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Search for "cathode" in Full Text gives 162 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology.

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

  • Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
  • Bernd Wicklein and
  • Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

Graphical Abstract
  • , Na dendrite growth, and slow reaction kinetics by nanostructuring both the sulfur cathode and the Na anode. Moreover, a survey of recent patents on room temperature (RT) Na–S batteries revealed that nanostructured sulfur and sodium electrodes are still in the minority, which suggests that much
  • available anode and cathode materials are sought. Table 1 lists some abundant metals as anode materials with high capacity and reduction potential values that are explored in metal-ion batteries [7][8][9]. Besides sodium as alternative anode material, also sulfur as abundant cathode material has emerged due
  • batteries. As a result of scientific investigations and technological innovations, room-temperature sodium–sulfur (RT Na–S) batteries have been gaining importance since the mid-2000s [3][10][14]. A lot of effort is focused on the development of different cathode materials in order to produce commercial high
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Published 09 Sep 2021

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

  • Nabojit Das,
  • Akash Kumar and
  • Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

Graphical Abstract
  • surface coating with nanoparticles through electrodeposition. A general electrodeposition setup consists of three electrodes, that is cathode, anode, and a reference electrode [78]. The solvation property and the conductivity of DESs also play a critical role in determining the physical structure, yield
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Published 18 Aug 2021

Electromigration-induced formation of percolating adsorbate islands during condensation from the gaseous phase: a computational study

  • Alina V. Dvornichenko,
  • Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
  • Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.55

Graphical Abstract
  • neighboring vacancies in the direction of electron flow leading to an accumulation of atoms at the anode and vacancies at the cathode [1][2]. Current trends in computer technology, namely, reducing the size of integrated circuits, increasing their power, and increasing the density of elements, have led to an
  • between anode and cathode); e is the electron charge. The direction of the force Fel is defined by the effective valence Z, which is negative for most metals. Thus, the adsorbed atoms move in the opposite direction to the electric field. In the general case if the electric field is applied across the
  • induced by an electric field: ±kem∇xx(r), where it is taken into account that the electric field is directed along the direction x, and the sign ± is determined by the relative position of the cathode and anode. The rate of directed motion kem is proportional to the strength E of the electric field. A
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Published 13 Jul 2021

Stability and activity of platinum nanoparticles in the oxygen electroreduction reaction: is size or uniformity of primary importance?

  • Kirill O. Paperzh,
  • Anastasia A. Alekseenko,
  • Vadim A. Volochaev,
  • Ilya V. Pankov,
  • Olga A. Safronenko and
  • Vladimir E. Guterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 593–606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.49

Graphical Abstract
  • behavior in the ORR, since it is at the cathode that strong polarization and pronounced degradation of the catalyst take place. Such а degradation occurs as a result of both the operation at high anodic potentials and the effect of aggressive oxygen-containing intermediates, which are formed during the
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Published 29 Jun 2021

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

  • Jing Han,
  • Nuo Xu,
  • Yuchen Liang,
  • Mei Ding,
  • Junyi Zhai,
  • Qijun Sun and
  • Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

Graphical Abstract
  • square-shaped A3 steel piece was connected to the cathode and a carbon electrode was connected to the anode, with a P-TENG paired with a rectifier and a capacitor connected in parallel with the electrochemical system. The P-TENG, in this case, was composed of PVDF and paper as the friction layers. The
  • (Dunaliella and Navicula) were used as typical indicators to simulate the ecological environment of the marine fouling organisms. Two stainless steel pieces were connected to the anode and to the cathode with a rectifier, and another piece of stainless steel was directly immersed into the algae medium as the
  • blank sample. After introducing the TENG-powered antifouling system, the stainless steel pieces on both the anode and cathode showed good antifouling properties, as indicated by algae density. An electrochemical reaction is an electron-transferring or flowing process between an electrode and a substance
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Published 01 Feb 2021

