Functional morphology of cleaning devices in the damselfly Ischnura elegans (Odonata, Coenagrionidae)

• Silvana Piersanti,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Wencke Krings,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Manuela Rebora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1260–1272, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.102

• efficiency of the grooming activity have been largely investigated in old and recent papers [26][27]. The antenna cleaner is usually formed from a modified fore tibia, tibial spurs, and/or fore basitarsus, but its morphology varies greatly among groups [20]. In Hemiptera, antennal grooming involves scraping

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• -depth studies in complex environments to evaluate nanoparticle stability, protein corona formation, hemolytic activity, and targeting capabilities. To address this issue, fluorescent silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) are here functionalized with zwitterionic (kinetic stabilizer) and folate groups

• a lack of more in-depth studies in complex media to assess the stability of NPs, along with the possible protein corona formation, eventual hemolytic activity, and targeting ability. Parameters such as the length of stabilizing and directing groups and their absolute concentrations and proportions

• dilution rate of 1:500 for 12 h at 4 °C. The membranes were rewashed with TBS-T buffer and incubated with a secondary antibody (Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H + L) HRP, ThermoFisher) at a ratio of 1:20000 for 2 h (room temperature). After a new series of washes with TBS-T, the peroxidase activity was revealed with

Enhanced catalytic reduction through in situ synthesized gold nanoparticles embedded in glucosamine/alginate nanocomposites

• Chi-Hien Dang,
• Le-Kim-Thuy Nguyen,
• Minh-Trong Tran,
• Van-Dung Le,
• Nguyen Minh Ty,
• T. Ngoc Han Pham,
• Hieu Vu-Quang,
• Tran Thi Kim Chi,
• Tran Thi Huong Giang,
• Nguyen Thi Thanh Tu and
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1227–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.99

• °C at a rate of 10 °C·min−1 in an airflow of 20 mL·min−1 for TGA analysis. Catalytic activity in the reduction of organic dyes To evaluate the catalytic effectiveness of the synthesized AuNPs@GluN/Alg, we examined their ability to reduce the organic dyes 2-nitrophenol (2-NiP), 4-NiP, and MO using an

• for synthesizing AuNPs@GluN/Alg were determined to be a Au3+ ions-to-gel ratio of 7% and heating at 70 °C for 100 min. These optimal samples were further characterized and evaluated regarding their catalytic activity. Characterization of AuNPs@GluN/Alg Zeta potential analysis was employed to assess

• @GluN/Alg catalyst. UV–vis spectra during the reduction of 2-NiP (A, B), 4-NiP (E, F), and MO (I, J) without and with nanocatalyst and plots of kinetic data and recyclability regarding 2-NiP (C, D), 4-NiP (G, H), and MO (K, L). Comparison of the catalytic activity of alginate-based nanocomposites in the

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• , usNPs are therefore more biocompatible than larger NPs. However, it is important to emphasize that the physicochemical and biological properties of usNPs are highly sensitive to NP size and surface chemistry [64][67][68], and usNPs can still impact protein activity, biochemical pathways, and cellular

• significant uptake observed in the RES or other major organs. Although variations in ligand number did not affect the magnitude of accumulated radioiodine activity in tumors, tumor-to-blood ratios reached a peak value of ≈10 for the C’ dots with 18 ligands. To further validate tumor-specific targeting, the 18

AI-assisted models to predict chemotherapy drugs modified with C₆₀ fullerene derivatives

• Jonathan-Siu-Loong Robles-Hernández,
• Dora Iliana Medina,
• Katerin Aguirre-Hurtado,
• Marlene Bosquez,
• Roberto Salcedo and
• Alan Miralrio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1170–1188, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.95

• for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico 10.3762/bjnano.15.95 Abstract Employing quantitative structure–activity

• is also possible to modify pristine fullerenes by adding polar functional groups (e.g., –COOH, –OH, or –NH2), to improve water solubility, antioxidant properties, and even biological activity [25]. For instance, polyhydroxy fullerenes (PHFs) exhibit properties suitable for biomedical applications

• high biological activity in plants [28] and within mitochondrial dynamics [29]. Since the evaluation of novel drugs is a task that requires significant human and material resources, innovative strategies have been formulated as alternatives. Quantitative structure–activity and quantitative structure

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• principles of nano-quantitative structure–toxicity relationship (nano-QSTR) models. These models integrate read-across techniques with traditional quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) methods to enhance the predictive capabilities, particularly in datasets with limited data points [19]. Using

