Search for "dienes" in Full Text gives 204 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. Showing first 200.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 596–600, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.46
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: N-Carbamylation of ʟ-phenylaniline using KOCN in water.
Scheme 2: One-pot microwave-assisted synthesis of hydantoins from amino acids.
Figure 1: Hydantoins (H2a–j) synthesized from the one-pot procedure. The hydantoins were characterized using 1...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 262–269, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.18
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Knoevenagel and Diels–Alder reactions in the multicomponent synthesis of substituted cyclohexadiene...
Figure 1: Equipment for carrying out reactions by the diffusion mixing method.
Scheme 2: Interaction of diketone 1 with formaldehyde under the diffusion mixing conditions.
Scheme 3: Products of three-component reactions of methylene derivatives, formaldehyde and various dienes.
Scheme 4: Proposed mechanism for the formation of compounds 8 and 9 in the presence of ʟ-proline.
Scheme 5: Interconversion of derivatives 8 and 9.
Scheme 6: Interaction of 4a/4b and 5a/5b mixtures with bromine.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 146–154, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.8
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: C–F bond activation through β-fluorine elimination via metalacyclopropanes.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of 2-arylbenzofurans 3 via the coupling of 1 with 2. Isolated yields are given. aNi(cod)2...
Scheme 3: Synthesis of 2-phenylbenzothiophene (5).
Scheme 4: Orthogonal approach to 2,5-diarylbenzofuran 3fa.
Scheme 5: Possible mechanisms.
Scheme 6: Formation of nickelacyclopropane Eb in a stoichiometric reaction.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 55–121, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.6
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Formation of axially chiral styrenes 3 via iminium activation.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of axially chiral 2-arylquinolines 6.
Scheme 3: Atroposelective intramolecular (4 + 2) annulation leading to aryl-substituted indolines.
Scheme 4: Atroposelective formation of biaryl via twofold aldol condensation.
Scheme 5: Strategy towards diastereodivergent formation of axially chiral oligonaphthylenes.
Scheme 6: Atroposelective formation of chiral biaryls based on a Michael/Henry domino reaction.
Scheme 7: Organocatalytic Michael/aldol cascade followed by oxidative aromatization.
Scheme 8: Atroposelective formation of C(sp2)–C(sp3) axially chiral compounds.
Scheme 9: NHC-catalyzed synthesis of axially chiral styrenes 26.
Scheme 10: NHC-catalyzed synthesis of biaxial chiral pyranones.
Scheme 11: Formation of bridged biaryls with eight-membered lactones.
Scheme 12: The NHC-catalyzed (3 + 2) annulation of urazoles 37 and ynals 36.
Scheme 13: NHC-catalyzed synthesis of axially chiral 4‑aryl α‑carbolines 41.
Scheme 14: NHC-catalyzed construction of N–N-axially chiral pyrroles and indoles.
Scheme 15: NHC-catalyzed oxidative Michael–aldol cascade.
Scheme 16: NHC-catalyzed (4 + 2) annulation for the synthesis of benzothiophene-fused biaryls.
Scheme 17: NHC-catalyzed desymmetrization of N-aryl maleimides.
Scheme 18: NHC-catalyzed deracemization of biaryl hydroxy aldehydes 55a–k into axially chiral benzonitriles 56a...
Scheme 19: NHC-catalyzed desymmetrization of 2-aryloxyisophthalaldehydes.
Scheme 20: NHC-catalyzed DKR of 2-arylbenzaldehydes 62.
Scheme 21: Atroposelective biaryl amination.
Scheme 22: CPA-catalyzed atroposelective amination of 2-anilinonaphthalenes.
Scheme 23: Atroposelective DKR of naphthylindoles.
Scheme 24: CPA-catalyzed kinetic resolution of binaphthylamines.
Scheme 25: Atroposelective amination of aromatic amines with diazodicarboxylates.
Scheme 26: Atroposelective Friedländer heteroannulation.
Scheme 27: CPA-catalyzed formation of axially chiral 4-arylquinolines.
Scheme 28: CPA-catalyzed Friedländer reaction of arylketones with cyclohexanones.
Scheme 29: CPA-catalyzed atroposelective Povarov reaction.
Scheme 30: Atroposelective CPA-catalyzed Povarov reaction.
Scheme 31: Paal–Knorr formation of axially chiral N-pyrrolylindoles and N-pyrrolylpyrroles.
Scheme 32: Atroposelective Paal–Knorr reaction leading to N-pyrrolylpyrroles.
Scheme 33: Atroposelective Pictet–Spengler reaction of N-arylindoles with aldehydes.
Scheme 34: Atroposelective Pictet–Spengler reaction leading to tetrahydroisoquinolin-8-ylanilines.
Scheme 35: Atroposelective formation of arylindoles.
Scheme 36: CPA-catalyzed arylation of naphthoquinones with indolizines.
Scheme 37: Atroposelective reaction of o-naphthoquinones.
Scheme 38: CPA-catalyzed formation of axially chiral arylquinones.
Scheme 39: CPA-catalyzed axially chiral N-arylquinones.
Scheme 40: Atroposelective additions of bisindoles to isatin-based 3-indolylmethanols.
Scheme 41: CPA-catalyzed synthesis of axially chiral arylindolylindolinones.
Scheme 42: CPA-catalyzed reaction between bisindoles and ninhydrin-derived 3-indoylmethanols.
Scheme 43: Atroposelective reaction of bisindoles and isatin-derived imines.
Scheme 44: CPA-catalyzed formation of axially chiral bisindoles.
Scheme 45: Atroposelective reaction of 2-naphthols with alkynylhydroxyisoindolinones.
Scheme 46: CPA-catalyzed reaction of indolylnaphthols with propargylic alcohols.
Scheme 47: Atroposelective formation of indolylpyrroloindoles.
Scheme 48: Atroposelective reaction of indolylnaphthalenes with alkynylnaphthols.
Scheme 49: CPA-catalyzed addition of naphthols to alkynyl-2-naphthols and 2-naphthylamines.
Scheme 50: CPA-catalyzed formation of axially chiral aryl-alkene-indoles.
Scheme 51: CPA-catalyzed formation of axially chiral styrenes.
Scheme 52: Atroposelective formation of alkenylindoles.
Scheme 53: Atroposelective formation of axially chiral arylquinolines.
Scheme 54: Atroposelective (3 + 2) cycloaddition of alkynylindoles with azonaphthalenes.
Scheme 55: CPA-catalyzed formation of axially chiral 3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)quinolines.
Scheme 56: Atroposelective cyclization of 3-(arylethynyl)-1H-indoles.
Scheme 57: Atroposelective three-component heteroannulation.
Scheme 58: CPA-catalyzed formation of arylbenzimidazols.
Scheme 59: CPA-catalyzed reaction of N-naphthylglycine esters with nitrosobenzenes.
Scheme 60: CPA-catalyzed formation of axially chiral N-arylbenzimidazoles.
Scheme 61: CPA-catalyzed formation of axially chiral arylbenzoindoles.
Scheme 62: CPA-catalyzed formation of pyrrolylnaphthalenes.
Scheme 63: CPA-catalyzed addition of naphthols and indoles to nitronaphthalenes.
Scheme 64: Atroposelective reaction of heterobiaryl aldehydes and aminobenzamides.
Scheme 65: Atroposelective cyclization forming N-arylquinolones.
Scheme 66: Atroposelective formation of 9H-carbazol-9-ylnaphthalenes and 1H-indol-1-ylnaphthalene.
Scheme 67: CPA-catalyzed formation of pyrazolylnaphthalenes.
Scheme 68: Atroposelective addition of diazodicarboxamides to azaborinephenols.
Scheme 69: Catalytic formation of axially chiral arylpyrroles.
Scheme 70: Atroposelective coupling of 1-azonaphthalenes with 2-naphthols.
Scheme 71: CPA-catalyzed formation of axially chiral oxindole-based styrenes.
Scheme 72: Atroposelective electrophilic bromination of aminonaphthoquinones.
Scheme 73: Atroposelective bromination of dienes.
Scheme 74: CPA-catalyzed formation of axially chiral 5-arylpyrimidines.
Scheme 75: Atroposelective hydrolysis of biaryloxazepines.
Scheme 76: Atroposelective opening of dinaphthosiloles.
Scheme 77: Atroposelective reduction of naphthylenals.
Scheme 78: Atroposelective allylic substitution with 2-naphthols.
Scheme 79: Atroposelective allylic alkylation with phosphinamides.
Scheme 80: Atroposelective allylic substitution with aminopyrroles.
Scheme 81: Atroposelective allylic substitution with aromatic sulfinamides.
Scheme 82: Atroposelective sulfonylation of naphthylynones.
Scheme 83: Squaramide-catalyzed reaction of alkynyl-2-naphthols with 5H-oxazolones.
Scheme 84: Formation of axially chiral styrenes via sulfonylative opening of cyclopropanols.
Scheme 85: Atroposelective organo-photocatalyzed sulfonylation of alkynyl-2-naphthols.
Scheme 86: Thiourea-catalyzed atroposelective cyclization of alkynylnaphthols.
Scheme 87: Squaramide-catalyzed formation of axially chiral naphthylisothiazoles.
Scheme 88: Atroposelective iodo-cyclization catalyzed by squaramide C69.
Scheme 89: Squaramide-catalyzed formation of axially chiral oligoarenes.
Scheme 90: Atroposelective ring-opening of cyclic N-sulfonylamides.
Scheme 91: Thiourea-catalyzed kinetic resolution of naphthylpyrroles.
Scheme 92: Atroposelective ring-opening of arylindole lactams.
Scheme 93: Atroposelective reaction of 1-naphthyl-2-tetralones and diarylphosphine oxides.
Scheme 94: Atroposelective reaction of iminoquinones with indoles.
Scheme 95: Kinetic resolution of binaphthylalcohols.
Scheme 96: DKR of hydroxynaphthylamides.
Scheme 97: Atroposelective N-alkylation with phase-transfer catalyst C75.
Scheme 98: Atroposelective allylic substitution via kinetic resolution of biarylsulfonamides.
