solvent

Activated carbon as catalyst support: precursors, preparation, modification and characterization

• Melanie Iwanow,
• Tobias Gärtner,
• Volker Sieber and
• Burkhard König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1188–1202, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.104

• approaches the limiting value p/p0 → 1. This type is formed by microporous solids with a relatively small external surface, for example, activated carbons or molecular sieve zeolites [117]. Numerous methods are available for calculating surface area, pore size, pore distribution and pore volume by fitting to

The charge-assisted hydrogen-bonded organic framework (CAHOF) self-assembled from the conjugated acid of tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)methane and 2,6-naphthalenedisulfonate as a new class of recyclable Brønsted acid catalysts

• Svetlana A. Kuznetsova,
• Alexander S. Gak,
• Yulia V. Nelyubina,
• Vladimir A. Larionov,
• Han Li,
• Michael North,
• Vladimir P. Zhereb,
• Alexander F. Smol'yakov,
• Artem O. Dmitrienko,
• Michael G. Medvedev,
• Igor S. Gerasimov,
• Ashot S. Saghyan and
• Yuri N. Belokon

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1124–1134, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.99

• zeolites, MOFs, or COFs, a broader scope of applications has to be investigated. We thought that the CAHOFs present a very promising material, as they can be considered as heterogeneous ionic liquids with a great potential for becoming efficient heterogeneous, purely organic catalysts. In particular, salts

Mechanochemical synthesis of hyper-crosslinked polymers: influences on their pore structure and adsorption behaviour for organic vapors

• Sven Grätz,
• Sebastian Zink,
• Hanna Kraffczyk,
• Marcus Rose and
• Lars Borchardt

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1154–1161, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.112

• variety of these materials [1]. While inorganic materials such as activated carbons, porous metal oxides, and zeolites have been investigated for decades, hybrid materials such as metal-organic frameworks [2], purely organic frameworks such as crystalline covalent-organic frameworks [3], and amorphous

MoO₃ on zeolites MCM-22, MCM-56 and 2D-MFI as catalysts for 1-octene metathesis

• Hynek Balcar,
• Martin Kubů,
• Naděžda Žilková and
• Mariya Shamzhy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2931–2939, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.272

• MoO3 and/or MoO2(acac)2 on MWW zeolites (MCM-22, delaminated MCM-56) and on two-dimensional MFI (all in NH4+ form). The catalysts‘ activities were tested in the metathesis of neat 1-octene (as an example of a longer chain olefin) at 40 °C. Catalysts with 6 wt % or 5 wt % of Mo were used. The acidic

• concentration of the acidic centres resulting in catalysts of moderate activity but with the highest selectivity. Keywords: metathesis; molybdenum oxide; 1-octene; thermal spreading; zeolites; Introduction Molybdenum oxide on silica, alumina or silica-alumina belongs to the well-known and long-time used

• ]. The positive effect of these supports on the catalyst activity was ascribed to their high surface areas enhancing the spreading of MoO3 molecules on the surface and large pores increasing the substrates/products transport rate. Microporous zeolites like HZSM-5 impregnated by ammonium heptamolybdate

Heterogeneous Pd catalysts as emulsifiers in Pickering emulsions for integrated multistep synthesis in flow chemistry

• Katharina Hiebler,
• Georg J. Lichtenegger,
• Manuel C. Maier,
• Eun Sung Park,
• Renie Gonzales-Groom,
• Bernard P. Binks and
• Heidrun Gruber-Woelfler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 648–658, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.52

• economical aspects [13]. One possibility to prepare heterogeneous transition metal catalysts is to immobilise palladium directly on a solid support such as activated carbon [14], zeolites [15], modified silica [16][17][18] or molecular sieves [19] to name but a few. Another option is the complexation of

Exploring mechanochemistry to turn organic bio-relevant molecules into metal-organic frameworks: a short review

• Vânia André,
• Sílvia Quaresma,
• João Luís Ferreira da Silva and
• M. Teresa Duarte

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2416–2427, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.239

• framework and have simultaneously the characteristics of MOFs and zeolites, making them very promising for biomedical applications [90][91]. In their work, Beldon et al. explored the synthesis of new ZIFs using imidazole (HIm), 2-methylimidazole (HMeIm) and 2-ethylimidazole (HEtIm) as ligands. Initially

Fast and efficient synthesis of microporous polymer nanomembranes via light-induced click reaction

• Qi An,
• Youssef Hassan,
• Xiaotong Yan,
• Peter Krolla-Sidenstein,
• Tawheed Mohammed,
• Mathias Lang,
• Stefan Bräse and
• Manuel Tsotsalas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 558–563, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.54