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

  • Sina Kaabipour and
  • Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

Graphical Abstract
  • . Another physical method widely used for the synthesis of AgNPs is the arc discharge method. In this method, two electrodes – a cathode and an anode – are connected in a high current DC circuit and submerged in a solvent – mostly deionized water – to run the process [129][131]. These electrodes can be
  • either composed of an inert metal, such as titanium, or any metal of interest of which the nanoparticles will be produced, for instance, silver for the synthesis of AgNPs [129][131]. In the case of titanium electrodes, AgNO3 is used as the precursor, an electric discharge takes place between cathode and
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Published 25 Jan 2021

Piezotronic effect in AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterojunction nanowires used as a flexible strain sensor

  • Jianqi Dong,
  • Liang Chen,
  • Yuqing Yang and
  • Xingfu Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1847–1853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.166

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  • silver paste and connected to the anode of the electrolytic cell, and the cathode was the Pt sheet. Oxalic solution (0.3 M) was used as the electrolyte. The applied voltage was 20 V and the duration of its application was 10 min. After selective EC wet etching, the sample with suspended NWs was placed in
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Published 10 Dec 2020

Self-standing heterostructured NiCx-NiFe-NC/biochar as a highly efficient cathode for lithium–oxygen batteries

  • Shengyu Jing,
  • Xu Gong,
  • Shan Ji,
  • Linhui Jia,
  • Bruno G. Pollet,
  • Sheng Yan and
  • Huagen Liang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1809–1821, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.163

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  • , Norway Shanghai Time Shipping CO., LTD, Shanghai, 200126, China 10.3762/bjnano.11.163 Abstract Lithium–oxygen batteries have attracted research attention due to their low cost and high theoretical capacity. Developing inexpensive and highly efficient cathode materials without using noble metal-based
  • catalysts is highly desirable for practical applications in lithium–oxygen batteries. Herein, a heterostructure of NiFe and NiCx inside of N-doped carbon (NiCx-NiFe-NC) derived from bimetallic Prussian blue supported on biochar was developed as a novel self-standing cathode for lithium–oxygen batteries. The
  • . The structure of NiCx-NiFe-NC efficiently improved the electron and ion transfer between the cathode and the electrolyte during the electrochemical processes, resulting in superior electrocatalytic properties in lithium–oxygen batteries. This study indicates that nickel carbide supported on N-doped
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Published 02 Dec 2020

Mapping of integrated PIN diodes with a 3D architecture by scanning microwave impedance microscopy and dynamic spectroscopy

  • Rosine Coq Germanicus,
  • Peter De Wolf,
  • Florent Lallemand,
  • Catherine Bunel,
  • Serge Bardy,
  • Hugues Murray and
  • Ulrike Lüders

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1764–1775, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.159

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  • ) have a slightly different polishing rate, which results in the observed topography. In the AFM topography image, one can localize the two deep trench isolation structures in the silicon wafer, as well as the anode and cathode contacts. It is important to note that a low roughness is required for a
  • mappings are shown in Figure 7c and Figure 7d, respectively. Complementary information from the FEOL layers and details of the BEOL layers (metallization, trench dielectric, and isolation) are obtained. It is important to note that the architecture of the metallic contacts (anode and cathode) is also
  • revealed in detail. For this PIN diode switch, the deep trench structures, designed originally for 3D capacitors with a dielectric surface enhancement, are also used to connect the buried layer below the thick lightly doped epitaxial layer. The diffused doping around the deep trenches, used as a cathode to
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Published 23 Nov 2020

Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

  • Jingran Zhang,
  • Tianqi Jia,
  • Xiaoping Li,
  • Junjie Yang,
  • Zhengkai Li,
  • Guangfeng Shi,
  • Xinming Zhang and
  • Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

Graphical Abstract
  • succession. No further purification was carried out. A customized DC power supply was used to conduct the PEO. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of nanopore formation using PEO processing. The specimens and carbon tubes were utilized as the anode and cathode, respectively, and the electrolyte solution was
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Published 16 Oct 2020

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

  • Yi Wang,
  • Yanhua Song,
  • Chengwei Ye and
  • Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

Graphical Abstract
  • -voltage power supply, whereas the parallel electrodes were connected to the cathode [24]. According to our previous work [33], electrospun-ordered PAN/graphene CNFs (PGCNFs) were prepared by MPEM at room temperature and 50 ± 5% relative humidity. The spinning solution was placed in the syringe and
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Published 27 Aug 2020

Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

  • Yuko Matsukawa,
  • Fabian Linsenmann,
  • Maximilian A. Plass,
  • George Hasegawa,
  • Katsuro Hayashi and
  • Tim-Patrick Fellinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106

Graphical Abstract
  • , sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) become interesting [1][2]. Compared to Co, which is still an essential component for state-of-the-art LIB cathode materials, Li is much more abundant in the earth’s crust [3][4]. Nevertheless, the market for mobile applications is increasing, especially for new BEVs, and thus
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Published 14 Aug 2020

Nickel nanoparticles supported on a covalent triazine framework as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reactions

  • Secil Öztürk,
  • Yu-Xuan Xiao,
  • Dennis Dietrich,
  • Beatriz Giesen,
  • Juri Barthel,
  • Jie Ying,
  • Xiao-Yu Yang and
  • Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 770–781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.62

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  • electron microscope with a LaB6 cathode at 5–20 keV and a Bruker Xflash 410 silicon drift detector for energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometric (EDX) elemental composition analysis. M/CTF-IL suspension samples for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were dripped on a carbon-coated copper grid and excess IL
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Published 11 May 2020

Hexagonal boron nitride: a review of the emerging material platform for single-photon sources and the spin–photon interface

  • Stefania Castelletto,
  • Faraz A. Inam,
  • Shin-ichiro Sato and
  • Alberto Boretti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 740–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.61

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  • on PL in h-BN. Very likely, this spreading of shapes and positions possibly originates from the many relevant parameters that are not fully under control in the preparation of the material and the way the experiments are conducted. In the first experiments, ensemble measurements using cathode
  • [112] and is thus a candidate for a spin qubit. Other modeling based on DFT and constrained DFT attributes the SPE to a VNCB defect [104]. In [97] few layers of exfoliated h-BN were studied under cathode-luminescence (CL) combined with a Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometer to identify their SPE in
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Published 08 May 2020

Comparison of fresh and aged lithium iron phosphate cathodes using a tailored electrochemical strain microscopy technique

  • Matthias Simolka,
  • Hanno Kaess and
  • Kaspar Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 583–596, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.46

Graphical Abstract
  • ionic concentration in the material volume under the AFM tip. The ageing of the cathode is found to be governed by a decrease of the electrochemical activity and the loss of available lithium for cycling, which can be stored in the cathode. Keywords: activity; ageing; cathode; electrochemical strain
  • solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on graphite anodes and HOPG [14][15][16], Li metal [17] and on cathode materials [18][19] as well as the changes in particle size during ageing [19][20]. Other AFM modes used for the analysis of ageing are, for example, Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and
  • and aged LiMnO2 cathodes and found a decrease of the diffusion coefficient in the aged sample due to structural degradation of the material [30]. Zhu et al. studied the degradation of LiNi0.3Co0.3Mn0.3O2 by ESM and showed a decrease in the ESM amplitude over the ageing of the cathode material, which
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Published 07 Apr 2020

Implementation of data-cube pump–probe KPFM on organic solar cells

  • Benjamin Grévin,
  • Olivier Bardagot and
  • Renaud Demadrille

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 323–337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.24

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  • PTB7 and PC71BM is subsequently investigated by recording point-spectroscopy curves as a function of the optical power at the cathode and by mapping 2D time-resolved images of the surface photovoltage of the bare organic active layer. Keywords: bulk heterojunctions; Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM
  • is validated by carrying out test measurements by electrical pumping of reference substrates. Moreover, the technique is applied to characterize BHJ solar cells by optical pumping. To this end, point-spectroscopy curves are recorded on the device cathode as a function of the optical power using
  • device upon optical pumping was investigated by point spectroscopy at the cathode. This experimental configuration is labeled “1” in Figure 3b. It was chosen for an initial examination of the pp-KPFM operation using optical pumping, because the S/N ratio could be increased at will by averaging several
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Published 12 Feb 2020

Polyvinylpyrrolidone as additive for perovskite solar cells with water and isopropanol as solvents

  • Chen Du,
  • Shuo Wang,
  • Xu Miao,
  • Wenhai Sun,
  • Yu Zhu,
  • Chengyan Wang and
  • Ruixin Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2374–2382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.228

