Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• surface of nanoparticles after administration has garnered substantial attention due to the significant effects it has on their performance. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) depend on protein corona formation to mediate their targeting. Such protein–nanoparticle interactions are often initially studied using in

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• local inflammation, and impair autophagy processes, which collectively contribute to neuronal loss. As such, targeting AβOs specifically, rather than solely focusing on amyloid-β fibrils (AβFs), may offer a more effective therapeutic approach for AD. Recent advances in detection and diagnosis have

• amyloid oligomers has garnered significant attention over time, primarily because of three key observations related to drug candidates for AD therapy. These observations are (i) ineffectiveness of plaque-targeting therapies, that is, therapeutic agents that focus solely on the removal of amyloid plaques

• or amyloid fibrils have not demonstrated substantial improvements in patients’ cognitive behaviors; (ii) efficacy of oligomer-targeting drugs, that is, drug candidates that specifically target amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs) have shown greater clinical effectiveness in treating AD patients; and (iii

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• , and sensitivity [8]. In the last few years, various biosensors for the detection of influenza A H1N1 virus have been developed. Detection of influenza A H1N1 virus can be achieved by targeting one or more relevant biomolecules of the virus. The majority of studies have targeted H1 protein [9][10][11

• developed in this study can be manufactured with antibodies targeting pandemic influenza strains such as the latest H1N1 that emerged in 2009, also known as the Swine Flu. Since then, H1N1 has been circulating in the community together with other seasonal influenza strains, and surveillance of this virus is

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• post-polymerisation modification for drug conjugation or additional targeting [59]. In addition to small molecules, drugs, and proteins, polymers play an essential role in the delivery of nucleic acids as they provide high stability and flexibility [60]. The delivery or nucleic acids can be improved

• )) targeting solid tumours [66]. Triblock copolymers comprising poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx), poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline) (PnPrOx), and PLL (Mw = 6.9 kDa, degree of polymerization (DP) = 42) segments allowed for the formation of compartmentalised micelles bearing a hydrophilic PEtOx shell, a

• precision disease treatment, as certain receptors for growth factors, hormones, and vitamins are often overexpressed in defective cells. The incorporation of moieties such as proteins, sugars, folic acid, steroids, and growth factors provide an effective means of targeting and enhancing cellular uptake of

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• delivery, targeting, sensing, and imaging [23]. Also, there are a wide variety of nanoparticles available for desired applications. In the case of detection of contaminants or sensing applications, carbon and metal nanoparticles are mostly preferable [24]. Despite their use, these nanoparticles possess

• nanoparticles is a step ahead of the reported studies. Polymer nanoparticles prepared from PEG–PCL are widely used for drug delivery, tumour targeting, and imaging [28]. To our knowledge, there is no report regarding using PEG–PCL nanoparticles (PEG–PCL NPs) as a contaminant detection system. Accordingly, we

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• targeting of drugs requires increased gastric retention to elevate the amount of drug at the site of action. In this study, a mucoadhesive drug delivery system was developed. The fabricated nanoscale particulate system reveals positive charge, which is beneficial for mucus interaction. The entrapment

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• efflux, DNA damage repair, and activation of pro-survival cell signaling cascades, alterations in drug target moieties limit the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic treatments [2][3]. In general, chemotherapeutic drugs inhibit the cancer progression and metastases by directly or indirectly targeting DNA of

• of DDR either through autophagy modulation or poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition could provide a better therapeutic response [6][7]. Recently, nanomedicine has shown immense potential/efficacy in the treatment of chemoresistant tumors by providing improved molecular targeting, better

• targeting, DNA damage, and dysfunction of other intracellular organelles [52][54]. To assess the interaction of GO–Chl with A549 cells, we incubated the cells with 25 µg/mL of GO–Chl for 24 h at 37 °C and processed the samples as described in the method section. After 24 h of incubation, an increased number

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• nm. Biological activity tests demonstrated that BerNPs effectively inhibited the growth of S. mutans, with MIC and MBC values recorded of 78.1 and 312.5 µg/mL, respectively. FE-SEM analysis further indicated that BerNPs caused lysis of S. mutans cells by targeting the cell membrane. Additionally

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• suitable for crossing the BBTB and targeting brain cancer cells. A biphasic drug release profile was observed for all functionalized TMZ-loaded formulations in simulated in vivo conditions, with a sustained release pointing to the potential for controlled release of TMZ in brain tumor cells. The

• for active agent loading and functionalization with (intra)cellular component targeting ligands, and extremely small size for crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and targeted delivery to the brain. The hydrophobic nature of the CNs offers good membrane permeability. Through chemical modifications

