Disorder in H⁺-irradiated HOPG: effect of impinging energy and dose on Raman D-band splitting and surface topography

• Lisandro Venosta,
• Noelia Bajales,
• Sergio Suárez and
• Paula G. Bercoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2708–2717, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.253

• -stacking also contribute to the Raman spectrum [17][18]. On the other hand, it is worth noting that even when most of the carbon bonds in hydrogenated graphene are sp3-hybridized, their contribution to the Raman spectrum is not expected due to the negligible cross section of C–C sp3 bonds at visible

• structural disorder from hydrogenation is not possible, because the cross section of C–C sp3 bonds in visible Raman characterization is negligible [9][18][21]. Besides, the observed shapes of the ID/IG ratio and the G band are consistent with those corresponding to graphite-like hydrogenated amorphous carbon

• identification of not only structural and topological disorder, but also of C–H and C–C sp3 bonds [15], a task which is not feasible with visible Raman spectroscopy, because the cross section of sp3-hybridized bonds for visible light excitation is negligible. Hydrogenated graphene Raman spectra have also been

Polarization-dependent strong coupling between silver nanorods and photochromic molecules

• Gwénaëlle Lamri,
• Alessandro Veltri,
• Jean Aubard,
• Pierre-Michel Adam,
• Nordin Felidj and
• Anne-Laure Baudrion

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2657–2664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.247

• black curve represents the spectral position of the maximum of the extinction cross-section of the ellipsoids in the SPY medium (the corresponding maps are not shown here) and the horizontal dashed white line corresponds to the MC absorption band. On both maps, a clear anti-crossing is then observed

• ) recorded experimentally and the corresponding Lorentzian fitted peaks (red curves). The peaks are located at 551 and 602 nm and their spectral width are equal to 129 and 50 nm, leading to linewidths of 527 and 171 meV. Figure 4b shows the scattering cross-section spectrum obtained with our analytical model

• transverse (90°) plasmonic peak as a function of the rod width for a fixed length of 110 nm. (b) Calculated extinction cross-section map for the corresponding ellipsoids as a function of the wavelength and the ellipsoid width. (c) Experimental spectral evolution of the longitudinal (0°) plasmonic peak as a

Impact of the anodization time on the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ nanotubes

• Jesús A. Díaz-Real,
• Geyla C. Dubed-Bandomo,
• Juan Galindo-de-la-Rosa,
• Luis G. Arriaga,
• Janet Ledesma-García and
• Nicolas Alonso-Vante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2628–2643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.244

• ) equipped with a CCD detector and holographic grating of 1200 grooves/mm. SEM images, a) top and b) cross section, of TNTs for each of the anodization times (ta): c) 0.5 h, d) 1 h, e) 2 h, and f) 4 h. g) EDS spectra of a TNT array after 0.5 h of anodization. High-resolution XPS spectra for Ti 2p, O 1s, F 1s

Characterization of the microscopic tribological properties of sandfish (Scincus scincus) scales by atomic force microscopy

• Weibin Wu,
• Christian Lutz,
• Simon Mersch,
• Richard Thelen,
• Christian Greiner,
• Guillaume Gomard and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2618–2627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.243

• gives the averaged frictional force . The corresponding frictional coefficient μ was obtained by subsequently fitting the data with Ffric = Fad + µ·Fload. Cantilevers and the cross section of a sandfish dorsal scale were imaged by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, SUPRA 60 VP, Zeiss, Germany

• . Nonetheless, larger images frequently reveal very fine groves, which might originate from scratches. A cross section of a dorsal scale imaged by electron microscopy is displayed in Figure 3c and shows an inner structure that suggest that the scale consists of several thin layers. Wetting properties Some

• -tooth like shape magnified in the inset. (b) The topography of a ventral scale does not reveal steps. However, tiny scratches are sometimes visible. (c) A cross section of a dorsal scale recorded by scanning electron microscopy suggests that sandfish scales have a layered internal structure. (a) Typical

Enhancement of X-ray emission from nanocolloidal gold suspensions under double-pulse excitation

• Wei-Hung Hsu,
• Frances Camille P. Masim,
• Armandas Balčytis,
• Hsin-Hui Huang,
• Tetsu Yonezawa,
• Aleksandr A. Kuchmizhak,
• Saulius Juodkazis and
• Koji Hatanaka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2609–2617, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.242