Graphical Abstract
  • primarily due to the suitability of PVP as an additive to enhance the photoelectric performance. Using PVP as an interlayer between the [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) electron transport layer (ETL) and the Ag cathode in a high-performance inverted planar heterojunction perovskite solar
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Published 05 Dec 2019

Design and facile synthesis of defect-rich C-MoS2/rGO nanosheets for enhanced lithium–sulfur battery performance

  • Chengxiang Tian,
  • Juwei Wu,
  • Zheng Ma,
  • Bo Li,
  • Pengcheng Li,
  • Xiaotao Zu and
  • Xia Xiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2251–2260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.217

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  • overlap, indicating the superior electrochemical reversibility of the C-MoS2/rGO-6-S cathode. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results of MoS2-S, C-MoS2/rGO-S, C-MoS2/rGO-6-S electrodes are shown in Figure 6b. Obviously, the C-MoS2/rGO-S and C-MoS2/rGO-6-S electrodes have the minor semicircles
  • in the high-frequency range, suggesting a smaller charge transfer resistance than MoS2-S. Since every cathode holds the same amount of sulfur, the distinct charge transfer resistance could be ascribed to the conductivity of the different host materials. Benefiting from the synergistic encapsulation
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Published 14 Nov 2019

A novel all-fiber-based LiFePO4/Li4Ti5O12 battery with self-standing nanofiber membrane electrodes

  • Li-li Chen,
  • Hua Yang,
  • Mao-xiang Jing,
  • Chong Han,
  • Fei Chen,
  • Xin-yu Hu,
  • Wei-yong Yuan,
  • Shan-shan Yao and
  • Xiang-qian Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2229–2237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.215

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  • LiFePO4 cathode appear at 3.62 V and 3.24 V, respectively. This corresponds to the Li+ removal from and intercalation in LiFePO4, i.e., the redox process of Fe3+/Fe2+ [24]. The redox peaks of Li4Ti5O12 at 1.71 V and 1.47 V correspond to the Li+ removal from and intercalation in Li4Ti5O12, i.e., the redox
  • . Table S1 in Supporting Information File 1 lists the electrochemical performance obtained in some related works. It can be seen that the flexible self-standing LiFePO4/C fiber membrane cathode and Li4Ti5O12/C fiber membrane anode in this work show a comparable electrochemical performance. In addition
  • the prepared LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 nanofiber membranes as cathode and anode respectively. This battery was subsequently subjected to rate and cycling tests. Fabrication process of all-fiber-based gel-state batteries. Digital photos of LiFePO4 nanofiber films. (a, b) The precursor fiber membrane; (c
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Published 13 Nov 2019

The importance of design in nanoarchitectonics: multifractality in MACE silicon nanowires

  • Stefania Carapezzi and
  • Anna Cavallini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2094–2102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.204

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  • anisotropic wet etching technique where the sculpting of the nanostructures is catalyzed by a discontinuous thin film of noble metal deposited on a substrate. The metal works as a local cathode where the reduction of oxidants occurs. The underneath semiconductor is the local anode where a charge-mediated
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Published 31 Oct 2019

Synthesis of highly active ETS-10-based titanosilicate for heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides

  • Muhammad A. Zaheer,
  • David Poppitz,
  • Khavar Feyzullayeva,
  • Marianne Wenzel,
  • Jörg Matysik,
  • Radomir Ljupkovic,
  • Aleksandra Zarubica,
  • Alexander A. Karavaev,
  • Andreas Pöppl,
  • Roger Gläser and
  • Muslim Dvoyashkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2039–2061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.200

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Published 28 Oct 2019

Facile synthesis of carbon nanotube-supported NiO//Fe2O3 for all-solid-state supercapacitors

  • Shengming Zhang,
  • Xuhui Wang,
  • Yan Li,
  • Xuemei Mu,
  • Yaxiong Zhang,
  • Jingwei Du,
  • Guo Liu,
  • Xiaohui Hua,
  • Yingzhuo Sheng,
  • Erqing Xie and
  • Zhenxing Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1923–1932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.188