• inhibition of the zebrafish hatching enzyme ZHE1 with the nano-qRASTR approach to improve the model quality, predictability, and reliability significantly. Materials and Methods Dataset The percentage decrease in enzymatic activity expressed in the form of enzyme inhibition to zebrafish in % (%EIzebrafish

• , namely, SD_Activity, SE, CVact, MaxPos, MaxNeg, Abs Diff, Avg. Sim, SD_Similarity, CVsim, gm (Banerjee-Roy coefficient), gmAvg. Sim, gmSD_Similarity, Pos.Avg.Sim, and Neg.Avg.Sim. These descriptors are essential for identifying structural similarities and predicting biological activity. The tool’s

Photocatalytic methane oxidation over a TiO₂/SiNWs p–n junction catalyst at room temperature

• Qui Thanh Hoai Ta,
• Luan Minh Nguyen,
• Ngoc Hoi Nguyen,
• Phan Khanh Thinh Nguyen and
• Dai Hai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1132–1141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.92

• forces generated charge carriers to move in opposite directions and suppresses charge recombination. Besides, surface morphology and optical properties of the the p–n TiO2/SiNWs catalyst are also beneficial for the photocatalytic activity. It is expected that the results of this study will provide

• activity of TiO2/SiNWs sample under aerobic conditions is described in Figure 5. In a batch reactor, the photocatalytic CH4 oxidation progresses as a function of irradiation time. Besides ethane (C2H6), carbon dioxide (CO2) was detected as a by-product. Moreover, propane (C3H8) and H2 were observed as

• TiO2/SiNWs photocatalyst. Note that after each cycle, the reactor was completely evacuated, and fresh gases were refilled for the following run. The photocatalytic activity of p–n TiO2/SiNWs remained almost unchanged after four consecutive reaction cycles, indicating a high recyclability in the batch

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• enormous technological success also included various other target diseases, including hepatic fibrosis. This confirms the versatility of nanomedicine for improving therapeutic activity. In this review, we summarize recent updates of nanomedicine platforms for improving therapeutic efficacy regarding liver

• accumulation selectively through specific binding to receptors overexpressed by cancer cells (left panel of Figure 1), resulting in enhanced therapeutic activity and reduced systemic toxicity. Globally, there are around 15 approved cancer drug nanoformulations for clinical use, and 80 candidates for novel

• first FDA-approved nanodrug (1995) achieving improved therapeutic efficacy through passive targeting via the EPR effect [9]. The clinical applications of nanomedicine then shifted to other diseases, legitimating nanomedicine as a strategy to increase the therapeutic activity. This is supported by the

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• several excellent properties that can be crucial in drug delivery, such as low cost, antioxidant and antibacterial activity, non-toxicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Biopolymeric nanoparticles (NPs) can be used in DDSs, and they can protect the drugs from the adverse conditions of the

• gel structure. As a result, the viscosity and other mechanical qualities of alginate can be enhanced, allowing for the formation of a hydrogel. The attractive properties of alginate include low cost, abundance, biocompatibility, biodegradability, antibacterial activity, non-toxicity, and the ease to

• nanoparticles offer excellent stability and durability, which is essential for long-term sensing applications [72]. Furthermore, these nanoparticles can encapsulate and protect sensitive sensing elements, such as enzymes or receptors, enhancing their stability and preserving their activity over extended periods

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• , suggesting that the ND coating prevented the removal of wear debris from coated implants. The complex relation between NDs and macrophage activity can be further tuned by functionalization with short molecules as reported by Pentecost and co-workers [90], who used small amines to tune the inflammatory

• [110][111]. Romo-Rico et al. [112] used PVD to coat a medical-grade cobalt–chromium alloy with high-grade graphene. The authors reported an appreciable antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa; also, adhesion was prevented. This study proved that the balance between surface polarity

• adhesion of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Furthermore, graphene coatings can also exhibit antibacterial activity through electron transfer phenomena as reported by Yang et al. [114] for graphene coatings on titania. The authors reported that the increased electrical conductivity was due to the unpaired

Atomistic insights into the morphological dynamics of gold and platinum nanoparticles: MD simulations in vacuum and aqueous media

• Evangelos Voyiatzis,
• Eugenia Valsami-Jones and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 995–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.81

• information regarding the toxicity and reactivity of these NPs by monitoring the behaviour of nano-descriptors commonly employed in quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models and by measuring the water–NP energetic interactions. The extracted information from our simulations complements