Scheme 99: Atroposelective bromo-functionalization of alkynylarenes.
Scheme 100: Sulfenylation-induced atroposelective cyclization.
Scheme 101: Atroposelective O-sulfonylation of isochromenone-indoles.
Scheme 102: NHC-catalyzed atroposelective N-acylation of anilines.
Scheme 103: Peptide-catalyzed atroposelective ring-opening of lactones.
Scheme 104: Peptide-catalyzed coupling of 2-naphthols with quinones.
Scheme 105: Atroposelective nucleophilic aromatic substitution of fluoroarenes.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3221–3255, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.268
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Reactivity of α,β-unsaturated imines and variety of structures.
Figure 2: The hetero-Diels–Alder and inverse electron demand hetero-Diels–Alder reactions.
Figure 3: Different strategies to promote the activation of dienes and dienophiles in IEDADA reactions.
Figure 4: Examples of non-covalent interactions in organocatalysis.
Scheme 1: Enantioselective bifunctional thiourea-catalyzed inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reaction of N-...
Scheme 2: Cinchona-derived thiourea-catalyzed stereoselective (3 + 2) reaction of α,β-unsaturated imines and ...
Scheme 3: Cinchona-derived thiourea-catalyzed stereoselective (3 + 2)/(4 + 2) cascade reaction of α,β-unsatur...
Scheme 4: Enantioselective bifunctional squaramide-catalyzed formal [4 + 2] cycloaddition of malononitrile wi...
Scheme 5: Bifunctional squaramide-catalyzed IEDADA reaction of saccharin-derived 1-azadienes and azlactones.
Scheme 6: Chiral guanidine-catalyzed enantioselective (4+1) cyclization of benzofuran-derived azadienes with ...
Scheme 7: Bifunctional squaramide-catalyzed [4 + 2] cyclization of benzofuran-derived azadienes and azlactone...
Scheme 8: Chiral bifunctional squaramide-catalyzed domino Mannich/formal [4 + 2] cyclization of 2-benzothiazo...
Scheme 9: Chiral bifunctional thiourea-catalyzed formal IEDADA reaction of β,γ-unsaturated ketones and benzof...
Scheme 10: Dihydroquinine-derived squaramide-catalyzed (3 + 2) cycloaddition reaction of isocyanoacetates and ...
Scheme 11: Enantioselective squaramide-catalyzed asymmetric IEDADA reaction of benzofuran-derived azadienes an...
Scheme 12: Scale up and derivatizations of benzofuran-fused 2-piperidinol derivatives.
Scheme 13: Dihydroquinine-derived squaramide-catalyzed Mannich-type reaction of isocyanoacetates with N-(2-ben...
Figure 5: Structure of a cinchona alkaloid and (DHQD)2PHAL.
Scheme 14: Enantioselective modified cinchona alkaloid-catalyzed [4 + 2] annulation of γ-butenolides and sacch...
Scheme 15: Chiral tertiary amine-catalyzed [2 + 4] annulation of cyclic 1-azadiene with γ-nitro ketones.
Scheme 16: Inverse electron demand aza-Diels–Alder reaction (IEDADA) of 1-azadienes with enecarbamates catalyz...
Scheme 17: Phosphoric acid-catalyzed enantioselective [4 + 2] cycloaddition of benzothiazolimines and enecarba...
Scheme 18: Phosphoric acid-catalyzed enantioselective inverse electron demand aza-Diels–Alder reaction of in s...
Scheme 19: Proposed reaction mechanism for the phosphoric acid-catalyzed enantioselective inverse electron dem...
Scheme 20: Enantioselective dearomatization of indoles by a (3 + 2) cyclization with azoalkenes catalyzed by a...
Scheme 21: Synthetic applicability of the pyrroloindoline derivatives.
Scheme 22: Chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed (2 + 3) dearomative cycloaddition of 3-alkyl-2-vinylindoles with a...
Scheme 23: Chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed asymmetric [4 + 2] cycloaddition of aurone-derived 1-azadienes and...
Scheme 24: Phosphoric acid-catalyzed enantioselective formal [4 + 2] cycloaddition of dienecarbamates and 2-be...
Scheme 25: Chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed asymmetric inverse electron demand aza-Diels–Alder reaction of 1,3...
Scheme 26: Chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed asymmetric Attanasi reaction between 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and ...
Scheme 27: Synthetic applicability of the NPNOL derivatives.
Scheme 28: Chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed asymmetric intermolecular formal (3 + 2) cycloaddition of azoalken...
Scheme 29: Enantioselective [4 + 2] cyclization of α,β-unsaturated imines and azlactones.
Scheme 30: Catalytic cycle for the chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed enantioselective [4 + 2] cyclization of α,...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3174–3181, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.262
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Examples of bioactive tetrahydropyridazine derivatives.
Figure 2: Linear and cyclic peptides incorporating the dehydropiperazic acid moiety.
Figure 3: Piperazic acid and analogues and target trifluoro/difluoromethylated tetrahydropyridazine acids.
Scheme 1: Reported syntheses of tetrahydropyridazine ester derivatives.
Figure 4: Synthetic strategy to obtain fluorinated tetrahydropyridazines from difluoro- or trifluoromethylate...
Scheme 2: Synthesis of fluorinated hydrazones 3a–f.
Scheme 3: Allylation of fluorinated hydrazones 3a–f to obtain 5a–f.
Scheme 4: Oxidation of hydrazines 5a–f to obtain hydrazones 6a–f.
Scheme 5: Intramolecular cyclization of compounds 6a–f to obtain tetrahydropyridazines 7a–f.
Scheme 6: Preparation of tripeptides 8e, 8e’, 8f, and 8f’. Yields refer to the yield over 2 steps.
Figure 5: X-ray diffraction of compound 8f.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2959–3006, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.249
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Organic peroxide initiators in polymer chemistry.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of organic peroxides.
Scheme 3: Richness of radical cascades with species formed from hydroperoxides in redox conditions.
Scheme 4: Co-catalyzed allylic peroxidation of alkenes 1 and 3 by TBHP.
Scheme 5: Allylic peroxidation of alkenes 6 by Pd(II)TBHP.
Scheme 6: Cu(I)-catalyzed allylic peroxidation.
Scheme 7: Enantioselective peroxidation of alkenes 10 with TBHP in the presence of copper(I) compounds.
Scheme 8: Oxidation of α-pinene (12) by the Cu(I)/TBHP system.
Scheme 9: Introduction of the tert-butylperoxy fragment into the α-position of cyclic ketones 15 and 17.
Scheme 10: α-Peroxidation of β-dicarbonyl compounds 19 using the Cu(II)/TBHP system.
Scheme 11: Co-catalyzed peroxidation of cyclic compounds 21 with TBHP.
Scheme 12: Co-, Mn- and Fe-catalyzed peroxidation of 2-oxoindoles 23, barbituric acids 25, and 4-hydroxycoumar...
Scheme 13: Cu-catalyzed and metal-free peroxidation of barbituric acid derivatives 31 and 3,4-dihydro-1,4-benz...
Scheme 14: Electrochemical peroxidation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds 35.
Scheme 15: Peroxidation of β-dicarbonyl compounds, cyanoacetic esters and malonic esters 37 by the TBAI/TBHP s...
Scheme 16: Cu-catalyzed peroxidation of malonodinitriles and cyanoacetic esters 39 with TBHP.
Scheme 17: Mn-catalyzed remote peroxidation via trifluromethylation of double bond.
Scheme 18: Cu-catalyzed remote peroxidation via trifluromethylthiolation of double bond.
Scheme 19: Fe-, Mn-, and Ru-catalyzed peroxidation of alkylaromatics 45, 47, 49, and 51 with TBHP.
Scheme 20: Cu-catalyzed peroxidation of diphenylacetonitrile (53) with TBHP.
Scheme 21: Cu-catalyzed peroxidation of benzyl cyanides 60 with TBHP.
Scheme 22: Synthesis of tert-butylperoxy esters 63 from benzyl alcohols 62 using the TBAI/TBHP system.
Scheme 23: Enantioselective peroxidation of 2-phenylbutane (64) with TBHP and chiral Cu(I) complex.
Scheme 24: Photochemical synthesis of peroxides 67 from carboxylic acids 66.
Scheme 25: Photochemical peroxidation of benzylic C(sp3)–H.
Scheme 26: Cu- and Ru-catalyzed peroxidation of alkylamines with TBHP.
Scheme 27: Peroxidation of amides 76 with the TBAI/TBHP system.
Scheme 28: Fe-catalyzed functionalization of ethers 78 with TBHP.
Scheme 29: Synthesis of 4-(tert-butylperoxy)-5-phenyloxazol-2(3H)-ones 82 from benzyl alcohols 80 and isocyana...
Scheme 30: Fe- and Co-catalyzed peroxidation of alkanes with TBHP.
Scheme 31: Rh-catalyzed tert-butylperoxy dienone synthesis with TBHP.
Scheme 32: Rh- and Cu-catalyzed phenolic oxidation with TBHP.
Scheme 33: Metal-free peroxidation of phenols 94.
Scheme 34: Cu-catalyzed alkylation–peroxidation of acrylonitrile.
Scheme 35: Cu-catalyzed cycloalkylation–peroxidation of coumarins 99.
Scheme 36: Metal-free cycloalkylation–peroxidation of coumarins 102.
Scheme 37: Difunctionalization of indene 104 with tert-butylperoxy and alkyl groups.
Scheme 38: Acid-catalyzed radical addition of ketones (108, 111) and TBHP to alkenes 107 and acrylates 110.
Scheme 39: Cu-catalyzed alkylation–peroxidation of alkenes 113 with TBHP and diazo compounds 114.
Scheme 40: Cobalt(II)-catalyzed addition of TBHP and 1,3-dicarbonyl compound 116 to alkenes 117.
Scheme 41: Cu(0)- or Co(II)-catalyzed addition of TBHP and alcohols 120 to alkenes 119.
Scheme 42: Fe-catalyzed functionalization of allenes 122 with TBHP.
Scheme 43: Fe-catalyzed alkylation–peroxidation of alkenes 125 and 127.