• great interest, due to the efficient conversion of the absorbed energy into energetic ions, electrons and X-rays [12][13][14]. Plasmonic nanoparticles are expected to be highly useful for femtosecond laser-based X-ray emission due to high functionality, large absorption cross section and spectral

Au–Si plasmonic platforms: synthesis, structure and FDTD simulations

• Anna Gapska,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Paweł Syty,
• Wojciech Sadowski,
• Józef E. Sienkiewicz and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2599–2608, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.241

• qualitative. The most uniform nanostructures, both in terms of size and distribution on the surface, occur in the sample obtained from a layer of 2.8 nm thickness annealed at 550 °C for 15 min. AFM image and cross section of this sample are shown in Figure 6. Based on the AFM image, the RMS value (root mean

• square) of the film was calculated to be 5.7 nm. The grains are slightly oval, which was not shown in the SEM pictures. From the cross section it follows that the height of the nanoparticles is smaller than the horizontal width. The crystalline structure of as-deposited layers and nanoparticles formed

• nanoparticles and b) average diameter of nanoparticles as function of the Au film thickness on Si(111) substrates annealed at 550 °C for 15 min. Errors are below 5%. Left: AFM image of a 2.8 nm Au film on a Si(111) substrate annealed at 550 °C for 15 min; right: cross section of a selected nanoisland. XRD

Pattern generation for direct-write three-dimensional nanoscale structures via focused electron beam induced deposition

• Lukas Keller and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2581–2598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.240

• deposition rate in a DE area depends on the precursor density and the secondary electron flux density for a given effective dissociation cross section [8][30]. The most simple implementation of code for pattern file generation would be to process the vertex-edge information in the geometry file in a linear

• (energy averaged) dissociation cross section and the volume of the nonvolatile part of the dissociated precursor molecule [8], sF is also governed by these process- and precursor-specific parameters. As the effective precursor supply by surface diffusion drops with increasing height of the growing deposit

• definable height correction function which is gained by a FEBID simulation. 4.4.3 Edge shape For some applications of 3D FEBID structures, the shape of the edges’ cross section can be important. From Figure 11 it is apparent that the cross sections are not circular which adds complexity to the magnetization

Friction reduction through biologically inspired scale-like laser surface textures

• Johannes Schneider,
• Vergil Djamiykov and
• Christian Greiner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2561–2572, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.238

• pearlitic steel with round dimples, no microstructural changes within the 100Cr6 samples in the heat affected zone were expected [15]. Figure S2, Supporting Information File 1 shows a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of a cross-section through a laser-textured sample prepared by focused ion beam

• . Supporting Information Figure S1: Optical micrograph of a scale-like surface texture after 1000 m of dry sliding against sapphire. Figure S2: Scanning electron microscopy image of a focused ion beam cross-section of a laser-textured sample. Figure S3: Optical micrograph of a PEEK disc after a dry sliding

High-temperature magnetism and microstructure of a semiconducting ferromagnetic (GaSb)_1−x(MnSb)_x alloy

• Leonid N. Oveshnikov,
• Elena I. Nekhaeva,
• Alexey V. Kochura,
• Alexander B. Davydov,
• Mikhail A. Shakhov,
• Sergey F. Marenkin,
• Oleg A. Novodvorskii,
• Alexander P. Kuzmenko,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Boris A. Aronzon and
• Erkki Lahderanta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2457–2465, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.230

• samples demonstrated linear current–voltage characteristics down to sub-helium temperatures while sustaining high values of conductivity. The cross-section specimens for S/TEM studies were prepared by focus ion beam (FIB) milling in a Helios (FEI, US) SEM/FIB dual-beam system equipped with C and Pt gas

• injectors and a micromanipulator (Omniprobe, US). A 2 μm Pt layer was deposited on the surface of the sample prior to the cross-section preparation by FIB milling. Sections of approximately 8 × 5 μm2 area and 2 μm thickness were cut by 30 kV Ga+ ions, removed from the sample and then attached to the

• and Hall slope ΔRH normalized by the corresponding values at T = 320 K. TEM images of the film cross section after annealing (sample GM3): (a) bright-field image, (b) HRTEM image. (a,d) HRTEM images of sample areas. (b,e) Corresponding two-dimensional Fourier spectra. (c,f) Calculated electronograms