• -activity relationship) models. The toxicity and reactivity are expected to be inversely proportional to the NP size but proportional to the temperature, with the former showing a more pronounced effect. Based on our results, the Pt NPs are predicted to be more reactive than the Au NPs. Schematic of the

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• ]. It has been found that PLGA may co-encapsulate a range of hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds, which, because of the core–shell structures, boosts their therapeutic anti-tumor activity [1][2][3][11][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. In this study, we would want to combine all of the advantages of

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• increased osteoblast/osteoclast activity, and remodeling is observed by resorption and formation of new bone tissue. Unlike other tissues, scar tissue is not observed in most bone injuries, and healing occurs through the formation of new bone tissue [27][28]. Various materials can be utilized in order to

Identification of structural features of surface modifiers in engineered nanostructured metal oxides regarding cell uptake through ML-based classification

• Indrasis Dasgupta,
• Totan Das,
• Biplab Das and
• Shovanlal Gayen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 909–924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.75

• to the surface of ENMOs to modify their properties and, specifically, the cellular uptake. A lot of computational studies (Table 1) have been reported using nanoscale quantitative structure–activity relationship (nano-QSAR) models (predominantly regression-based) that specifically employ the cellular

• -connectivity fingerprints (ECFPs) or functional-class fingerprints (FCFPs) were also used for the Bayesian analysis. ECFPs are circular fingerprints that capture precise substructural features of molecules, making them suitable for predicting molecular activity and similarity search [37]. They are generated

The effect of age on the attachment ability of stick insects (Phasmatodea)

• Marie Grote,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 867–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.72

• comparison of sliding angles and in the measurements over time. Ageing is a gradual process; hence, the decline of attachment abilities can be expected to be gradual as well and to show intraspecific variation [17]. A difference in activity of the animals was also noticeable during the experiments. The young

• ]. Abrasion of attachment pad cuticle can be repaired in insects. If the damage is superficial, epicuticle can be restored by depletion of waxes [18][77], but stronger damage results in sclerotization of the wound due to phenolase activity involved in the wound closure [78]. Such sclerotized scars do not only

• system, the low pressure is kept up by the heart and muscular activity [5][79]. The legs function as a terminal end in the circulatory system and often have accessory hearts to enable hemolymph flow [79]. If age has an effect on a stick insect’s cardiac system, any impairment could additionally decrease

A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• Conectividad Molecular, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés 0, 46100 Burjassot, Spain MolDrug AI Systems S.L., Olimpia Arozena Torres 45, 46108 Valencia, Spain 10.3762/bjnano.15.71 Abstract Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models are routinely used to predict the properties and biological activity

• statistical nature such as quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) can help to understand the intrinsic features of nanomaterials (NMs) and quantitatively assess their potential risks for human health and the environment [1]. QSARs consist in the construction of mathematical models relating the

• structure of a series of molecules to a biological/physicochemical property or activity, mostly through the use of statistical tools. Once a model has been constructed, it can be used to predict the property or biological effect of new structures quickly and at a very low cost in comparison to experimental

Intermixing of MoS₂ and WS₂ photocatalysts toward methylene blue photodegradation

• Maryam Al Qaydi,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Michael Lejeune,
• Abdellatif Bouchalkha,
• Mimoun El Marssi,
• Steevy Cordette,
• Chaouki Kasmi and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 817–829, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.68

•  10 is obtained using the calculated conduction and valence bands positions. The more effective and faster electron transfer kinetics of MoS2/WS2 should account for the enhanced photocatalytic activity under irradiation. The PD process can take place as per the following two mechanisms: Or as follows

Synthesis of silver–palladium Janus nanoparticles using co-sputtering of independent sources: experimental and theorical study

• Maria J. Martínez-Carreón,
• Francisco Solís-Pomar,
• Abel Fundora,
• Claudio D. Gutiérrez-Lazos,
• Sergio Mejía-Rosales,
• Hector N. Fernández-Escamilla,
• Jonathan Guerrero-Sánchez,
• Manuel F. Meléndrez and
• Eduardo Pérez-Tijerina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 808–816, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.67

• under vacuum. AgPd nanoparticles also exhibit activity in the hydrogenation of acetylene and ethylene. Khan et al. [8] found that the addition of Ag to Pd supported on alumina suppresses the general hydrogenation activity, but it also increases the selectivity towards ethylene avoiding acetylene

• poisoning, resulting in an increase in the useful life of the catalyst. Chunling An et al. synthesized AgPd BNPs in aqueous solution with sizes from 4 to 5 nm and demonstrated that they exhibit greater electrocatalytic activity and better long-term performance than silver nanoparticles [9]. Janus