Scheme 44: Fe- and Co-catalyzed alkylation–peroxidation of alkenes 130, 133 and 134 with TBHP and aldehydes as...
Scheme 45: Carbonylation–peroxidation of alkenes 137, 140, 143 with hydroperoxides and aldehydes.
Scheme 46: Carbamoylation–peroxidation of alkenes 146 with formamides and TBHP.
Scheme 47: TBAB-catalyzed carbonylation–peroxidation of alkenes.
Scheme 48: VOCl2-catalyzed carbonylation–peroxidation of alkenes 152.
Scheme 49: Acylation–peroxidation of alkenes 155 with aldehydes 156 and TBHP using photocatalysis.
Scheme 50: Cu-catalyzed peroxidation of styrenes 158.
Scheme 51: Fe-catalyzed acylation-peroxidation of alkenes 161 with carbazates 160 and TBHP.
Scheme 52: Difunctionalization of alkenes 163, 166 with TBHP and (per)fluoroalkyl halides.
Scheme 53: Difunctionalization of alkenes 169 and 172 with hydroperoxides and sodium (per)fluoromethyl sulfina...
Scheme 54: Trifluoromethylation–peroxidation of styrenes 175 using MOF Cu3(BTC)2 as a catalyst.
Scheme 55: Difunctionalization of alkenes 178 with tert-butylperoxy and dihalomethyl fragments.
Scheme 56: Difunctionalization of alkenes 180 with the tert-butylperoxy and dihalomethyl moieties.
Scheme 57: The nitration–peroxidation of alkenes 182 with t-BuONO and TBHP.
Scheme 58: Azidation–peroxidation of alkenes 184 with TMSN3 and TBHP.
Scheme 59: Co-catalyzed bisperoxidation of butadiene 186.
Scheme 60: Bisperoxidation of styrene (189) and acrylonitrile (192) with TBHP by Minisci.
Scheme 61: Mn-catalyzed synthesis of bis(tert-butyl)peroxides 195 from styrenes 194.
Scheme 62: Bisperoxidation of arylidene-9H-fluorenes 196 and 3-arylidene-2-oxoindoles 198 with TBHP under Mn-c...
Scheme 63: Synthesis of bisperoxides from styrenes 200 and 203 using the Ru and Rh catalysis.
Scheme 64: Iodine-catalyzed bisperoxidation of styrenes 206.
Scheme 65: Synthesis of di-tert-butylperoxyoxoindoles 210 from acrylic acid anilides 209 using a Pd(II)/TBHP o...
Scheme 66: Pinolation/peroxidation of styrenes 211 catalyzed by Cu(I).
Scheme 67: TBAI-catalyzed acyloxylation–peroxidation of alkenes 214 with carboxylic acids and TBHP.
Scheme 68: Difunctionalization of alkenes 217 with TBHP and water or alcohols.
Scheme 69: TBAI-catalyzed hydroxyperoxidation of 1,3-dienes 220.
Scheme 70: Hydroxyperoxidation of 1,3-dienes 220.
Scheme 71: Iodination/peroxidation of alkenes 223 with I2 and hydroperoxides.
Scheme 72: The reactions of cyclic enol ethers 226 and 228 with I2/ROOH system.
Scheme 73: Synthesis of 1-(tert-butylperoxy)-2-iodoethanes 231.
Scheme 74: Synthesis of 1-iodo-2-(tert-butylperoxy)ethanes 233.
Scheme 75: Cu-catalyzed phosphorylation–peroxidation of alkenes 234.
Scheme 76: Co-catalyzed phosphorylation–peroxidation of alkenes 237.
Scheme 77: Ag-catalyzed sulfonylation–peroxidation of alkenes 241.
Scheme 78: Co-catalyzed sulfonylation–peroxidation of alkenes 244.
Scheme 79: Synthesis of α/β-peroxysulfides 248 and 249 from styrenes 247.
Scheme 80: Cu-catalyzed trifluoromethylthiolation–peroxidation of alkenes 250 and allenes 252.
Scheme 81: Photocatalytic sulfonyl peroxidation of alkenes 254 via deamination of N-sulfonyl ketimines 255.
Scheme 82: Photoredox-catalyzed 1,4-peroxidation–sulfonylation of enynones 257.
Scheme 83: Cu-catalyzed silylperoxidation of α,β-unsaturated compounds 260 and enynes 261.
Scheme 84: Fe-catalyzed silyl peroxidation of alkenes.
Scheme 85: Cu-catalyzed germyl peroxidation of alkenes 267.
Scheme 86: TBAI-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of diazo compounds 269 with further peroxidation.
Scheme 87: Co-catalyzed three-component coupling of benzamides 271, diazo compounds 272 and TBHP.
Scheme 88: Co-catalyzed esterification-peroxidation of diazo compounds 274 with TBHP and carboxylic acids 275.
Scheme 89: Cu-catalyzed alkylation–peroxidation of α-carbonylimines 277 or ketones 280.
Scheme 90: Mn-catalyzed ring-opening peroxidation of cyclobutanols 282 with TBHP.
Scheme 91: Peroxycyclization of tryptamines 284 with TBHP.
Scheme 92: Radical cyclization–peroxidation of homotryptamines 287.
Scheme 93: Iodine-catalyzed oxidative coupling of indoles 288, cyanoacetic esters and TBHP.
Scheme 94: Summary of metal-catalyzed peroxidation processes.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1436–1443, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.126
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Molecular structure of compound 4a.
Figure 2: Molecular structure of compound 6g.
Scheme 1: Proposed reaction mechanism.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1412–1420, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.123
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Representative examples of relevant N-fused heterocycles.
Scheme 1: Different acid-catalyzed six-membered ring cyclizations.
Scheme 2: Substrate scope for the assembly of suitably N-3-functionalized (thio)hydantoins 4a–r. aDCM was uti...
Scheme 3: Substrate scope of the iron(III)-catalyzed synthesis of functionalized heterocyclic N,O-aminals 5a–r...
Scheme 4: Proposed mechanism for the formation of N,O-aminals 5 and hemiaminals 6.
Scheme 5: Control mechanistic experiments.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1256–1269, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.108
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Structures of carbonyl compounds 1, 2, 3, and 4, dianion 7, phosphorane 8 and synthesis of 1,3-bis(...
Scheme 2: Structures of chromones with different substituents located at carbon C-3 and atom numbering scheme...
Scheme 3: Synthesis of 17. Conditions: i, DBU (1.3 equiv), THF, 20 °C, 12 h.
Scheme 4: Synthesis of 18a–ac. Conditions: i, 1) 9a–j, Me3SiOTf (1.3 equiv), 20 °C, 1 h; 2) 6a–h (1.3 equiv),...
Scheme 5: Synthesis of 19a–d. Conditions: i, DBU (1.3 equiv), THF, 20 °C, 12 h.
Scheme 6: Synthesis of 20a–ag. Conditions: i, 1) 10a–i, Me3SiOTf (0.3 equiv), 20 °C, 10 min; 2) 6a–h (1.3 equ...
Scheme 7: Synthesis of 21a–g. Conditions: i, DBU (1.3 equiv), dioxane, 20 °C, 12 h.
Scheme 8: Synthesis of 22a,b. Conditions: i, DBU (1.3 equiv), dioxane, 20 °C, 12 h.
Scheme 9: Synthesis of 23a–j. Conditions: i, 1) 11a–c, Me3SiOTf (0.3 equiv), 20 °C, 1 h; 2) 6a–h (1.3 equiv),...
Scheme 10: Synthesis of 24a–w. Conditions: i, 1) 13a–c, Me3SiOTf (0.3 equiv), 20 °C, 1 h; 2) 6a–r (1.3 equiv),...
Scheme 11: Synthesis of 25a–f. Conditions: i, DBU (1.3 equiv), dioxane, 20 °C, 12 h.
Scheme 12: Synthesis of 26a–e. Conditions: i, DBU (1.3 equiv), dioxane, 20 °C, 12 h.
Scheme 13: Synthesis of 27a–c. Conditions: i, DBU (1.3 equiv), dioxane, 20 °C, 12 h.
Scheme 14: Synthesis of 28a–c. Conditions: i, DBU (1.3 equiv), dioxane, 20 °C, 12 h.
Scheme 15: Synthesis of 29a–n and 30. Conditions: i, DBU (1.3 equiv), dioxane, 20 °C, 12 h; ii, 1) KOH, MeOH; ...
Scheme 16: Synthesis of 32a,b. Conditions: i, 1) 31, Me3SiOTf (2.0 equiv), 20 °C, 1 h; 2) 6a,b (3.0 equiv), CH2...
Scheme 17: Synthesis of 33. Conditions: i, DBU (1.3 equiv), THF, 20 °C, 12 h.
Scheme 18: Synthesis of 35a–x. Conditions: i, DBU (1.3 equiv), 1,4-dioxane, 20 °C, 12 h.
Scheme 19: Synthesis of 36a–f. Conditions: i, 1) DBU (1.3 equiv), 1,4-dioxane, 20 °C, 12 h; 2) I2 (2 equiv), D...
Scheme 20: Synthesis of 37a,b. Conditions: i, 1) DBU (1.3 equiv), 1,4-dioxane, 20 °C, 12 h; 2) I2 (2 equiv), D...
Scheme 21: Synthesis of 39a–i. Conditions: i, method A: DBU (1.3 equiv), 1,4-dioxane, 20 °C; method B: K2CO3 (...
Scheme 22: Synthesis of 40. Conditions: i, piperidine, MeOH, CHCl3, reflux, 3 h.
Scheme 23: Synthesis of 41a–am. Conditions: i, Me3SiOTf, CH2Cl2, 20 °C, 12 h, then: HCl (10%); ii, NEt3, EtOH ...
Scheme 24: Synthesis of 43a–aa and 44a–ac. Conditions: i, Me3SiOTf, CH2Cl2, 20 °C, 12 h, then: HCl (10%); ii, ...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1053–1068, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.93
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: (a) Previously studied BBD-based photoswitches, (b) recently reported protocol to synthesize a BBD ...
