Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• dose of its active ingredients [96]. These characteristics have made nanoparticles widely used in medicines, medical applications, and the food industry, as they provide increased shelf life, improved drug delivery, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy [97]. Various methods, such as chemical reduction

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• selectivity, poor biodistribution and pharmacokinetics, poor water solubility, dose-limiting toxicity, and fast degradation in vivo. We will discuss next the major discoveries in the field of the application of nano-based systems for the targeted delivery of metal complex-based antibiotic compounds, focusing

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• assessment of two key inflammatory parameters, namely, leukocyte migration and protein extravasation [55]. The assay demonstrated that Acrocomia aculeata nanoemulsion at a dose of 50 mg/kg has a pharmacological effect approximately two-fold greater than that of the pristine oil at 100 mg/kg (Figure 6). This

• -inflammatory response than diclofenac. At 6 h post-treatment, the nanoemulsion maintained a comparable effect to diclofenac at the same dose levels (Figure 6). These results further substantiate the enhanced efficacy of the oil in the form of nanoemulsion in modulating acute inflammation in rats. Conclusion

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• ]. The drug-loaded nanoparticle was camouflaged with 4T1 membrane, and the biomimetic system showed prolonged circulation, enhanced tumor accumulation, and release of DOX under low-dose radiation. Furthermore, Mohammad at al. exploited homotypic mechanisms to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• that the nanocomposite achieved an LC50 of 91.7 ppm, representing a 23.6% increase in larvicidal efficacy compared to the rotenoids in their natural form. The nanocomposite also induced dose-dependent morphological and physiological alterations in the larvae, including damage to the peritrophic matrix

• and UV light exposure, as widely documented in the literature [29]. The analysis of third-instar Ae. aegypti larvae exposed to the nanocomposite CS/TPP–β-CD–rot (Figure 6) revealed notable dose-dependent morphological alterations. From 50 ppm onwards, the appearance of abnormal excretion in the anal

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• of PC12 and HeLa cells was observed upon light irradiation, while slight toxicity was observed for MPcs even in the dark (Figure 7). Both AlClPc and PtOEP demonstrated dose-dependent photocytotoxicity for PC12 cells. To investigate the photocytotoxicity properties of the nanoparticles, the

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• experiments to reflect a strategy to explore dose-response relationships in a nontoxic range. Cellular uptake assay Figure 4 displays the SSC% shift observed for both NMs compared to the control group. The SSC% shift in hBNs and hBNs+US treated cells remained consistent across concentrations and were nearly

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• healthy HuDe cells, a primary dermal human cell line, and on tumor MCF7 cells, a breast adenocarcinoma cell line, by MTS assay. Dose-response experiments were performed. Cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of 1 (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 3.1, and 6.2 μM) for 24 h. As shown in Figure 2A,B, no

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• exact order, however, of which mechanism contributes how much to the deposition, for example, for cesium (Cs) ions, is beyond the scope of this paper since FIBID is rather complex and depends on a variety of parameters. Besides beam parameters such as acceleration voltage, beam current, ion dose, dwell

• , ion currents from 16 to 285 pA were used, so the current densities were between 0.9 and 14.2 pA·μm−2. The overall deposition time was kept constant at 2:30 min, and the ion dose was changed from 128 to 2138 pC·μm−2. The ions were accelerated with voltages of 2, 5, 8, and 16 kV, while the measured ion

• beam diameter changed with voltage and current from 32 to 445 nm. With the Ga+ FIB, patterns were deposited at ion beam currents ranging from 17 to 396 pA with current densities between 0.7 and 19.8 pA·μm−2. With a deposition time of 2:30 min, the ion dose is between 105 and 2970 pC·μm−2. The diameter

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• . [12] observed the evolution of symmetry-forbidden and A1 (LO) modes in 120 MeV Au9+ ion-irradiated ZnO films. Ying et al. [13] described an A1 (LO) mode in the Raman spectra of energy-dependent and dose-dependent krypton ion-implanted ZnO film after varying the fluence in the range from 5 × 1013 to

• lattice, they create defects and dislocations. This creates lattice strain, which increases with ion fluence. The size and type of the implanted ions, as well as the dose, can affect the amount of strain introduced [24]. It is observed that dislocation density values increase with the rise in implantation

• surface RMS roughness and grain size of films after implantation, FESEM images have been processed with Image J software [36] and the results are given in Table 5. It is observed from Figure 8 that average grain size and surface RMS roughness reduce with ion fluence. As the implantation dose of argon ions

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• milliseconds. This method significantly reduced the incident photon dose compared to the survey spectra; however, it led to a lower statistical quality of the spectra. For further studies, we preferred to collect the core level spectra from maps using a defocused beam. In Figure 5, we have selected one

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• Biosciences). Cell mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) was analyzed with FACS Diva software. ApoE dose response LNP uptake A day before the experiment, HMEC-1 were seeded in a gelatin coated 48-well plate (5 × 104 cells/well) and allowed to adhere overnight. The next day, serum-free medium was supplemented with

• ). Despite the fact that the C12 LNPs were applied at the same dose of 1 pmol siRNA per well, these LNPs were more efficient in knocking down luciferase activity than MC3 LNPs. This phenomenon has been reported previously [38]. In contrast to MC3 LNPs, the heat inactivation of FCS had no effect on the

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• polyphenol when not bound to graphene. This cytotoxicity is dose-dependent, increasing with the concentration of TA. This aligns with previous reports [17][18][24]. While TA exhibits antioxidant properties at low concentrations up to 20 µM [17][25], it can act as a prooxidant at high concentrations through