• ]. These findings are supported by several publications in which CNs were evaluated as potential drug carriers or inherent drugs for brain targeting and (synergistic) treatment of Alzheimer disease [20], Parkinson disease [21], and brain tumors [22][23][24][25], and as agents for the detection of brain

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• rich functional groups and surface dangling bonds, enables the effective loading of drugs, targeting molecules, and antibodies [15]. When combined with thermal/pH-sensitive materials, shape memory materials, and hydrogels, they form an efficient platform for photothermal therapy [16]. The efficient

• )), porphyrin dyes, rhodamine dyes, and squaraine dyes [62]. By modifying, adding, or removing functional groups in the molecule, the light absorption spectrum of organic small molecule dyes can be effectively adjusted, and targeting can be achieved. The photothermal conversion efficiency of organic small

• treatment of chronic ocular diseases, as well as the “explosive release” of passive drug delivery systems [116]. Furthermore, photothermal drug delivery systems can be surface-modified to prolong drug residence time, improve mobility, avoid trapping, and provide targeting capabilities, which helps to

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• regeneration [63]. In addition to targeting adsorption based on the OMSs, organic linkers can also contribute to augmenting the adsorption properties of MOFs. The introduction of Lewis basic sites (LBSs) by ligand modification is one effective approach [44]. This fourth strategy is often implemented by

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• immunity and enhancing cancer immunotherapy outcomes. Additionally, natural compounds such as berberine and quercetin can modulate macrophage polarization by inhibiting M1 pathways or promoting M2 activity, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeting macrophage states in inflammatory and

• . Intranasal delivery has emerged as a promising strategy for targeting the central nervous system by bypassing the blood–brain barrier (BBB). This approach was demonstrated by the nose-to-brain administration of D6-cholestrol-loaded liposomes, which led to an accumulation of D6-cholesterol in the brain in

• healthy mice and in a murine model of Huntington's disease [42]. Similarly, inhalation for lung targeting [43], subcutaneous injection for reaching lymph nodes [44], or oral administration for gastrointestinal tract disorders [45] are important alternative routes. 4.2 Macrophage depletion and modulation

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• ). In medicine [7][8] and agriculture [9][10], loading of nanomaterials with active ingredients and targeting the materials to key sites for action are enabled through surface functionalisation and the small size of nanomaterials, which allows them to access all areas. An important consequence of the

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• targeting specificity. Biomimetic nanocarriers demonstrate significant advancements in drug delivery systems against cancer therapy, Alzheimer's disease, autoimmune diseases, and viral infections such as COVID-19. Here, we address the therapeutic applications of biomimetic nanocarriers and their promising

• or active targeting mechanisms. In the passive strategy, coated nanocarriers can traverse permeable vessels (as observed in tumors, for example) and exhibit tropism toward specific pathological targets based on the size, surface charge, and physicochemical properties of the nanostructure. The active

• with cancer treatment offer numerous advantages, including immune evasion, targeting behavior, specific site accumulation, targeted delivery of drugs or genes, and reduced side effects. Studies involving inorganic nanocarriers with cell membrane coatings (CMC-NPs) have highlighted the importance of the

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• hydrophilic drugs are entrapped in the lipid shell. PLHNPs demonstrate relatively greater loading capacity for lipophilic compounds than other nanoparticle systems [12][19]. Moreover, the surface modification of PLHNPs with targeting ligands, such as antibodies, peptides, or aptamers, has been explored to

• improve the selective delivery of drugs/phytochemicals to specific tissues or cells. A site-specific targeting approach enhances the therapeutic efficacy of phytochemicals and reduces systemic toxicity. In addition to enhancing solubility and targeting, PLHNPs offer controlled release properties that are

• in the distribution of phytochemicals throughout the body rather than targeting specific tissues or cells. Non-specific distribution increases the risk of off-target effects and systemic toxicity, reducing the concentration of the phytochemical at the desired site of action and decreasing therapeutic

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• drugs can be encapsulated into various drug delivery systems to enhance physicochemical characteristics and targeting success. Many preclinical data show that this strategy can effectively deliver biopharmaceuticals to the brain. Therefore, this review focuses on N2B delivery while giving examples of

• opportunity to modify the release profile of the drugs, enhance targeting efficiency, and improve nasal permeation during intranasal administration [21][22][23][24]. In general, the encapsulation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into mucoadhesive DDSs can mitigate rapid mucociliary clearance [25