Figure 2: Energy storage capacities and barrier for back conversion of the photoproduct to the diene in the g...
Figure 3: (a) Optimized geometry along with the important geometrical parameters of the TS obtained for the t...
Figure 4: Photophysical properties of the studied BBD photoswitches with elongated unsaturated bridges. (a) O...
Figure 5: Effect of solvation on the thermochemical properties of the studied BBD photoswitches considering t...
Figure 6: Effect of solvation on the photophysical properties of the studied BBD photoswitches. (a) Optical s...
Figure 7: The undesired degradation competing the thermal back conversion of the photoproduct. (a) The therma...
Figure 8: Relative energy profiles for the conversion of the photoproducts into the parent dienes and undesir...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 859–890, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.78
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Scaffolds commonly reported as bioisosteric replacements of para-substituted benzene and examples p...
Figure 2: 1,2-BCPs as isosteres for ortho-and meta-substituted benzenes: comparison of reported exit vector p...
Scheme 1: 1,2-Disubstituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes as isosteres of ortho-substituted benzenes. A: Baran, Coll...
Scheme 2: Synthesis of 1,2-BCPs from BCP 15 by bridge C–H bromination as reported by MacMillan and co-workers ...
Figure 3: Comparative physicochemical data of telmisartan, lomitapide and their BCP isosteres [26,33]. Shake flask d...
Figure 4: 1,2-Disubstituted bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes as isosteres of ortho-benzenes: Exit vector parameters of t...
Scheme 3: Synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes via alkene insertion into bicyclo[1.1.0]butane...
Scheme 4: Synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes via intramolecular crossed [2 + 2] cycloadditi...
Figure 5: Comparison of physicochemical data of fluxapyroxad and boscalid and their 1,2-BCH bioisosteres [36]. Sh...
Figure 6: Antifungal activity of fluxapyroxad, its 1,5-BCH bioisostere (±)-55, boscalid and its bioisostere 1...
Figure 7: 1,5-Disubstituted bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes as isosteres of ortho-substituted benzenes. Comparison of e...
Scheme 5: Synthesis of 1,5-disubstituted bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes as isosteres of ortho-benzenes via intramolecu...
Figure 8: Comparison of physicochemical data of fluxapyroxad and boscalid and their 1,5-BCH bioisosteres [45]. Sh...
Figure 9: Antifungal activity of fluxapyroxad, its 1,5-BCH bioisostere (±)-64, boscalid and its bioisostere 1...
Figure 10: 1,5-Disubstituted 3-oxabicylco[2.1.1]hexanes as isosteres for ortho-benzenes: Comparison of exit ve...
Scheme 6: Synthesis of 1,5-disubstituted 3-oxabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes as isosteres for ortho-benzenes via intra...
Figure 11: Comparison of physicochemical data of fluxapyroxad and boscalid and their 3-oxa-1,5-BCH bioisostere...
Figure 12: Antifungal activity of fluxapyroxad and boscalid and their 3-oxa-1,5-BCH bioisosteres (±)-75 and (±...
Figure 13: 1,2-Disubstituted bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes as isosteres of ortho-benzenes. Schematic representation o...
Scheme 7: Synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes as isosteres for ortho-benzenes via alkene in...
Figure 14: 1,2-Disubstituted stellanes as ortho-benzene isosteres: Comparison of selected exit vector paramete...
Scheme 8: Synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted stellanes as isosteres for ortho-benzenes reported by Ryabukhin, Vol...
Figure 15: 1,2-Disubstituted cubanes as ortho-benzene isosteres: Comparison of substituent distances and angle...
Scheme 9: Synthesis of 1,2-disubsituted cubanes as isosteres for ortho-benzenes. A: Synthesis of 1,2-cubane d...
Figure 16: 1,3-Disubstituted bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes as isosteres of meta-benzenes: comparative exit vector para...
Scheme 10: Synthesis of 1,3-disubstituted bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes as isosteres for meta-benzenes reported by Wal...
Figure 17: 1,4-Disubstituted bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes as isosteres of meta-benzenes: comparative exit vector para...
Scheme 11: Synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted bicyclo[2.1.1}hexanes as isosteres for ortho-benzenes via intramolec...
Figure 18: 1,4-Disubstituted-2-oxabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes as meta-benzene isosteres: comparison of selected exit...
Scheme 12: Synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 2-oxabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes as isosteres for meta-benzenes. A: Mykhai...
Figure 19: Comparative physicochemical data for 2- and 3-oxa-1,4-BCHs and para-substituted benzene equivalents...
Figure 20: 1,5-Disubstituted bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes as isosteres of meta-benzenes: comparison of exit vector p...
Scheme 13: Synthesis of [3.1.1]propellane as a precursor for 1,5-disubsituted bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes. A: aGass...
Scheme 14: Synthesis of iodine-substituted 1,5-disubstituted bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes as isosteres for meta-benz...
Scheme 15: Synthesis of nitrogen-, chalcogen- and tin-substituted 1,5-disubstituted bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes as ...
Figure 21: Comparative physicochemical data of URB597 and 1,5-BCHep isostere 146 [27]. Kinetic aqueous solubility ...
Figure 22: [2]-Ladderanes as isosteres of meta-benzenes: comparison of reported exit vector parameters [63].
Scheme 16: Synthesis of cis-2,6-disubstituted bicyclo[2.2.0]hexanes as isosteres for meta-benzenes. A: Brown a...
Figure 23: Comparative physicochemical data of meta-benzene 158 and [2]-ladderane isostere 159 [63]. Partition coe...
Figure 24: 1,3-Disubstituted cubanes as isosteres of meta-benzenes: comparison of selected exit vector paramet...
Scheme 17: Synthesis of 1,3-disubsituted cubanes as isosteres for meta-benzenes. A: MacMillan and co-workers’ ...
Figure 25: Comparative physicochemical data of lumacaftor and its 1,3-cubane bioisostere 183 [51]. Distribution co...
Figure 26: 1,3-Disubstituted cuneanes as isosteres of meta-benzenes: comparison of selected exit vector parame...
Scheme 18: Synthesis of 1,3-cuneanes as isosteres of meta-benzene. A: Synthesis of 1,3-cuneanes reported by La...
Figure 27: Comparative physicochemical data of sonidegib and its 1,3-cuneane isostere 190 [71]. aSolubility was to...
Figure 28: Exemplary polysubstituted scaffolds related to disubstituted scaffolds suggested as isosteres of or...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 661–671, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.59
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Background (a and b) and proposed carboamination MCR with diazo esters (c). a) Selected bioactive γ...
Scheme 2: Substrate scope of diazo compounds, 1,3-dienes and amines. aReactions (1/2/3/Pd(OAc)2/Xantphos = 0....
Scheme 3: Substrate scope of diazo compounds, allenes and amines. aReactions (1/5/3/Pd(OAc)2/Xantphos = 0.3.0...
Scheme 4: Mechanistic experiments. a) Radical trapping experiments with TEMPO. b) Exclusion of possible inter...
Scheme 5: Proposed mechanisms for the carboamination of 1,3-dienes or allenes with diazo esters and amines.
Scheme 6: Scale-up reactions and synthetic transformations. Reaction conditions: a) LiAlH4, THF, 0 °C; b) MeM...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 346–378, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.35
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Comparison between Barton and NHPI ester radical precursors.
Scheme 2: Overview of the mechanisms and activation modes involved in radical generation from RAEs.
Scheme 3: Common mechanisms in photocatalysis.
Scheme 4: A) Giese-type radical addition of NHPI esters mediated by a reductive quenching photocatalytic cycl...
Scheme 5: A) Minisci-type radical addition of NHPI esters. B) Reaction mechanism involving an “off-cycle” red...
Scheme 6: Activation of NHPI esters through hydrogen-bonding in an oxidative quenching photocatalytic cycle.
Scheme 7: SET activation of RAE facilitated by a Lewis acid catalyst.
Scheme 8: PCET activation of NHPI esters in the context of a radical-redox annulation.
Scheme 9: Activation enabled by a strong excited-state reductant catalyst and its application in the dearomat...
Scheme 10: Proposed formation of an intramolecular charge-transfer complex in the synthesis of (spiro)anellate...
Scheme 11: Formation of a charge-transfer complex between enamides and NHPI esters enabled by a chiral phospha...
Scheme 12: Activation of NHPI ester through the formation of photoactive EDA-complexes.
Scheme 13: A) EDA complex-mediated radical hydroalkylation reactions of NHPI esters. B) Proposed mechanism for...
Scheme 14: Proposed radical chain mechanism initiated by EDA-complex formation.
Scheme 15: A) Photoinduced decarboxylative borylation. B) Proposed radical chain mechanism.
Scheme 16: A) Activation of NHPI esters mediated by PPh3/NaI. B) Proposed catalytic cycle involving EDA-comple...
Scheme 17: A) Radical generation facilitated by EDA complex formation between PTH1 catalyst and NHPI esters. B...
Scheme 18: Proposed catalytic cycle for the difunctionalization of styrenes.
Scheme 19: Formation of a charge-transfer complex between NHPI esters and Cs2CO3 enables decarboxylative amina...
Scheme 20: 3-Acetoxyquinuclidine as catalytic donor in the activation of TCNHPI esters.
Scheme 21: A) Photoinduced Cu-catalyzed decarboxylative amination. B) Proposed catalytic cycle. C) Radical clo...
Scheme 22: A) Photoinduced Pd-catalyzed aminoalkylation of 1,4-dienes. B) Proposed catalytic cycle.
Scheme 23: A) TM-catalyzed decarboxylative coupling of NHPI esters and organometallic reagents. B) Representat...
Scheme 24: Synthetic applications of the TM-catalyzed decarboxylative coupling of NHPI esters and organometall...
Scheme 25: A) Ni-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling of NHPI esters. B) Representative catalytic cycle.
Scheme 26: A) Synthetic applications of decarboxylative cross-electrophile couplings. B) Decarboxylative aryla...
Scheme 27: A) Activation of tetrachlorophthalimide redox-active esters enabled by a low-valency Bi complex. B)...
Scheme 28: Activation of NHPI esters mediated by Zn0 applied in a Z-selective alkenylation reaction.