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• patients in the delayed phase (days 2 to 5) in their first cycle of high-dose cisplatin [5]. Aprepitant (APT) is a selective antagonist of neurokinin-1 receptor that blocks the substance P emetic effect. NK-1 receptors occur in the gastrointestinal tract on vagal afferents and in the nucleus of the

• plasma (Cmax) is reached after approx. 4 h, and the half-life is 9–13 h. An oral dose of 125 mg APT one hour before chemotherapy treatment (day 1), and 80 mg daily in the morning on days 2 and 3 are recommended [7]. APT is strongly bound to plasma protein (95%); it is absorbed slowly and crosses the

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• of MEs is advantageous when taken orally as it facilitates oral application and dose adjustment; it also improves absorption and bioavailability. Additionally, MEs can be administered to humans as self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDSs) delivered in soft gelatin capsules as they are low

• significantly reduced in the citral group and in the group using the highest dose of EOCF (64 mg/kg). It is likely that the present study, using the 32 mg/kg dose, found a reduction in serum levels of both AST and ALP because of the longer treatment time (21 days). Effect of EOCF on metabolic lipid parameters

• diabetic group treated with lemongrass tea compared to the control group. In addition, the tea further reduced HDL cholesterol, although not statistically different compared to the diabetic control. In comparison, the previous study of our group [12] demonstrated that EOCF at a dose of 32 mg/kg

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• significantly reduced following their complexation with ASOs. Enhanced delivery efficiency was further confirmed using a splicing correction assay, where the optimal dose of the DPL–ASO complex resulted in substantial luciferase activity, indicating successful nuclear delivery of the ASOs. Even though

• of cysteine-PNAs via disulfide linkage [126]. These compounds showed a PNA dose-dependent cell toxicity and exhibited up to almost 20-fold increased luciferase activity compared to free arginine-PNAs and dithiothreitol control. In another study, Kuhn et al. developed aminoethylene-based PMO

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• applications within permissible limits. To assess the safe dose of SDS in other products, various high throughput tools are available, including spectrophotometrics, potentiometrics, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis, and fluorescence-based methods [15][16][17][18][19

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• to the site of action because of increased drug retention at the mucosa [7]. These systems have the capacity to strongly adhere to the mucus layer, provide slow release of its contents, and even reduce the required dose because of higher accumulation of the drug at the target site [8]. Nanoparticles

• EudAlg nanoparticles Encapsulation efficiency is an important parameter in determining the dose of therapeutic agents and, thus, the efficacy of the treatment. In the present study, we aimed to determine the encapsulation of a positively charged and large peptide molecule (Mw = 2.8 kDa) into the delivery

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• GO–Chl nanoconjugate (dose chosen based on cell death analysis in our previous study) [25] for 24 h, rinsed with 1× PBS, and stained with 50 mM of MDC at 37 °C for 1 h. Finally, cells were washed with 1× PBS, and the cellular fluorescence changes were observed using a Nikon Eclipse Ti-S inverted

• the effect of GO–Chl on plasma membrane integrity and cell viability, we performed flow-cytometry-based PI uptake analyses. Figure 5 reveals the dose-dependent increase in the number of cells with compromised membranes, which indicates significant growth in the number of dead A549 cells after exposure

• tail DNA percentage and Olive tail moment using Equation 3 and Equation 4, respectively. Figure 7b–d reveal a dose-dependent increase in tail length, tail DNA percentage, and Olive tail moment, and collectively show the genotoxicity induced in GO–Chl-exposed A549 cells. Recently, it has been shown that

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• Fe2O3 promoted the electron–holes segregation rate and reduced the rate of recombination. A TiO2/GO/chitosan photocatalyst was synthesized by Erim et al. [73] for the degradation of CFX under UV-A irradiation. Under optimized conditions (catalyst dose of 0.327 g/L, CFX concentration of 20.29 mg/L, pH

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• -functionalized carbon nanostructures (CNs) were evaluated in vitro on a GBM cell line (U87MG), as well as their radiosensitizing properties after exposure of the pre-treated GBM cells to gamma radiation with a standard clinical dose for patients with GBM. All prepared formulations underwent biopharmaceutical and

• of the functionalized CNs with and without TMZ were investigated and compared in vitro, using human glioblastoma cell line exposed to irradiation with a dose rate used in clinical settings for most of the patients with GBM. Simultaneously, the formulations exposed to irradiation under the same

• . Such a trend was observed in a study of Jun et al. [47] in which MWCNTs conjugated with chitosan oligomers and with incorporated tea polyphenols for cancer treatment were irradiated by gamma rays from 60Co for 30 min with a dose of 1.5 Gy. The irradiation also led to changes in zeta potential to lower

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• supernatant upon several washing steps. “In Vitro Sedimentation, Diffusion and Dosimetry” studies were undertaken to determine the cell-delivered dose for all culture conditions based on the specific density and size parameters of the bio-nano conjugates [52]. Finally, comprehensive physicochemical

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• , respectively, demonstrating a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect at elevated lipid concentrations. SO-Lipo displayed a similar trend, maintaining non-significant cytotoxicity from 15.625 to 250 µM (p > 0.05), supporting the biocompatibility of the SO modification at lower concentrations. A noticeable reduction in

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• independent on λL [63], instead the HSFL size depends on laser parameters such as fluence, energy dose, and pulse duration [64]. Re-deposition and re-solidification of the ablated NPs on NSs were also observed, which matches with observation in an earlier reported work [65] for titanium ablation. These