Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• affect NP internalization. They actively engulf NCs and accelerate their clearance, acting differentially in a time-dependent manner and altering the fate of nanomaterials [26]. In addition to immune-related barriers, the physicochemical properties of the nanomaterial itself can impair the NCs’ ability

• uptake and enabling the endosomal escape To improve the efficacy of NC-based drug delivery systems, it is crucial to develop strategies that reduce macrophage uptake and extend NC circulation time. This could be achieved by acting on NCs exploiting alternative administration routes or physicochemical

• ]. NCs enhance the delivery of biological therapeutics, and endosomal escape can be controlled by tuning their structure and physicochemical properties. For example, NCs designed with “proton sponge” capability contain materials that adsorb and buffer protons under acidic conditions and, typically, have

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• physicochemical characterisation, which is often done in parallel to toxicity testing, a work-around solution was proposed, whereby projects could assign a unique identifier to their batches of nanomaterials via the European Registry of Nanomaterials [24] and add the characterisation data later, thus enabling

• . The material and medium categories are used to describe the instance. A physical or chemical change to the nanomaterial that (potentially) alters the physicochemical or biological properties of the material results in a new instance. An instance map then represents a flow chart of the nanomaterial

• not limited to) some or all of the following steps: (i) material synthesis or procurement, (ii) further modifications (e.g., surface functionalisation), (iii) a plethora of characterisation steps by physicochemical methods, potentially also including the application of computational modelling and

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• with a three-dimensional structure comprising pores and cavities of molecular dimensions. This unique structure enables them to operate as molecular sieves, allowing molecules smaller than the pore size to pass through while blocking the diffusion of larger ones. Furthermore, the physicochemical

• because of the migration and coalescence of nanoparticles on the carrier material [21][22]. Such changes can significantly modify the physicochemical properties of the original nanomaterial. Also, the most interesting physicochemical properties are exhibited by clusters with subnanometer dimensions. For

• properties and performance. Furthermore, apart from not preventing potential exposure to unwanted molecules, the structural characteristics and, hence, the physicochemical properties of the cluster could be altered as a result of its interaction with the support material. Indeed, one viable solution to

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• breaks down acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid. The latter acts on the boronate bonds, dissociating them. This leads to the destruction of the nanocarrier and the release of the antidote. The paper covers the creation of the nanocarrier, its physicochemical and biological properties

• disintegrates the nanocarrier, leading to the release of Atr (Scheme 1). This paper discusses the synthesis of the Atr nanocarrier, its physicochemical and biological properties, the encapsulation of Atr into the nanocarrier cavity, ACh hydrolysis, nanocarrier degradation, and Atr release under the ACh action

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• ]. OLA, a monounsaturated fatty acid, possesses unique physicochemical properties that make it a promising candidate for facilitating endosomal escape. Its kinked hydrocarbon chain, featuring a double bond, disrupts lipid bilayers and increases membrane fluidity. Inspired by these properties, we propose

• liposomes (Unmodified-Lipo) exhibited a stable physicochemical profile, with an average particle size of 102.2 ± 3.30 nm. Their PDI of 0.239 ± 0.046 indicated a uniform and consistent size distribution, supported by a mean negative zeta potential of −4.47 ± 2.34 mV. For sodium oleate-modified liposomes (SO

• agents. Upon endocytosis, SO-Lipo encounter the acidic environment of the endosome, triggering the protonation of SO into OLA. This protonation significantly alters the physicochemical properties of the liposomes, notably reducing their negative zeta potential, as previously described in Table 1. The

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• or active targeting mechanisms. In the passive strategy, coated nanocarriers can traverse permeable vessels (as observed in tumors, for example) and exhibit tropism toward specific pathological targets based on the size, surface charge, and physicochemical properties of the nanostructure. The active

• drug absorption by the mononuclear phagocytic system due to its hydrophilic barrier [59]. Although PEG-coated nanostructures exhibit promising physicochemical properties, they have shown limitations; studies point to cases of hypersensitivity in PEGylated vaccines [60][61]. Potential adverse immune

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• challenges associated with human health. Nanotechnology offers great opportunities in medicine because of the physicochemical properties at the nanoscale. There are efforts to apply unique quantum phenomena at the nanoscale in the fields of medicine, biomedical sciences, bioengineering, food technology

• , it can be concluded that the effects of all investigated samples on liver tissue exhibit a multifaceted character and diverse mechanisms of activity. These mechanisms depend on the size of Fe3O4 NPs, the hydrophilic shell diameter, solubility, aggregation, stability, and various other physicochemical

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• ʟ-carnosine in synthesizing tunable plasmonic silver nanoparticles (ʟ-car-AgNPs). The formation of ʟ-car-AgNPs was confirmed via UV–vis optical absorption spectroscopy, showing single and double plasmonic peaks, depending on the synthesis conditions. Physicochemical characterization using TEM, FTIR