Scheme 29: A) Activation of NHPI esters enabled by a pyridine-boryl radical species applied to the decarboxyla...
Scheme 30: A) Decarboxylative coupling of RAE and aldehydes enabled by NHC-catalyzed radical relay. B) Propose...
Scheme 31: A) Decarboxylative C(sp3)–heteroatom coupling reaction of NHPI esters under NHC catalysis B) The NH...
Scheme 32: A) Electrochemical Giese-type radical addition of NHPI esters. B) Reaction mechanism.
Scheme 33: Electrochemical Minisci-type radical addition of NHPI-esters.
Scheme 34: Ni-electrocatalytic cross-electrophile coupling of NHPI esters with aryl iodides.
Scheme 35: A) Decarboxylative arylation of NHPI esters under Ag-Ni electrocatalysis B) Formation of AgNP on th...
Scheme 36: Synthetic applications of decarboxylative couplings of NHPI esters under Ni-electrocatalysis.
Scheme 37: Examples of natural product syntheses in which RAEs were used in key C–C bond forming reactions.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 287–305, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.30
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: “Precursor approach” for the synthesis of π-conjugated polycyclic compounds, with the thermally- or...
Scheme 2: Valence isomerization of chalcogen heteropines and subsequent cheletropic extrusion in the case of ...
Scheme 3: Early example of phenanthrene synthesis via a chemically-induced S-extrusion (and concomitant decar...
Scheme 4: Top: Conversion of dinaphthothiepine bisimides 3a,b and their sulfoxide analogues 4a,b into PBIs 6a,...
Figure 1: Top view (a) and side view (b) of the X-ray crystal structure of thiepine 3b showing its bent confo...
Scheme 5: Modular synthetic route towards dinaphthothiepines 3a–f and the corresponding S-oxides 4a–d, incorp...
Scheme 6: Top: Conversion of dithienobenzothiepine monomeric units into dithienonaphthalenes, upon S-extrusio...
Scheme 7: Synthesis of S-doped extended triphenylene derivative 22 from 3-bromothiophene (17) with the therma...
Scheme 8: Top: Synthesis of thermally-stable O-doped HBC 26a. Bottom: Synthesis of S- and Se-based soluble pr...
Scheme 9: Synthesis of dinaphthooxepine bisimide 33 and conversion into PBI 6f by O-extrusion triggered by el...
Figure 2: Cyclic voltammogram of dinaphthooxepine 33, evidencing the irreversibility of the reduction process...
Scheme 10: Top: Early example of 6-membered ring contraction with concomitant S-extrusion leading to dinaphtho...
Scheme 11: Examples of S-extrusion from annelated 1,2-dithiins under photoactivation (top) or thermal activati...
Scheme 12: Synthesis of dibenzo[1,4]dithiapentalene upon photoextrusion of SO2 [78].
Scheme 13: Extrusion of SO in naphthotrithiin-2-oxides for the synthesis of 2,5-dihydrothiophene 1-oxides [79].
Scheme 14: SO-extrusion as a key step in the synthesis of fullerenes (C60 and C70) encapsulating H2 molecules [80,82]....
Scheme 15: Synthesis of diepoxytetracene precursor 56 and its on-surface conversion into tetracene upon O-extr...
Scheme 16: Soluble precursors of hexacene, decacene and dodecacene incorporating 1,4-epoxides in their hydroca...
Scheme 17: Synthesis of tetraepoxide 59 as soluble precursor of decacene [85].
Figure 3: Constant-height STM measurement of decacene on Au(111) using a CO-functionalized tip (sample voltag...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 280–286, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.29
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Comparision of previous work with this work.
Scheme 2: The effects of substituent groups on the [4 + 2] annulation reaction. Reaction conditions: 1 (1.0 m...
Scheme 3: Gram-scale synthesis of 3aa.
Scheme 4: The transformation of 3aa.
Scheme 5: The reaction mechanism of the reaction from 3aa to 4aa.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1895–1911, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.141
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: The correlation between stability and Clar's rule in acenes.
Scheme 1: General synthetic strategies to access the biphenylene core 1.
Figure 2: [N]Phenylenes 7–12 with different topologies.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of POAs 15a and 15b via reactions of BBD 13 and bis(cyanomethyl) compounds 14a and 14b.
Scheme 3: Synthesis of benzo[b]biphenylene (18).
Scheme 4: Synthesis of benzobiphenylene 18 and POA 21.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of symmetric POAs 25a and 25b.
Scheme 6: Synthesis of POA 29 via palladium-catalyzed annulation/aromatization reaction.
Scheme 7: Synthesis of bisphenylene-containing structures 34a–c.
Scheme 8: Synthesis of curved PAH 38 via Pd-catalyzed annulation and Ir-catalyzed cycloaddition reactions.
Scheme 9: Synthesis of [3]naphthylenes.
Scheme 10: Sequential Pd-catalyzed annulation reactions.
Scheme 11: Synthesis of biphenylene-containing unsymmetrical azaacenes 54a–c.
Scheme 12: Synthesis of biphenylene containing symmetrical azaacenes 58a,b.
Scheme 13: Synthesis of azaacene analogues 62–64.
Scheme 14: Synthesis of POA-type structure 69.
Scheme 15: Synthesis of boron-doped POA 73.
Scheme 16: Synthesis of “v”- and “z”-shaped B-POAs 77 and 78.
Scheme 17: Synthesis of boron-doped extended POA 84.
Scheme 18: Ag(111) surface-catalyzed synthesis of POA 87.
Scheme 19: Au(100) and Au(111) surface-catalyzed synthesis of POA 91.
Scheme 20: Au(111) on-surface synthesis of POA 87.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1580–1603, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.116
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Oxidation of catechol and subsequent cross-linking. Scheme 1 redrawn from [3].
Scheme 2: (A) Structure of typical urushiol in Chinese lacquer, and (B) schematic process of laccase-catalyze...
Scheme 3: A) Primary amino acid sequence of mfp-1, mfp-3, and mfp-5 (Y: DOPA, K: lysine). B) Scheme showing e...
Scheme 4: Activation–deactivation equilibrium in nitroxide-mediated polymerizations. Bicomponent initiating s...
Scheme 5: Mechanism of a transition metal complex-mediated ATRP. Scheme 5 redrawn from [14].
Scheme 6: Mechanism of RAFT polymerization. Scheme 6 redrawn from [68].
Scheme 7: Degenerative transfer (a) and reversible termination (b) mechanism of OMRP. Scheme 7 redrawn from [70].
Scheme 8: Simplified mechanism of a RITP. Scheme 8 redrawn from [21].
Scheme 9: (A) Structures of π-conjugated conductive polymers. (B) Examples of conductive polymer synthesis vi...
Scheme 10: Possible regiochemical couplings in PATs. Scheme 10 redrawn from [79].
Scheme 11: General thiol-ene photopolymerization process. Scheme 11 redrawn from [81].
Scheme 12: (a) Three generations of Grubbs catalysts. (b) Proposed mechanism for photo-ROMP via a reductive qu...
Scheme 13: Pyrylium and thiopyrylium salts studied by Boydston et al. Scheme 13 redrawn from [91].
Scheme 14: A general illustration of post-polymerization modification by thiol–ene chemistry.
Scheme 15: Introduction of functionalities by nitroxide radical coupling of HO-TEMPO derivatives.
Scheme 16: Chemical reaction process scheme of DCP-induced crosslinking of LDPE. Scheme 16 redrawn from [126].
Scheme 17: A probable mechanism of radical-induced hydrosilylation.
Scheme 18: Polymer surface modification by homolytic dediazonation of diazonium salts.
Scheme 19: Photoinduced polymer surface modification or surface grafting using benzophenone.
Scheme 20: Depolymerization mechanism of common photoresists. (a) A possible mechanism of radiation decomposit...
Scheme 21: Proposed mechanisms of photooxidative depolymerization of polystyrene. (a) Scheme 21a was reprinted with perm...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1545–1554, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.111
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Functionalization of gem-difluoroalkenes with 1,3-dipoles and N-nucleophiles.
Figure 2: Substrate scope. Reaction conditions: 1 (1 equiv), 2 (1.5 equiv) 0.4 equiv of LiHMDS (1 M in THF), ...
Figure 3: Time course profile monitored by 19F NMR spectroscopy.
Figure 4: NOESY of 4e confirming the regiochemistry of the product.
Figure 5: Proposed mechanism.
Figure 6: Scale-up experiment.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1055–1145, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.81
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Oxidative and reductive activations of organic compounds harvesting photoredox catalysis.
Figure 2: General catalytic cycles of radical ion conPET (left) and radical ion e-PRC (right).
Figure 3: “Beginner’s guide”: comparison between advantages, capacities, and prospectives of conPET and PEC.
Figure 4: A) conPET reductive dehalogenation of aryl halides with PDI. B) Reductive C–H arylation with pyrrol...
Figure 5: A) Chromoselective mono- and disubstitution or polybrominated pyrimidines with pyrroles. B) Sequent...
Figure 6: A) Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinolines. B) Synthesis of ullazines.
Figure 7: A) Reductive phosphorylation of aryl halides via conPET. B) Selected examples from the substrate sc...
Figure 8: A) Reductive dehalogenation of aryl halides via conPET and selected examples from the substrate sco...
Figure 9: A) Reductive C–H arylation of aryl halides via conPET (top) and selected examples from the substrat...
Figure 10: A) Reductive hydrodehalogenation of aryl halides with Mes-Acr-BF4. B) Selected examples from the su...
Figure 11: A) Reductive hydrodechlorination of aryl chlorides with 4-DPAIPN. B) Proposed formation of CO2•−. C...
Figure 12: A) Reductive conPET borylation with 3CzEPAIPN (top) and selected examples from the substrate scope ...
Figure 13: Scale-up of conPET phosphorylation with 3CzEPAIPN.
Figure 14: A) Borylation of 1d. B) Characteristics and structure of PC1 with green and red parts showing the l...
Figure 15: A) Reductive C–H arylation scope with polysulfide conPET (top) and selected examples from the subst...