• for CNS targeting. For example, size, shape, and surface characteristics of a DDS directly affect cellular transport and uptake, biodistribution, and the interaction with biological interfaces [64][65]. Regarding particle size, NPs with a size of approx. 15 nm or below were observed to penetrate the

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• technologies. Despite the many works dealing with ZnO-based materials dedicated to catalytic applications, there is still room for investigation on inexpensive, noble metal-free active materials under solar irradiation. These materials are more valuable when targeting the organic pollution mineralization from

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• induce colloidal destabilization and/or changes in their original biochemical identity, compromising their ability to selectively accumulate at target sites. In this way, these systems usually lack active targeting, offering limited therapeutic effectiveness. In the literature, there is a paucity of in

• -depth studies in complex environments to evaluate nanoparticle stability, protein corona formation, hemolytic activity, and targeting capabilities. To address this issue, fluorescent silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) are here functionalized with zwitterionic (kinetic stabilizer) and folate groups

• (targeting agent) to provide selective interaction with tumor cell lines in biological media. The stability of these dually functionalized SiO2NPs is preserved in unprocessed human plasma while yielding a decrease in the number of adsorbed proteins. Experiments in murine blood further proved that these

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• demonstrate favorable tumor penetration and intratumoral diffusion. Active targeting strategies, incorporating ligands for specific tumor receptor binding, serve to further enhance usNP tumor selectivity and therapeutic performance. Numerous preclinical studies have already demonstrated the potential of

• . Keywords: active targeting; cancer; nanoclusters; renal clearance; ultrasmall nanoparticles; Review 1 Introduction Nanotechnology has opened new avenues for tackling unmet challenges in medicine [1][2][3]. In the field of oncology, a notable application involves the use of engineered nanoparticles (NPs

• primarily occurs via transendothelial transport pathways [6][7]. Regardless of the mode of NP extravasation, active targeting strategies have been widely explored to further enhance NP accumulation in tumors and NP internalization by cancer cells [8][9]. Active targeting involves the modification of NPs

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• physiological functions. They can effectively transport therapeutic agents to targeted cells or specific intracellular regions through passive targeting or ligand-based strategies [9][10][11]. The use of certain polymers could potentially enable sustained drug levels for controlled release and extended

• are sensitive to two factors, such as pH and temperature, can be engineered to enhance targeting efficacy while minimizing systemic side effects [31][32]. Here, a strategy for the production and application of DOX-SNPs is proposed. FTIR, SEM, and zeta potential measurements were performed to

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• fibrosis. We first emphasize the challenges of conventional drugs for penetrating the biological barriers of the liver. After that, we highlight design principles of nanocarriers for achieving improved drug delivery of antifibrosis drugs through passive and active targeting strategies. Keywords: active

• targeting; hepatic fibrosis; nanocarriers; nanomedicine; passive targeting; Introduction Over the last three decades, we have witnessed tremendous progress in the field of nanomedicine through the preparation of a vast number of nanoscale (bio)materials. Nanomedicine itself is defined as the biomedical

• regenerative medicine. Aiming to improve the treatment outcomes, new nanomedicinal drugs and formulations have been reported on an almost daily basis for targeting various diseases. Until now, most nanomedicine applications have focused primarily on drug delivery and theranostic nanoplatforms for cancer

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• and bacteria targeting is crucial for engineering coating solutions. Similarly, Al-Saadi et al. [113] used CVD for coating a nickel–copper alloy with multilayered graphene, showing the effectiveness of carbon coatings in replacing the native protective oxide layer of the alloy and in reducing the

• contrast, functionalized oxidized ND layers were able to inhibit the growth of E. coli comparable to the effect of ampicillin [123]. Similarly, mannose ND coatings interfered with the proliferation of uropathogenic bacteria, representing a solid choice to prevent catheterization [124][125] and targeting

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• to lysosomes. When it comes to entry of NPs into cells, normal tissue, and tumors there are still a number of open questions. Regarding questions on the cellular level: Can one modify the NPs to obtain more efficient targeting and entry? By which endocytic mechanism(s) are the NPs taken up? Will NPs

• , macropinocytosis originating from circular ruffles has been reported to be dynamin dependent [63][64]. Thus, there are reasons to expect that when targeting a particle to the cell surface, the resulting uptake will be dependent on the density of the ligand on the particle and the particle diameter; these factors

• -linking of glycolipids, such as Gb3, the receptor for Shiga toxin, or GM1, the receptor for cholera toxin, can induce transmembrane signaling and changes in intracellular transport and organelles; for a review, see [7]. Thus, NPs targeting glycolipids may cause similar changes. For therapeutic purposes