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• 8 h; however, only 50% of the zinc acetate was dissolved. In addition, antibacterial activity tests were performed with four different bacterial strains relevant to skin surface injuries, leading to the appearance of inhibition zones around the scaffold discs in most cases. We also investigated the

• potential cytotoxicity of the scaffolds on human tumorous and healthy cells. Except for the ones containing zinc acetate salt, the scaffolds are not cytotoxic to either tumor or healthy cells. Keywords: antibacterial activity; electrospinning; polysuccinimide; scaffold; wound dressing; Introduction

• scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mechanical tests, investigation of salt dissolution from the scaffolds, examination of their antibacterial activity against four different bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and

Green synthesis of biomass-derived carbon quantum dots for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

• Dalia Chávez-García,
• Mario Guzman,
• Viridiana Sanchez and
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 755–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.63

• activity of the CQDs in degrading methylene blue was evaluated under both sunlight and incandescent light irradiation, with measurements taken at 20 min intervals over a 2 h period. The CQDs, with sizes ranging from 1–10 nm, demonstrated notable optical properties, including upconversion and down

• synthesized with nitric acid demonstrated superior catalytic activity in MB degradation. Carbon quantum dots typically exhibit luminescence properties, with emission peaks in the blue region between 450 and 500 nm varying based on the solvent used [26][27][28]. In our research, CQDs showed upconversion

• emission when excited at 900 nm and down-conversion emission in the blue region. The photocatalytic activity of CQDs, under sunlight irradiation, in MB degradation has been confirmed by various studies [32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. In this research, samples synthesized with nitric acid exhibited the best

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray mapping. The TiO2/GQDs-GCE exhibits better electrochemical activity for uric acid and hypoxanthine than GQDs/GCE or TiO2/GCE in differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurements. Under optimized

• , cost-effectiveness, and reliability. The use of modified electrodes has shown to improve significantly electrocatalytic activity and electrical conductivity of electrodes. Graphene, with sp2-hybridized carbon atoms in a single layer, has gained much attention because of its unique physicochemical

• electrochemistry, combining GQDs with semiconductors, especially TiO2, has been of interest. For example, GQDs have been successfully introduced into TiO2 [17] to enhance its photocatalytic activity. John Peter et al. reported TiO2/GQDs as anodes for enhancing the short-circuit current in solar cells [18]. The

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• results obtained through optical spectroscopy, aspect ratio calculation, FTIR, and XRD measurements clearly indicated the profound effect of carbon tail length on the morphology of AuNMs. The synthesized nanomakuras, due to their intrinsic properties and optical activity close to the NIR region, have the

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• proposed a mechanism of electron transfer from the solvent, which produced acetone as a by-product. Since this transfer is not possible in water and only plasma reactions are available, Ag could not nucleate during LRL in water because of the oxidizing activity of hydroxyl radicals [121]. Overall, LSPC in

• produce graphite structures. The carbon shell is a surface modification and, as such, affects the nanoparticles’ catalyst properties either positively [37][155] or negatively [149]. A low number of graphene layers on the surface of the nanoparticles was found to enhance the catalytic activity during

Exfoliation of titanium nitride using a non-thermal plasma process

• Priscila Jussiane Zambiazi,
• Dolores Ribeiro Ricci Lazar,
• Larissa Otubo,
• Rodrigo Fernando Brambilla de Souza,
• Almir Oliveira Neto and
• Cecilia Chaves Guedes-Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 631–637, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.53

• ferromagnetic properties and demonstrated high visible-light photocatalytic activity when loaded onto titania nanotube arrays. Titanium nitride (TiN) has gained recognition as an advanced engineering material because of its outstanding chemical and thermal stability, extreme hardness, and electrical

On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• N2D3S activity compared to assayed NDDs makes AI/ML analysis challenging. In this work, the IFPTML technique, which combines information fusion (IF), perturbation theory (PT), and machine learning (ML), was employed to address this challenge. Initially, we conducted the fusion into a unified dataset

• , we consider AI/ML to be helpful in the development of N2D3Ss to select the most efficient combination of NP and drug, taking into account properties regarding chemical absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET), and the biological activity regarding NDs [20]. Nevertheless

• ]. Predicting NP safety instead of biological activity has been the objective of other studies as well [37][39]. As a new strategy to tackle this problem, González-Díaz et al. have developed IFPTML, a multioutput, and input-coded multilabel ML method, which stands for information fusion (IF) + perturbation