Hydrothermal-derived carbon as a stabilizing matrix for improved cycling performance of silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion full cells

• Mirco Ruttert,
• Florian Holtstiege,
• Jessica Hüsker,
• Markus Börner,
• Martin Winter and
• Tobias Placke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2381–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.223

• cross-section of the material and identify the Si distribution inside the composite (Figure 2). The cross section in Figure 2a and 2b shows several lighter spots located inside the matrix material. In comparison with Figure 2c and 2d which show the pure Si-NPs that were added during the synthesis, the

• /C composites. SEM micrographs of the different synthesized Si/C composite materials with a carbon to silicon ratio of 100:0 (a, b), 90:10 (c, d) and 80:20 (e, f) in a magnification of 10k× (a, c, e) and 25k× (b, d, f). FIB-SEM cross section of the C:Si 80:20 composite (a, b) and SEM micrographs of

Block copolymers for designing nanostructured porous coatings

• Roberto Nisticò

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2332–2344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.218

• mol−1) at low magnification. c) PS-b-PEO (10.6-b-5.0 kg mol−1) at high magnification. d) Freeze fracture cross section PS-b-PEO (10.6-b-5.0 kg mol−1). Reprinted with permission from [62], copyright 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry. a) Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of a composite nanoporous

• titania films. Reproduced with permission from [105], copyright 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Schematic cross section of a screen filter (A) and a depth filter (B). Reprinted with permission from [4], copyright 2017 Elsevier. Block copolymers (BCs), sacrificial components (SC), and the

Performance analysis of rigorous coupled-wave analysis and its integration in a coupled modeling approach for optical simulation of complete heterojunction silicon solar cells

• Ziga Lokar,
• Benjamin Lipovsek,
• Marko Topic and
• Janez Krc

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2315–2329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.216

• the unit cell (green square) and is 0.7. The depth is dependent on the PF as the pyramid facets are defined by the slow-etching crystallographic plane 111 [6]. In Figure 4b,d the top view of the random microtexture is shown for lateral range of 40 × 40 μm2, and a 30 μm long cross-section is shown. In

• /microtexture was shown to require further individual optimization as the simulations currently indicate it does not outperform the front nano- or microtexture individually. Vertical cross-section of a sliced three-layer structure with texture applied to the bottom layer (sine texture shown in this example

• simulations (in this 2D cross-section only five modes are depicted (including evanescent modes) for reflected and transmitted light). The internal modes of each sublayer are not shown. Principle of the coupled modeling approach (CMA). RCWA is applied to the parts of the structure where nanotextures are

Two-dimensional photonic crystals increasing vertical light emission from Si nanocrystal-rich thin layers

• Lukáš Ondič,
• Marian Varga,
• Ivan Pelant,
• Alexander Kromka,
• Karel Hruška and
• Robert G. Elliman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2287–2296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.213

• . Samples under study. (a) Schematic cross section of the PhC sample. Red line shows the spatial distribution of the refractive index in the sample (not in scale). (b) Layout of the PhC samples fabricated on the SiNCs/SiO2 layer. Three samples with different height of the columns were prepared by increasing

Intrinsic ultrasmall nanoscale silicon turns n-/p-type with SiO₂/Si₃N₄-coating

• Dirk König,
• Daniel Hiller,
• Noël Wilck,
• Birger Berghoff,
• Merlin Müller,
• Sangeeta Thakur,
• Giovanni Di Santo,
• Luca Petaccia,
• Joachim Mayer,
• Sean Smith and
• Joachim Knoch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2255–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.210

• 1.7 nm and 2.6 nm thick Si-NWells embedded in SiO2 or Si3N4 together with a Si reference sample (Figure 3a–d) using synchrotron UPS. Figure 4a–c shows high-resolution cross-section TEM images of each NWell sample. Such ultrathin Si layers require long signal acquisition times in UPS due to the short

• ) without strong electron localization at N as is the case for O. Structures of samples investigated by synchrotron UPS: (a) Si-reference, (b) 1.7 nm Si-NWell in Si3N4, (c) 1.7 nm Si-NWell in SiO2, (d) 2.6 nm Si-NWell in Si3N4. Sample codes are shown on top of each structure. Cross-section HR-TEM images of

Optimization of the optical coupling in nanowire-based integrated photonic platforms by FDTD simulation