• reaction (TYC); Introduction The synthesis of microporous organic and inorganic materials such as zeolites [1], mesoporous silica [2] as well as metal-organic frameworks (MOF) [3][4] and covalent organic frameworks (COF) [5][6][7] attracted large attention because of their high potential in catalysis, gas

Isosorbide and dimethyl carbonate: a green match

• Fabio Aricò and
• Pietro Tundo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2256–2266, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.218

• oxides [50][51][52][53][54][55][56], sulfonic resins [57][58][59] and bimetallic catalysts [60] have been investigated. Extensive work has also been conducted on the use of zeolites, which compared to the above mentioned catalysts, have the advantage to be thermal stable and possess tuneable properties

• . However, zeolites are not very efficient catalysts for the dehydration of D-sorbitol as isosorbide yields usually range between 40 to 60% [57][63][64]. Furthermore they also require high temperature, i.e., 430–533 K. Recently Fukuoka and co-workers reported a new efficent Hβ zeolite with a high Si/Al

Diels–Alder reactions in confined spaces: the influence of catalyst structure and the nature of active sites for the retro-Diels–Alder reaction

• Ángel Cantín,
• M. Victoria Gomez and
• Antonio de la Hoz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2181–2188, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.208

• reaction, resulting in a highly selective catalyst for the cycloaddition reaction. Keywords: catalysis; Diels–Alder; retro-Diels–Alder; zeolites; Introduction The Diels–Alder reaction (DAR) is one of the most useful reactions in organic synthesis. In order to improve the yield and to avoid the

• are improved and selectivity is enhanced or modified [13]. In this regard, heterogeneous catalysis in general and zeolites in particular are remarkably efficient since they permit the replacement of toxic mineral acids and oxidants by easily recyclable catalysts [14]. One approach to improve yields

• terephthalate that is used for the large-scale manufacture of plastic bottles among others. The authors do not find transport limitations within the zeolite framework to the rate of the reaction [27]. Interestingly, when Brønsted acid containing zeolites (Al-β) are used as catalyst, there is a decrease in the

Silica-supported sulfonic acids as recyclable catalyst for esterification of levulinic acid with stoichiometric amounts of alcohols

• Raimondo Maggi,
• N. Raveendran Shiju,
• Veronica Santacroce,
• Giovanni Maestri,
• Franca Bigi and
• Gadi Rothenberg

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2173–2180, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.207

• catalysts. In the literature, methods that use solid heteropolyacids, such as ammonium or mixed ammonium and silver-doped phosphotungstic acid, sulfated metal oxides (such as sulfated titania, sulfated zirconia), zeolites and hydrotalcites have been reported [24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. These solid

• share another common pitfall, namely the use of large molar excess of alcohol, either for practical convenience [31] or to minimise ester hydrolysis. As meaningful examples, it has been recently reported that acid ZSM-5 zeolites, with encapsulated maghemite particles to allow magnetic catalyst recover

Superelectrophilic activation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 2,5-diformylfuran: organic synthesis based on biomass-derived products

• Dmitry S. Ryabukhin,
• Dmitry N. Zakusilo,
• Mikhail O. Kompanets,
• Anton A.Tarakanov,
• Irina A. Boyarskaya,
• Tatiana O. Artamonova,
• Mikhail A. Khohodorkovskiy,
• Iosyp O. Opeida and
• Aleksander V. Vasilyev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2125–2135, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.202

• temperature for 1–24 h gives rise to 5-arylmethylfurfurals (yields of 17–91%) and 2-arylmethyl-5-(diarylmethyl)furans (yields of 10–37%). The formation of these two types of reaction products depends on the nucleophilicity of the arene. The same reactions under the action of acidic zeolites H-USY in high

• 5-HMF and 2,5-DFF were characterized by NMR spectroscopy in TfOH and studied by DFT calculations. These reactions show possibilities of organic synthesis based on biomass-derived 5-HMF and 2,5-DFF. Keywords: 2,5-diformylfuran; Friedel–Crafts reaction; 5-hydroxymethylfurfural; superacids; zeolites

• strong Lewis acids (AlX3, X = Cl, Br) by their coordination with basic centers of organic compounds, or with acidic zeolites, possessing both Brønsted and Lewis acidity [33]. The main goal of this work was a study of reactions of 5-HMF and 2,5-DFF with arenes under electrophilic activation with Brønsted

Hydroxy-functionalized hyper-cross-linked ultra-microporous organic polymers for selective CO₂ capture at room temperature