Figure 16: Scale-up of A) C–H arylation and B) dehaloborylation with polysulfide photocatalysis in continuous-...
Figure 17: A) Formation of [Ir1]0 and [Ir2]0 upon PET between [Ir1]+ and Et3N. B) Mechanism of multi-photon ta...
Figure 18: A) Reductive hydrodehalogenation of aryl halides via multi-photon tandem photocatalysis. B) Selecte...
Figure 19: A) Carbonylative amidation of aryl halides in continuous flow. B) Selected examples from the substr...
Figure 20: A) General scheme for reductive (RQ) and oxidative quenching (OQ) protocols using [FeIII(btz)3](PF6)...
Figure 21: A) Carbonylative amidation of alkyl iodides with [IrIII(ppy)2(dtbbpy)]PF6. B) Selected examples fro...
Figure 22: A) Carboxylative C–N bond cleavage in cyclic amines. B) Selected examples from the substrate scope....
Figure 23: A) Formal reduction of alkenes to alkanes via transfer hydrogenation. B) Selected examples from the...
Figure 24: A) Birch-type reduction of benzenes with PMP-BPI. B) Selected examples from the substrate scope (sc...
Figure 25: Proposed mechanism of the OH− mediated conPET Birch-type reduction of benzene via generation of sol...
Figure 26: Reductive detosylation of N-tosylated amides with Mes-Acr-BF4. B) Selected examples from the substr...
Figure 27: A) Reductive detosylation of N-tosyl amides by dual PRC. B) Selected examples from the substrate sc...
Figure 28: A) Mechanism of the dual PRC based on PET between [Cu(dap)2]+ and DCA. B) Mechanism of the dual PRC...
Figure 29: A) N–O bond cleavage in Weinreb amides with anthracene. B) N–O bond cleavage in Weinreb amides rely...
Figure 30: A) Pentafluorosulfanylation and fluoride elimination. B) Mechanism of the pentafluorosulfanylation ...
Figure 31: A) α-Alkoxypentafluorosulfanylation (top) and selected examples from the substrate scope (bottom). ...
Figure 32: A) Oxidative amination of arenes with azoles catalyzed by N-Ph PTZ. B) Selected examples from the s...
Figure 33: A) C(sp3)–H bond activation by HAT via chloride oxidation by *N-Ph PTZ•+. B) Proposed mechanism for...
Figure 34: A) Recycling e-PRC C–H azolation of electron-rich arenes with pyrazoles using Mes-Acr+ as a photoca...
Figure 35: A) Radical ion e-PRC direct oxidation of unactivated arenes using TAC+ as an electro-activated phot...
Figure 36: A) Radical ion e-PRC direct oxidation of unactivated arenes using TPA as an electro-activated photo...
Figure 37: Proposed mechanism (top) and mode of preassembly (bottom).
Figure 38: A) Possible preassemblies of reactive (left) vs unreactive (right) arenes. B) Calculated spin densi...
Figure 39: A) Recycling e-PRC C(sp2 )–H acetoxylation of arenes using DDQ as a photocatalyst. B) Proposed cata...
Figure 40: Gram scale hydroxylation of benzene in a recirculated flow setup.
Figure 41: A) Radical ion e-PRC vicinal diamination of alkylarenes using TAC+ as an electro-activated photocat...
Figure 42: A) Sequential oxygenation of multiple adjacent C–H bonds under radical ion e-PRC using TAC+ as an e...
Figure 43: A) Enantioselective recycling e-PRC cyanation of benzylic C–H bonds using ADQS as photocatalyst. B)...
Figure 44: Proposed tandem mechanism by Xu and co-workers.
Figure 45: A) Enantioselective recycling e-PRC decarboxylative cyanation using Cu(acac)2, Ce(OTf)3 and a box l...
Figure 46: A) Enantioselective recycling e-PRC benzylic cyanation using Cu(MeCN)4BF4, box ligand and anthraqui...
Figure 47: A) Radical ion e-PRC acetoxyhydroxylation of aryl olefins using TAC+ as an electro-activated photoc...
Figure 48: Selected examples from the substrate scope.
Figure 49: Photoelectrochemical acetoxyhydroxylation in a recirculated flow setup.
Figure 50: A) Radical ion e-PRC aminooxygenation of aryl olefins using TAC+ as an electro-activated photocatal...
Figure 51: A) Recycling e-PRC C–H alkylation of heteroarenes with organic trifluoroborates using Mes-Acr+ as p...
Figure 52: A) Recycling e-PRC decarboxylative C–H alkylation of heteroarenes using CeCl3·7H2O as catalyst. B) ...
Figure 53: A) Recycling e-PRC decarboxylative C–H alkylation of heteroarenes using Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2·6H2O as cata...
Figure 54: A) Recycling e-PRC C–H alkylation of heteroarenes with alkyl oxalates and 4CzIPN as photocatalyst. ...
Figure 55: A) Recycling e-PRC decarboxylative C–H carbamoylation of heteroarenes using 4CzIPN as photocatalyst...
Figure 56: A) Photoelectrochemical HAT-mediated hydrocarbon activation via the chlorine radical. B) Proposed m...
Figure 57: A) Selected examples from the substrate scope. B) Gram and decagram scale semi-continuous flow PEC ...
Figure 58: A) Photoelectrochemical HAT-mediated dehydrogenative coupling of benzothiazoles with aliphatic C–H ...
Figure 59: A) Photoelectrochemical HAT activation of ethers using electro-activated TAC+ as photocatalyst. B) ...
Figure 60: Selected examples from the substrate scope.
Figure 61: A) Photoelectrochemical HAT-mediated synthesis of alkylated benzimidazo-fused isoquinolinones using...
Figure 62: A) Decoupled photoelectrochemical cerium-catalyzed oxydichlorination of alkynes using CeCl3 as cata...
Figure 63: Proposed decoupled photoelectrochemical mechanism.
Figure 64: A) Decoupled photoelectrochemical ring-opening bromination of tertiary cycloalkanols using MgBr2 as...
Figure 65: A) Recycling e-PRC ring-opening functionalization of cycloalkanols using CeCl3 as catalyst. B) Prop...
Figure 66: Selected examples from the substrate scope of the PEC ring-opening functionalization.
Figure 67: A) Radical ion e-PRC reduction of chloro- and bromoarenes using DCA as catalyst and various accepto...
Figure 68: A) Screening of different phthalimide derivatives as catalyst for the e-PRC reduction of aryl halid...
Figure 69: Screening of different organic catalysts for the e-PRC reduction of trialkylanilium salts.
Figure 70: A) e-PRC reduction of phosphonated phenols and anilinium salts. B) Selected examples from the subst...
Figure 71: A) ConPET and e-PRC reduction of 4-bromobenzonitrile using a naphthalene diimide (NDI) precatalyst ...
Figure 72: A) Radical ion e-PRC reduction of phosphinated aliphatic alcohols with n-BuO-NpMI as catalyst. B) C...
Figure 73: Selected examples from the substrate scope.
Figure 74: A) Recycling e-PRC reductive dimerization of benzylic chlorides using a [Cu2] catalyst. B) Proposed...
Figure 75: A) Decoupled photoelectrochemical C–H alkylation of heteroarenes through deamination of Katritzky s...
Figure 76: Proposed mechanism by Chen and co-workers.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 982–990, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.73
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Various cycloaddition reactions of 5,6-unsymmetric 1,4-dihydropyridines.
Figure 1: Single crystal structure of the compound 4k.
Figure 2: Single crystal structure of compound 5a.
Figure 3: Single crystal structure of compound 6f.
Scheme 2: Plausible reaction mechanism for the various products 4, 5, and 6.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 820–863, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.62
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Representative examples of bioactive natural products and FDA-approved drugs containing a pyridine ...
Scheme 1: Classical and traditional methods for the synthesis of functionalized pyridines.
Scheme 2: Rare earth metal (Ln)-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 3: Pd-catalyzed C–H alkylation of pyridine N-oxide.
Scheme 4: CuI-catalyzed C–H alkylation of N-iminopyridinium ylides with tosylhydrazones (A) and a plausible r...
Scheme 5: Zirconium complex-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 6: Rare earth metal-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation with nonpolar unsaturated substrates.
Scheme 7: Heterobimetallic Rh–Al complex-catalyzed ortho-C–H monoalkylation of pyridines.
Scheme 8: Mono(phosphinoamido)-rare earth complex-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 9: Rhodium-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation with acrylates and acrylamides.
Scheme 10: Ni–Al bimetallic system-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 11: Iridium-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 12: para-C(sp2)–H Alkylation of pyridines with alkenes.
Scheme 13: Enantioselective pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 14: Pd-catalyzed C2-olefination of pyridines.
Scheme 15: Ru-catalyzed C-6 (C-2)-propenylation of 2-arylated pyridines.
Scheme 16: C–H addition of allenes to pyridines catalyzed by half-sandwich Sc metal complex.
Scheme 17: Pd-catalyzed stereodivergent synthesis of alkenylated pyridines.
Scheme 18: Pd-catalyzed ligand-promoted selective C3-olefination of pyridines.
Scheme 19: Mono-N-protected amino acids in Pd-catalyzed C3-alkenylation of pyridines.
Scheme 20: Amide-directed and rhodium-catalyzed C3-alkenylation of pyridines.
Scheme 21: Bimetallic Ni–Al-catalyzed para-selective alkenylation of pyridine.
Scheme 22: Arylboronic ester-assisted pyridine direct C–H arylation.
Scheme 23: Pd-catalyzed C–H arylation/benzylation with toluene.
Scheme 24: Pd-catalyzed pyridine C–H arylation with potassium aryl- and heteroaryltrifluoroborates.
Scheme 25: Transient activator strategy in pyridine C–H biarylation.
Scheme 26: Ligand-promoted C3-arylation of pyridine.
Scheme 27: Pd-catalyzed arylation of nicotinic and isonicotinic acids.
Scheme 28: Iron-catalyzed and imine-directed C–H arylation of pyridines.
Scheme 29: Pd–(bipy-6-OH) cooperative system-mediated direct pyridine C3-arylation.