• Nan Guan,
• Andrey Babichev,
• Martin Foldyna,
• Dmitry Denisov,
• François H. Julien and
• Maria Tchernycheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2248–2254, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.209

• emitted light is coupled into the NW photodiode. Simulation For our optical simulations, we chose a platform architecture that follows the experimental realization as previously described [30]. The considered geometry is illustrated in Figure 1a,b. The horizontal NW LED with a hexagonal cross-section has

• ratio between the light intensity integrated over the waveguide cross-section after propagation over 6 µm in the waveguide and the intensity in the NW LED 1.5 µm away from the entrance of the waveguide, is 55%. Almost half of the light is lost during the coupling from the NW LED to the waveguide. This

• coupling, which increases from 55% to 77.1%. The electric field distribution in the vertical cross-section in the middle of the waveguide is shown in Figure 2e. We note that this change of the architecture is feasible for the platform fabrication: the spin-on-glass supporting layer can be removed by dry

The role of adatoms in chloride-activated colloidal silver nanoparticles for surface-enhanced Raman scattering enhancement

• Nicolae Leopold,
• Andrei Stefancu,
• Krisztian Herman,
• István Sz. Tódor,
• Stefania D. Iancu,
• Vlad Moisoiu and
• Loredana F. Leopold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2236–2247, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.208

• cross-section of the adsorbed molecule. The charge-transfer electronic transition can be explained as follows [8][12][13][14]: The chemical mechanism of SERS involves the absorption of a photon and the excitation of an electron from the Fermi level of the metallic nanoparticle (M) to the LUMO orbital

Dumbbell gold nanoparticle dimer antennas with advanced optical properties

• Janning F. Herrmann and
• Christiane Höppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2188–2197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.205

• observed fluctuations in the fluorescence enhancement likely relate to variations in their far-field optical properties. Therefore, differences in the LSPR positions, width and the amplitude of the scattering-cross section may affect the near-field optical response. Due to the small gap size of CB[8

• amplitude at λexc is approximately twice as strong as for the most regular spectra (Figure 4B and Figure 4C). Furthermore, these dimers possess also a strong scattering cross-section across the spectral emission region. Finally, the spectral resonance of the quenching rate has also to be taken into account

• shown to affect the LSPR position, width and scattering cross-section [18][25][28][36][59][60]. As a first parameter, variations in the gap size have to be considered. Figure 5A and Figure 5B display TEM images of a typical dumbbell dimer with a sub-nanometer gap size. In accordance with the used CB[8

Interaction-induced zero-energy pinning and quantum dot formation in Majorana nanowires

• Samuel D. Escribano,
• Alfredo Levy Yeyati and
• Elsa Prada

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2171–2180, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.203

• potential, taking into account the actual three-dimensional (3D) geometry as well as the effect of nearby metallic leads. We consider the geometry depicted in Figure 1a, where a nanowire of rectangular cross section lies on an insulating substrate (typically SiO2) and is contacted to a thin superconducting

• the pinned zero-energy plateaus may become lifted at resonance with the dot states, thus revealing their electrostatic origin (as opposed to true wave function non-locality). (a) Schematic representation of the setup analyzed in the present work. A nanowire of rectangular cross section (green) lying

The structural and chemical basis of temporary adhesion in the sea star Asterina gibbosa

• Birgit Lengerer,
• Marie Bonneel,
• Mathilde Lefevre,
• Elise Hennebert,
• Philippe Leclère,
• Emmanuel Gosselin,
• Peter Ladurner and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2071–2086, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.196

• ) and TEM (B–G). (A) Semi thin cross-section of a tube foot at the level of the disc, boxes indicate approximate area of TEM images. (B–G) Ultrastructure of cells in the adhesive epidermis: (B,C) in the basal part of the disc, at the level of the connective tissue, and (D–G) in the apical part of the

Metal-free catalysis based on nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials: a photoelectron spectroscopy point of view

• Mattia Scardamaglia and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2015–2031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.191

• higher kinetic energies, the cross section for vacancy creation decreases and more complex defect configurations are created, such as di-vacancies and distortions (Figure 5) [83][86][87]. The effect of different ion kinetic energies on supported graphene has been highlighted in the case of CF4 plasma

Electromigrated electrical optical antennas for transducing electrons and photons at the nanoscale