• temperature and the ratio of NaBH4 to NaOH led to the formation of ʟ-car-AgNPs with different colors. The color of the obtained nanoparticles suggested that they were in a controlled aggregated state. Further characterization was performed to analyze the physicochemical properties of the synthesized ʟ

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles derived from algae and their larvicidal properties to control Aedes aegypti

• Matheus Alves Siqueira de Assunção,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Mara Elga Medeiros Braga,
• Severino Alves Junior,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa,
• Herminio José Cipriano de Sousa and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1566–1575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.123

• nanomaterials in non-target species is discussed. Keywords: bioassay; inorganic nanoparticles; mosquito vector; nanotechnology; physicochemical; tropical neglected diseases; Introduction Arboviroses are diseases caused by the pathogens transmitted by arthropods, and their transmission to humans occurs through

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• engineered NMs was explored in silico in order to predict their ZP based on physicochemical and molecular descriptors. The physicochemical characterization of the NMs was performed under the EU-FP7 NanoMILE project (https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/310451) [36]. From the available descriptors/properties

• the library of the NMs’ physicochemical properties and increase the amount of available information, the corresponding sphere diameter (the diameter of the sphere with a surface area equal to the area of the NM) was calculated, as well as three molecular descriptors commonly used in nanoinformatics

• regression (LSVR), random forest regression, Adaboost, multiple layer perceptron (MLP) regression, and kNN regression. This study reports the first application of q-RASPR in a stacked modelling framework. Apart from the supplied structural and physicochemical information of the engineered NMs, we have

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

• decomposing the problem into tasks and subtasks. The definition of tasks and subtasks and the domain knowledge is organized in terms of the structure provided by MAMBO. Let us first consider a simulation workflow for the evaluation of the physicochemical properties of a molecular aggregate made of identical

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• and enhances their solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Additionally, the physicochemical characteristics of PLHNPs can be tailored by varying the concentrations of polymers and lipids [16]. PLHNPs can address various challenges associated with phytochemical delivery. The benefits of PLHNPs

• therapeutic effectiveness [17][18]. Additionally, PLHNPs possess the capability to encapsulate and co-deliver two drugs with distinct physicochemical characteristics to a targeted site and show synergistic therapeutic efficacy. In PLHNPs, the lipophilic drugs are encapsulated within the polymeric core, while

• conventional delivery of phytochemicals faces numerous challenges that limit its clinical application and therapeutic efficacy. These challenges arise from the physicochemical characteristics of phytochemicals, as well as from the physiological barriers they encounter in the body. One major challenge is poor

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• drugs can be encapsulated into various drug delivery systems to enhance physicochemical characteristics and targeting success. Many preclinical data show that this strategy can effectively deliver biopharmaceuticals to the brain. Therefore, this review focuses on N2B delivery while giving examples of

• provide significant tailorable release properties to the encapsulated drugs. N2B delivery applications present increased efficacy and safety of the drugs in contrast to application of free drugs [63]. The physicochemical characteristics of the DDSs are important in determining the success of drug carriers

• lipid NPs, polymeric NPs, liposomes, emulsions, and novel hybrid NPs and their potential use as DDSs in N2B delivery (Figure 4). Polymeric NPs Because of their tunable physicochemical characteristics, polymeric NPs are a potential vehicle for different drug delivery applications [71]. They can be

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• TEM analyses Physicochemical characterization was performed using optical spectroscopy, DLS, FTIR, XRD, and TEM analyses. Figure 2a shows the synthesized isotropic silver and gold nanospheres with plasmon bands at 410 nm (AgNS) and 525 nm (AuNS). The anisotropic tunable gold nanorods with longitudinal

• CTAB micelles without hampering the physicochemical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles. This weakening of CTAB solves the persistent problem of surface modification or the use of linker molecules with CTAB-capped nanoparticles for sensing applications. In addition, the nanorod size might be

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• ions [8][9][10]. The physicochemical changes and interactions undergone by GO in the environment greatly influence the biological effects of this material. Recently, Bortolozzo et al. [11] showed that GO degradation by sodium hypochlorite resulted in the mitigation of GO toxicity to Caenorhabditis

• characteristics made TA attractive to nanomaterial synthesis and functionalization for applications in nanomedicine, sensors, electronics, and composites [25][26][27]. In these different fields, TA has been applied in green alternative methods of GO synthesis and physicochemical modifications (e.g., reduction and

• . Results and Discussion Experimental characterization TA is a relevant component of the dissolved organic matter in the environment originating especially from vegetable organic decomposition [17]. Furthermore, because of unique physicochemical properties, TA has been increasingly applied for GO syntheses