Scheme 30: Pd-catalyzed pyridine N-oxide C–H arylation with heteroarylcarboxylic acids.
Scheme 31: Pd-catalyzed C–H cross-coupling of pyridine N-oxides with five-membered heterocycles.
Scheme 32: Cu-catalyzed dehydrative biaryl coupling of azine(pyridine) N-oxides and oxazoles.
Scheme 33: Rh(III)-catalyzed cross dehydrogenative C3-heteroarylation of pyridines.
Scheme 34: Pd-catalyzed C3-selective arylation of pyridines.
Scheme 35: Rhodium-catalyzed oxidative C–H annulation of pyridines to quinolines.
Scheme 36: Rhodium-catalyzed and NHC-directed C–H annulation of pyridine.
Scheme 37: Ni/NHC-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective C–H cyclization of pyridines.
Scheme 38: Rare earth metal-catalyzed intramolecular C–H cyclization of pyridine to azaindolines.
Scheme 39: Rh-catalyzed alkenylation of bipyridine with terminal silylacetylenes.
Scheme 40: Rollover cyclometallation in Rh-catalyzed pyridine C–H functionalization.
Scheme 41: Rollover pathway in Rh-catalyzed C–H functionalization of N,N,N-tridentate chelating compounds.
Scheme 42: Pd-catalyzed rollover pathway in bipyridine-6-carboxamides C–H arylation.
Scheme 43: Rh-catalyzed C3-acylmethylation of bipyridine-6-carboxamides with sulfoxonium ylides.
Scheme 44: Rh-catalyzed C–H functionalization of bipyridines with alkynes.
Scheme 45: Rh-catalyzed C–H acylmethylation and annulation of bipyridine with sulfoxonium ylides.
Scheme 46: Iridium-catalyzed C4-borylation of pyridines.
Scheme 47: C3-Borylation of pyridines.
Scheme 48: Pd-catalyzed regioselective synthesis of silylated dihydropyridines.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 700–718, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.51
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Dibenzo[b,f]azepine (1a), -oxepine (1b) and -thiepine (1c) as examples of dibenzo[b,f]heteropines (1...
Figure 2: Selected pharmaceuticals with the dibenzo[b,f]azepine skeleton.
Figure 3: Examples of 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]azepine-based ligands.
Figure 4: The dibenzo[b,f]azepine moiety in dyes with properties suitable for the use in organic light emitti...
Figure 5: Selective bioactive natural products (13–18) containing the dibenzo[b,f]oxepine scaffold and Novart...
Scheme 1: Retrosynthetic approach to 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine (1a) from nitrotoluene (22).
Scheme 2: Oxidative coupling of o-nitrotoluene (22) and reduction of 2,2'-dinitrobibenzyl (21) to form 2,2'-d...
Scheme 3: Synthesis of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine (2a) via amine condensation.
Scheme 4: Catalytic reduction of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine (2a).
Scheme 5: The Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement of acridin-9-ylmethanol (23) into 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine (1a).
Scheme 6: Oxidative ring expansion of 2-(9-xanthenyl)malonates 24.
Scheme 7: Ring expansion via C–H functionalisation.
Scheme 8: The synthesis of fluorinated 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine 38 from isatin (32).
Scheme 9: The synthesis of substituted dibenzo[b,f]azepines 43 from indoles 39.
Scheme 10: Retrosynthetic pathways to dibenzo[b,f]azepines via Buchwald–Hartwig amination.
Scheme 11: Synthesis of dibenzo[b,f]oxepine 54 and -azepine 55 derivatives via (i) Heck reaction and (ii) Buch...
Scheme 12: Double Buchwald–Hartwig amination and thioetherification in the synthesis of tricyclic azepines 60 ...
Scheme 13: Double Buchwald–Hartwig amination towards substituted dibenzoazepines 62.
Scheme 14: Double Buchwald–Hartwig amination towards 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine derivatives 71.
Scheme 15: One-pot Suzuki coupling–Buchwald–Hartwig amination.
Scheme 16: One-pot Rh/Pd-catalysed synthesis of dihydropyridobenzazepines.
Scheme 17: A retrosynthetic pathway to dibenzo[b,f]azepines via Mizoroki–Heck reaction.
Scheme 18: One-pot domino Pd-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck–Buchwald–Hartwig synthesis of dibenzo[b,f]azepines.
Scheme 19: Dibenzo[b,f]thiapine and -oxepine synthesis via SNAr (thio)etherification, Wittig methylenation and...
Scheme 20: A retrosynthetic pathway to dibenzo[b,f]oxepines via Ullmann coupling.
Scheme 21: Ullmann-type coupling in dibenzo[b,f]oxepine synthesis.
Scheme 22: Wittig reaction and Ullmann coupling as key steps in dihydrobenz[b,f]oxepine synthesis.
Scheme 23: Pd-catalysed dibenzo[b,f]azepine synthesis via norbornene azepine intermediate 109.
Scheme 24: A simple representation of olefin metathesis resulting in transalkylidenation.
Scheme 25: Ring-closing metathesis as key step in the synthesis of dibenzo[b,f]heteropines.
Scheme 26: Alkyne–aldehyde metathesis in the synthesis of dibenzo[b,f]heteropines.
Scheme 27: Hydroarylation of 9-(2-alkynylphenyl)-9H-carbazole derivatives.
Scheme 28: Oxidative coupling of bisphonium ylide intermediate to give pacharin (13).
Scheme 29: Preparation of 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]heteropines via intramolecular Wurtz reaction.
Scheme 30: Phenol deprotonation and intramolecular etherification in the synthesis of bauhinoxepine J.
Figure 6: Functionalisation of dibenzo[b,f]azepine.
Scheme 31: Palladium-catalysed N-arylation of dibenzo[b,f]azepine.
Scheme 32: Cu- and Ni-catalysed N-arylation.
Scheme 33: N-Alkylation of dibenzo[b,f]azepine (1a) and dihydrodibenzo[b,f]azepine (2a).
Scheme 34: Preparation of methoxyiminosilbene.
Scheme 35: Synthesis of oxcarbazepine (153) from methoxy iminostilbene 151.
Scheme 36: Ring functionalisation of dihydrodibenzo[b,f]azepine.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 487–540, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.38
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Ring-strain energies of homobicyclic and heterobicyclic alkenes in kcal mol−1. a) [2.2.1]-Bicyclic ...
Figure 2: a) Exo and endo face descriptions of bicyclic alkenes. b) Reactivity comparisons for different β-at...
Scheme 1: Ni-catalyzed ring-opening/cyclization cascade of heterobicyclic alkenes 1 with alkyl propiolates 2 ...
Scheme 2: Ni-catalyzed ring-opening/cyclization cascade of heterobicyclic alkenes 8 with β-iodo-(Z)-propenoat...
Scheme 3: Ni-catalyzed two- and three-component difunctionalizations of norbornene derivatives 15 with alkyne...
Scheme 4: Ni-catalyzed intermolecular three-component difunctionalization of oxabicyclic alkenes 1 with alkyn...
Scheme 5: Ni-catalyzed intermolecular three-component carboacylation of norbornene derivatives 15.
Scheme 6: Photoredox/Ni dual-catalyzed coupling of 4-alkyl-1,4-dihydropyridines 31 with heterobicyclic alkene...
Scheme 7: Photoredox/Ni dual-catalyzed coupling of α-amino radicals with heterobicyclic alkenes 30.
Scheme 8: Cu-catalyzed rearrangement/allylic alkylation of 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptenes 47 with Grignard r...
Scheme 9: Cu-catalyzed aminoboration of bicyclic alkenes 1 with bis(pinacolato)diboron (B2pin2) (53) and O-be...
Scheme 10: Cu-catalyzed borylalkynylation of oxabenzonorbornadiene (30b) with B2pin2 (53) and bromoalkynes 62.
Scheme 11: Cu-catalyzed borylacylation of bicyclic alkenes 1.
Scheme 12: Cu-catalyzed diastereoselective 1,2-difunctionalization of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 for the synthe...
Scheme 13: Fe-catalyzed carbozincation of heterobicyclic alkenes 1 with arylzinc reagents 74.
Scheme 14: Co-catalyzed addition of arylzinc reagents of norbornene derivatives 15.
Scheme 15: Co-catalyzed ring-opening/dehydration of oxabicyclic alkenes 30 via C–H activation of arenes.
Scheme 16: Co-catalyzed [3 + 2] annulation/ring-opening/dehydration domino reaction of oxabicyclic alkenes 1 w...
Scheme 17: Co-catalyzed enantioselective carboamination of bicyclic alkenes 1 via C–H functionalization.
Scheme 18: Ru-catalyzed cyclization of oxabenzonorbornene derivatives with propargylic alcohols for the synthe...
Scheme 19: Ru-catalyzed coupling of oxabenzonorbornene derivatives 30 with propargylic alcohols and ethers 106...
Scheme 20: Ru-catalyzed ring-opening/dehydration of oxabicyclic alkenes via the C–H activation of anilides.
Scheme 21: Ru-catalyzed of azabenzonorbornadiene derivatives with arylamides.
Scheme 22: Rh-catalyzed cyclization of bicyclic alkenes with arylboronate esters 118.
Scheme 23: Rh-catalyzed cyclization of bicyclic alkenes with dienyl- and heteroaromatic boronate esters.
Scheme 24: Rh-catalyzed domino lactonization of doubly bridgehead-substituted oxabicyclic alkenes with seconda...
Scheme 25: Rh-catalyzed domino carboannulation of diazabicyclic alkenes with 2-cyanophenylboronic acid and 2-f...
Scheme 26: Rh-catalyzed synthesis of oxazolidinone scaffolds 147 through a domino ARO/cyclization of oxabicycl...
Scheme 27: Rh-catalyzed oxidative coupling of salicylaldehyde derivatives 151 with diazabicyclic alkenes 130a.
Scheme 28: Rh-catalyzed reaction of O-acetyl ketoximes with bicyclic alkenes for the synthesis of isoquinoline...
Scheme 29: Rh-catalyzed domino coupling reaction of 2-phenylpyridines 165 with oxa- and azabicyclic alkenes 30....