• Arindam Dasgupta,
• Mickaël Buret,
• Nicolas Cazier,
• Marie-Maxime Mennemanteuil,
• Reinaldo Chacon,
• Kamal Hammani,
• Jean-Claude Weeber,
• Juan Arocas,
• Laurent Markey,
• Gérard Colas des Francs,
• Alexander Uskov,
• Igor Smetanin and
• Alexandre Bouhelier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1964–1976, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.187

• nanowire. In Figure 6c and Figure 6e the waveguides have a cross section of 500 nm × 110 nm and both images were taken after creating the optical tunneling gap antennas. Note that in Figure 6e, the displacement of the junction towards the source electrode has been taken into account to place the tunneling

A differential Hall effect measurement method with sub-nanometre resolution for active dopant concentration profiling in ultrathin doped Si_1−xGe_x and Si layers

• Richard Daubriac,
• Emmanuel Scheid,
• Hiba Rizk,
• Richard Monflier,
• Sylvain Joblot,
• Rémi Beneyton,
• Pablo Acosta Alba,
• Sébastien Kerdilès and
• Filadelfo Cristiano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1926–1939, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.184

• effect analysis Prior to Hall effect analysis, we consider the structure of the layer before LTA. TEM cross-section observations (Figure S10, Supporting Information File 1) indicate that the top crystalline SiGe layer has a thickness between 5 and 6 nm, i.e., very close to the original thickness of 6 nm

• different methods (TEM, XRD and ellipsometry) as a function of the etching time. Ge content: 27 atom %. Inset: TEM cross-section micrographs of reference and the sample etched for 30 min. This figure illustrates the agreement between the three chosen techniques. Removed SiGe thickness (measured by

Nonlinear effect of carrier drift on the performance of an n-type ZnO nanowire nanogenerator by coupling piezoelectric effect and semiconduction

• Yuxing Liang,
• Shuaiqi Fan,
• Xuedong Chen and
• Yuantai Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1917–1925, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.183

• effect on the performance of a ZnO nanogenerator was investigated in detail and it was elucidated that carrier motion/redistribution occurs in the ZnO nanowire (ZNW) cross section while there is no carrier motion in the axial direction. At the same time, we noted that the amplitude of boundary electric

• charge grows with increasing deformation, but the peaks of boundary electric charge do not appear at the cross-section endpoints. Thus, in order to effectively improve the performance of the ZNW nanogenerator, the effect of electrode configuration on the piezoelectric potential difference and output

• proven to occur along the cross section. Because the semiconduction in ZNWs results in some electric leakage, a smaller initial carrier concentration is suggested to be more proper for energy-harvesting from a bent ZNW [31]. Because a small fluctuation of the carrier concentration implies a small

Synthesis of carbon nanowalls from a single-source metal-organic precursor

• André Giese,
• Sebastian Schipporeit,
• Volker Buck and
• Nicolas Wöhrl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1895–1905, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.181

• the CNWs. Figure 10 shows a SEM cross section of a sample with curled CNWs with the corresponding mappings for the distribution of carbon (Figure 10b) and aluminium (Figure 10c) in the film. At every pixel (corresponding to a spot size of 30 nm) an AES spectrum was taken. The mappings show the

• voltage: thorny CNWs. All grown on stainless steel substrates. Cross-section images taken under from an angle of 45°. SEM images. Sample 3 deposited at 425 °C and −30 V bias voltage: straight CNWs; sample 2 deposited at 500 °C and 0 V bias voltage: curled CNWs. All grown on silicon substrates. Cross

• -section images taken under from an angle of 45°. Growth zones of CNW growth: nanorods (low energies), thorny structures and straight CNWs (medium energies) and curled CNWs (high energies). Growth zones on different substrate materials as a function of substrate temperature and bias voltage. Typical Raman

Synthesis of hafnium nanoparticles and hafnium nanoparticle films by gas condensation and energetic deposition

• Irini Michelakaki,
• Nikos Boukos,
• Dimitrios A. Dragatogiannis,
• Spyros Stathopoulos,
• Costas A. Charitidis and
• Dimitris Tsoukalas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1868–1880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.179

• cross section in neutron absorption [32]. Hafnium alloys are used in medical applications because they are biocompatible and exhibit high corrosion resistance as well as in aerospace technology because it can increase the mechanical strength of materials [33]. Furthermore, because of its high dielectric