• Partha Samanta,
• Priyanshu Chandra and
• Sujit K. Ghosh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1981–1986, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.185

• study the CO2 capture, but the need of high energy to regenerate the amine solutions after CO2 capture, hinders their applications further [2]. In the domain of porous materials, zeolites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), cage molecules, etc. have been introduced for selective uptake of CO2 [3][4][5

Ionic liquids as transesterification catalysts: applications for the synthesis of linear and cyclic organic carbonates

• Maurizio Selva,
• Alvise Perosa,
• Sandro Guidi and
• Lisa Cattelan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1911–1924, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.181

• (conversion >99% and yield >90%) with respect to conventional organic and inorganic bases. In addition, the reactions proceed without decarboxylation even at high temperatures (T > 150 °C), as opposed to the outcome using both solid bases and zeolites, that generate large amounts of CO2. The

Rearrangements of organic peroxides and related processes

• Ivan A. Yaremenko,
• Vera A. Vil’,
• Dmitry V. Demchuk and
• Alexander O. Terent’ev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1647–1748, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.162

• in the Baeyer–Villiger reaction with increasing frequency. Various catalysts that activate hydrogen peroxide, such as heterogeneous catalysts based on solid acids [201], zeolites [202][203], Se [204], As [205], Co [206], sulfonated organic ion exchange resins [203][207], and homogeneous catalysts

• Baeyer–Villiger rearrangement of 2-adamantanone (45с) was performed using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and stannosilicate zeolites with nanosheet morphology and MFI topology (Sn-MFI-ns) as highly efficient catalysts [249]. The Sn-beta zeolites prepared by a steam-assisted conversion method are efficient

Synthesis and photophysical characteristics of polyfluorene polyrotaxanes

• Aurica Farcas,
• Giulia Tregnago,
• Ana-Maria Resmerita,
• Pierre-Henri Aubert and
• Franco Cacialli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2677–2688, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.288

• moieties into zeolites [25], nanochannels [26], or by wrapping with amylose [27]. The past decade has witnessed remarkable innovations and progress in polymer science, including the field of supramolecular science as a complementary field, which offers great opportunity for new concepts, new materials with

Ru complexes of Hoveyda–Grubbs type immobilized on lamellar zeolites: activity in olefin metathesis reactions

• Hynek Balcar,
• Naděžda Žilková,
• Martin Kubů,
• Michal Mazur,
• Zdeněk Bastl and
• Jiří Čejka

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2087–2096, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.225

• revealed that during immobilization ion exchange between Hoveyda–Grubbs type catalyst and zeolitic support occurred in the case of Cl− counter anion; in contrast, PF6− counter anion underwent partial decomposition. Keywords: Hoveyda–Grubbs type catalyst; hybrid catalysts; lamellar zeolites; non-covalent

• with sterically enlarged NHC ligand supported on SBA-15 exhibited high stability and was effective in flow reactions [22]. According to our knowledge, zeolites have not been considered as perspective supports for the immobilization of Ru metathesis catalysts due to small diameters of their pores (<1 nm

• ] and such zeolites offer the possibility of their modifications with organometallic moieties in a similar way as mesoporous molecular sieves. Limbach et al. [20] used MWW material as a support for Ru heterogeneous catalyst for cyclooctene oligomerization, however, its activity was rather low. In this

Silver and gold-catalyzed multicomponent reactions

• Giorgio Abbiati and
• Elisabetta Rossi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 481–513, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.46

• aldehydes and amines to give the corresponding propargylamines 1 (Scheme 1). As Li and Van der Eycken reported in their valuable reviews, some other silver salts (e.g., Ag3PW12O40 [6], AgX [7]), complexes [8], zeolites [9] and nanoparticles [10][11] have been explored to catalyze the A3-coupling, but only

Continuous-flow Heck synthesis of 4-methoxybiphenyl and methyl 4-methoxycinnamate in supercritical carbon dioxide expanded solvent solutions

• Phei Li Lau,
• Ray W. K. Allen and
• Peter Styring

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2886–2897, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.325

• they are or after some form of regeneration [17]. The types of heterogeneous catalyst can be further categorised by their support, with examples including polymers, dendrimers, mesoporous materials, zeolites, metal oxides, and carbon. Reactions using palladium supported on mesoporous materials have

• several mesoporous materials [20], and a palladium bipiyridyl complex anchored on nanosized MCM-41 [21]. Furthermore, a myriad of zeolites have been applied in Heck reactions, with examples including: modernite, HY or beta [22][23], montmorillonite [24], layered double hydroxides (LDH) [25]. Heterogeneous