Scheme 30: Rh-catalyzed domino dehydrative naphthylation of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 with N-sulfonyl 2-aminob...
Scheme 31: Rh-catalyzed domino dehydrative naphthylation of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 with arylphosphine deriv...
Scheme 32: Rh-catalyzed domino ring-opening coupling reaction of azaspirotricyclic alkenes using arylboronic a...
Scheme 33: Tandem Rh(III)/Sc(III)-catalyzed domino reaction of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 with alkynols 184 dir...
Scheme 34: Rh-catalyzed asymmetric domino cyclization and addition reaction of 1,6-enynes 194 and oxa/azabenzo...
Scheme 35: Rh/Zn-catalyzed domino ARO/cyclization of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 with phosphorus ylides 201.
Scheme 36: Rh-catalyzed domino ring opening/lactonization of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 with 2-nitrobenzenesulf...
Scheme 37: Rh-catalyzed domino C–C/C–N bond formation of azabenzonorbornadienes 30 with aryl-2H-indazoles 210.
Scheme 38: Rh/Pd-catalyzed domino synthesis of indole derivatives with 2-(phenylethynyl)anilines 212 and oxabe...
Scheme 39: Rh-catalyzed domino carborhodation of heterobicyclic alkenes 30 with B2pin2 (53).
Scheme 40: Rh-catalyzed three-component 1,2-carboamidation reaction of bicyclic alkenes 30 with aromatic and h...
Scheme 41: Pd-catalyzed diarylation and dialkenylation reactions of norbornene derivatives.
Scheme 42: Three-component Pd-catalyzed arylalkynylation reactions of bicyclic alkenes.
Scheme 43: Three-component Pd-catalyzed arylalkynylation reactions of norbornene and DFT mechanistic study.
Scheme 44: Pd-catalyzed three-component coupling N-tosylhydrazones 236, aryl halides 66, and norbornene (15a).
Scheme 45: Pd-catalyzed arylboration and allylboration of bicyclic alkenes.
Scheme 46: Pd-catalyzed, three-component annulation of aryl iodides 66, alkenyl bromides 241, and bicyclic alk...
Scheme 47: Pd-catalyzed double insertion/annulation reaction for synthesizing tetrasubstituted olefins.
Scheme 48: Pd-catalyzed aminocyclopropanation of bicyclic alkenes 1 with 5-iodopent-4-enylamine derivatives 249...
Scheme 49: Pd-catalyzed, three-component coupling of alkynyl bromides 62 and norbornene derivatives 15 with el...
Scheme 50: Pd-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization/ring-opening reaction of heterobicyclic alkenes 30 with 2-i...
Scheme 51: Pd-catalyzed dimer- and trimerization of oxabenzonorbornadiene derivatives 30 with anhydrides 268.
Scheme 52: Pd-catalyzed Catellani-type annulation and retro-Diels–Alder of norbornadiene 15b yielding fused xa...
Scheme 53: Pd-catalyzed hydroarylation and heteroannulation of urea-derived bicyclic alkenes 158 and aryl iodi...
Scheme 54: Access to fused 8-membered sulfoximine heterocycles 284/285 via Pd-catalyzed Catellani annulation c...
Scheme 55: Pd-catalyzed 2,2-bifunctionalization of bicyclic alkenes 1 generating spirobicyclic xanthone deriva...
Scheme 56: Pd-catalyzed Catellani-type annulation and retro-Diels–Alder of norbornadiene (15b) producing subst...
Scheme 57: Pd-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 1] annulation furnishing bicyclic-fused indanes 281 and 283.
Scheme 58: Pd-catalyzed ring-opening/ring-closing cascade of diazabicyclic alkenes 130a.
Scheme 59: Pd-NHC-catalyzed cyclopentannulation of diazabicyclic alkenes 130a.
Scheme 60: Pd-catalyzed annulation cascade generating diazabicyclic-fused indanones 292 and indanols 294.
Scheme 61: Pd-catalyzed skeletal rearrangement of spirotricyclic alkenes 176 towards large polycyclic benzofur...
Scheme 62: Pd-catalyzed oxidative annulation of aromatic enamides 298 and diazabicyclic alkenes 130a.
Scheme 63: Accessing 3,4,5-trisubstituted cyclopentenes 300, 301, 302 via the Pd-catalyzed domino reaction of ...
Scheme 64: Palladacycle-catalyzed ring-expansion/cyclization domino reactions of terminal alkynes and bicyclic...
Scheme 65: Pd-catalyzed carboesterification of norbornene (15a) with alkynes, furnishing α-methylene γ-lactone...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 245–281, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.23
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Examples of terpenes containing a bicyclo[3.6.0]undecane motif.
Figure 2: Commercially available first and second generation Grubbs and Hoveyda–Grubbs catalysts.
Figure 3: Examples of strategies to access the fusicoccan and ophiobolin tricyclic core structure by RCM.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of bicyclic core structure 12 of ophiobolin M (13) and cycloaraneosene (14).
Scheme 2: Synthesis of the core structure 21 of ophiobolins and fusicoccanes.
Scheme 3: Ring-closing metathesis attempts starting from thioester 22.
Scheme 4: Total synthesis of ent-fusicoauritone (28).
Figure 4: General structure of ophiobolins and congeners.
Scheme 5: Total synthesis of (+)-ophiobolin A (8).
Scheme 6: Investigation of RCM for the synthesis of ophiobolin A (8). Path A) RCM with TBDPS-protected alcoho...
Scheme 7: Synthesis of the core structure of cotylenin A aglycon, cotylenol (50).
Scheme 8: Synthesis of tricyclic core structure of fusicoccans.
Scheme 9: Total synthesis of (−)-teubrevin G (59).
Scheme 10: Synthesis of the core skeleton 63 of the basmane family.
Scheme 11: Total synthesis of (±)-schindilactone A (68).
Scheme 12: Total synthesis of dactylol (72).
Scheme 13: Ring-closing metathesis for the total synthesis of (±)-asteriscanolide (2).
Scheme 14: Synthesis of the simplified skeleton of pleuromutilin (1).
Scheme 15: Total synthesis of (−)-nitidasin (93) using a ring-closing metathesis to construct the eight-member...
Scheme 16: Total synthesis of (±)-naupliolide (97).
Scheme 17: Synthesis of the A-B ring structure of fusicoccane (101).
Scheme 18: First attempts of TRCM of dienyne substrates.
Scheme 19: TRCM on optimized substrates towards the synthesis of ophiobolin A (8).
Scheme 20: Tandem ring-closing metathesis for the synthesis of variecolin intermediates 114 and 115.
Scheme 21: Synthesis of poitediol (118) using the allylsilane ring-closing metathesis.
Scheme 22: Access to scaffold 122 by a NHK coupling reaction.
Scheme 23: Key step to construct the [5-8] bicyclooctanone core of aquatolide (4).
Scheme 24: Initial strategy to access aquatolide (4).
Scheme 25: Synthetic plan to cotylenin A (130).
Scheme 26: [5-8] Bicyclic structure of brachialactone (7) constructed by a Mizoroki–Heck reaction.
Scheme 27: Influence of the replacement of the allylic alcohol moiety.
Scheme 28: Formation of variecolin intermediate 140 through a SmI2-mediated Barbier-type reaction.
Scheme 29: SmI2-mediated ketyl addition. Pleuromutilin (1) eight-membered ring closure via C5–C14 bond formati...
Scheme 30: SmI2-mediated dialdehyde cyclization cascade of [5-8-6] pleuromutilin scaffold 149.
Scheme 31: A) Modular synthetic route to mutilin and pleuromutilin family members by Herzon’s group. B) Scaffo...
Scheme 32: Photocatalyzed oxidative ring expansion in pleuromutilin (1) total synthesis.
Scheme 33: Reductive radical cascade cyclization route towards (−)-6-epi-ophiobolin N (168).
Scheme 34: Reductive radical cascade cyclization route towards (+)-6-epi-ophiobolin A (173).
Scheme 35: Radical 8-endo-trig-cyclization of a xanthate precursor.
Figure 5: Structural representations of hypoestin A (177), albolic acid (178), and ceroplastol II (179) beari...
Scheme 36: Synthesis of the common [5-8-5] tricyclic intermediate of hypoestin A (177), albolic acid (178), an...
Scheme 37: Asymmetric synthesis of hypoestin A (177), albolic acid (178), and ceroplastol II (179).
Figure 6: Scope of the Pauson–Khand reaction.
Scheme 38: Nazarov cyclization revealing the fusicoauritone core structure 192.
Scheme 39: Synthesis of fusicoauritone (28) through Nazarov cyclization.
Scheme 40: (+)-Epoxydictymene (5) synthesis through a Nicholas cyclization followed by a Pauson–Khand reaction...
Scheme 41: Synthesis of aquatolide (4) by a Mukaiyama-type aldolisation.
Scheme 42: Tandem Wolff/Cope rearrangement furnishing the A-B bicyclic moiety 204 of variecolin.
Scheme 43: Asymmetric synthesis of the A-B bicyclic core 205 and 206 of variecolin.
Scheme 44: Formation of [5-8]-fused rings by cyclization under thermal activation.
Scheme 45: Construction of the [5-8-6] tricyclic core structure of variecolin (3) by Diels–Alder reaction.
Scheme 46: Synthesis of the [6-4-8-5]-tetracyclic skeleton by palladium-mediated cyclization.
Scheme 47: Access to the [5-8] bicyclic core structure of asteriscanolide (227) through rhodium-catalyzed cycl...
Scheme 48: Total syntheses of asterisca-3(15),6-diene (230) and asteriscanolide (2) with a Rh-catalyzed cycliz...
Scheme 49: Photocyclization of 2-pyridones to access the [5-8-5] backbone of fusicoccanes.
Scheme 50: Total synthesis of (+)-asteriscunolide D (245) and (+)-aquatolide (4) through photocyclization.
Scheme 51: Biocatalysis pathway to construct the [5-8-5] tricyclic scaffold of brassicicenes.
Scheme 52: Influence of the CotB2 mutant over the cyclization’s outcome of GGDP.