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• preferred for synthesizing oxide nanostructures because of their advantages, such as uniform mixing of precursors at the molecular level, low operating temperatures, and the ability to control the physicochemical properties of the final products [5][6]. Among various chemical techniques, the sol–gel method

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• is maintaining the NP physicochemical integrity when exposed to physiological environments, preventing protein corona formation (Figure 2a) [15][16][17][18]. It is expected that the ZW on the NP surface minimizes the adsorption of proteins due to a hydration layer formation, increasing the colloidal

Enhanced catalytic reduction through in situ synthesized gold nanoparticles embedded in glucosamine/alginate nanocomposites

• Chi-Hien Dang,
• Le-Kim-Thuy Nguyen,
• Minh-Trong Tran,
• Van-Dung Le,
• Nguyen Minh Ty,
• T. Ngoc Han Pham,
• Hieu Vu-Quang,
• Tran Thi Kim Chi,
• Tran Thi Huong Giang,
• Nguyen Thi Thanh Tu and
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1227–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.99

• physicochemical properties and diverse potential chemical applications [1][2][3]. The conventional synthesis of AuNPs typically involves the chemical reduction of Au3+ ions using various reducing agents and stabilizers [4][5]. However, many of these chemicals are highly reactive, posing risks to both the

• 0 to 140 min. Physicochemical characterizations of AuNPs@GluN/Alg nanocomposite The samples synthesized under optimal conditions underwent physicochemical characterization and were used for the catalytic reduction of organic dyes. FTIR spectra of blank GluN/Alg and AuNPs@GluN/Alg were acquired using

• gel solution. The resulting solution is heated to facilitate the in situ reduction of Au3+ to Au(0). The synthesis conditions for AuNPs@GluN/Alg were optimized, followed by physicochemical characterizations using various analytical techniques. Finally, the application of the nanocomposite in

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• globular proteins, usNPs exhibit unique physicochemical properties and physiological behavior distinct from larger particles, including lack of protein corona formation, efficient renal clearance, and reduced recognition and sequestration by the reticuloendothelial system. In cancer treatment, usNPs

• last decade, a special class of inorganic NPs, termed ultrasmall NPs (usNPs), has attracted increased attention in the field of cancer nanomedicine [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. This increased focus is attributed to their unique physicochemical properties, biological functionalities, and physiological

• , usNPs are therefore more biocompatible than larger NPs. However, it is important to emphasize that the physicochemical and biological properties of usNPs are highly sensitive to NP size and surface chemistry [64][67][68], and usNPs can still impact protein activity, biochemical pathways, and cellular

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• . Physicochemical features such as size, shape, and surface charge play an extremely important role in the internalization of nanostructures. The uptake of nanoparticles into cells requires two steps. The first is the binding to the cell membrane, and the second is the uptake into the cell [34]. The zeta potential

AI-assisted models to predict chemotherapy drugs modified with C₆₀ fullerene derivatives

• Jonathan-Siu-Loong Robles-Hernández,
• Dora Iliana Medina,
• Katerin Aguirre-Hurtado,
• Marlene Bosquez,
• Roberto Salcedo and
• Alan Miralrio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1170–1188, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.95

• in pharmacy and medicine is carbon-based nanomaterials because of their physicochemical, mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical properties [19][20], as well as their capacity to modify existing drugs. Fullerene derivatives have been proposed recently, particularly those obtained from fullerene

• can be proposed as an orally delivered drug according to its physicochemical properties. According to this rule, a drug compound should have a molecular weight below 500 g/mol, a octanol–water partition coefficient (LogP) below 5, less than five hydrogen bond donor sites, and less than ten hydrogen

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• periodic table descriptors. Future work can focus on developing more diverse molecular descriptors with higher effectiveness. Including additional descriptors that capture other critical physicochemical properties could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms driving MONP toxicity. The

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• application of nanoscale systems with unique physicochemical properties, including small size, large specific surface area, high reactivity, and quantum effects of the nanoparticles (NPs) [1][2]. Nanomedicine is specifically designated for therapeutics (drug delivery), diagnostics, and imaging, as well as for

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• and pharmaceutical fields. Many review papers describe applications of alginate in the drug delivery field. The current study covers the structural and physicochemical properties of alginate-based nanoparticles. The prospective applications of alginate-based nanomaterials in various domains are

• disease diagnosis, quick detection of diverse drugs and chemicals, and long-term monitoring [9]. In the recent decade, sensor technology has seen breakthroughs thanks to the usage of nanomaterials with superior physicochemical properties [10][11][12][13]. Nowadays, the development of sensors based on

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• because of the efforts required for achieving a homogenous dispersion in an inorganic–organic matrix [22][23][24]. In this short review, we are discussing nanostructured and nanosized carbon-based materials used to improve the durability and physicochemical properties of biological implants as summarized