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  • mAh·g−1 at 2 A·g−1 with a capacitance retention of 40% at 40 A·g−1. The obtained CC-CNT@NiO cathode exhibits a high capacity of 527 mAh·g−1 at 2 A·g−1 and an excellent rate capability with a capacitance retention of 78% even at 40 A·g−1. The all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor fabricated with
  • cathode were prepared. CNTs significantly improved the conductivity and enhanced the capacity of Fe2O3 up to 226 mAh·g−1 at 2 A·g−1, and capacity of NiO to 527 mAh·g−1 at 2 A·g−1. Furthermore, by assembling the two electrodes, an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) with a high energy density of 63.3 Wh·kg−1
  • Discussion Figure 1 shows the process of synthesizing cathode and anode, and finally, the asymmetric supercapacitor. The details can be seen in the Experimental section. Anode material CC-CNT@Fe2O3 CNTs were grown on CC by chemical vapour deposition (CVD). As shown in Figure 2a, CNTs grow homogeneously with
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Published 23 Sep 2019

Oblique angle deposition of nickel thin films by high-power impulse magnetron sputtering

  • Hamidreza Hajihoseini,
  • Movaffaq Kateb,
  • Snorri Þorgeir Ingvarsson and
  • Jon Tomas Gudmundsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1914–1921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.186

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  • the peak power exceeds the time-averaged power by roughly two orders of magnitude [25][26]. By pulsing the cathode target to high peak power density a high ionization fraction of the sputtered material is achieved, which results in a higher quality of the deposited films [27]. It is well known that
  • is expected due to the remarkably higher discharge current and cathode voltage [57]. In other words, the racetrack area could be wider during HiPIMS operation, which, in turn, can lead to a broader profile of sputtered material in terms of directionality. Furthermore, a potential difference of 1–5 V
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Published 20 Sep 2019

Fabrication and characterization of Si1−xGex nanocrystals in as-grown and annealed structures: a comparative study

  • Muhammad Taha Sultan,
  • Adrian Valentin Maraloiu,
  • Ionel Stavarache,
  • Jón Tómas Gudmundsson,
  • Andrei Manolescu,
  • Valentin Serban Teodorescu,
  • Magdalena Lidia Ciurea and
  • Halldór Gudfinnur Svavarsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.182

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  • multilayer structures (MLs) deposited in this study are similar to structures studied in our recent work [22] regarding stacking order (i.e., SiO2/SiGe/SiO2) and individual layer thicknesses. The difference in the fabrication is that during co-sputtering of the SiGe layer, we apply a lower cathode voltage
  • approach [22][23], the parameters used to calculate the crystallites size are mentioned in Figure 1b and it was found to be 2.1 ± 0.8 nm. This reduction in crystallite size, compared to previously investigated structures is due to variation in deposition parameters such as cathode voltage. After annealing
  • operating at 445 V cathode voltage at a repetition frequency of 300 Hz. An average power of 103 W, with an average current density and peak power density of 233 mA/cm2 and 107 W/cm2, was maintained over the full target area. A 3.0″ MAK Planar Magnetron Sputter Source, MeiVac, with Nd/FeB magnets was
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Published 17 Sep 2019

TiO2/GO-coated functional separator to suppress polysulfide migration in lithium–sulfur batteries

  • Ning Liu,
  • Lu Wang,
  • Taizhe Tan,
  • Yan Zhao and
  • Yongguang Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1726–1736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.168

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  • but suffer from poor cyclic performance due to the dissolution of intermediate polysulfides. Herein, a lightweight nanoporous TiO2 and graphene oxide (GO) composite is prepared and utilized as an interlayer between a Li anode and a sulfur cathode to suppress the polysulfide migration and improve the
  • issues, researchers have adopted various techniques, such as optimization of the cathode material [16][17][18], incorporation of electrolyte additives [19], and protection of the anode [20]. Recently, much attention has been directed to the development of a functional separator, which serves as an
  • intermediate layer and plays an important role in enhancing the electrochemical performance of Li/S batteries. It has been demonstrated that the polysulfide shuttle can be effectively suppressed by modifying the separator or incorporating an interlayer at the cathode/separator interface [21][22]. For instance
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Published 19 Aug 2019
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