Recent advances in oxidative radical difunctionalization of N-arylacrylamides enabled by carbon radical reagents

• Jiangfei Chen,
• Yi-Lin Qu,
• Ming Yuan,
• Xiang-Mei Wu,
• Heng-Pei Jiang,
• Ying Fu and
• Shengrong Guo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1207–1271, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.98

• groups on the aromatic ring (40a–d), effectively underwent this transformation. Halogen substituents (40e, 40f) on the substrates also demonstrated excellent reaction efficiency and substrate tolerance, further broadening the potential scope of applications. Regarding the reaction mechanism (Scheme 22

Synthesis of β-ketophosphonates through aerobic copper(II)-mediated phosphorylation of enol acetates

• Alexander S. Budnikov,
• Igor B. Krylov,
• Fedor K. Monin,
• Valentina M. Merkulova,
• Alexey I. Ilovaisky,
• Liu Yan,
• Bing Yu and
• Alexander O. Terent’ev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1192–1200, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.96

• substitution pattern in the aryl ring does not have a significant effect on the yield of 3 for both acceptor and donor derivatives, which shows the versatility of the developed protocol. However, among halogen-containing derivatives, higher yields were observed for bromine-substituted ones (products 3i and 3l

A multicomponent reaction-initiated synthesis of imidazopyridine-fused isoquinolinones

• Ashutosh Nath,
• John Mark Awad and
• Wei Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1161–1169, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.92

• for all substitutes of 6a, 6h, 6r and 6j, which, are not ideal effective for IMDA cycloadditions compared to the other substitute cycloadditions. The R2 substituent on the imidazopyridine moiety in 6 was found to have a significant electronic impact on the IMDA cycloaddition. When R2 is a halogen (Br

Synthetic approach to borrelidin fragments: focus on key intermediates

• Yudhi Dwi Kurniawan,
• Zetryana Puteri Tachrim,
• Teni Ernawati,
• Faris Hermawan,
• Ima Nurasiyah and
• Muhammad Alfin Sulmantara

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1135–1160, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.91

• preparing the organometallic reagent using halogen-metal exchange, which proved feasible for small scale operations. Alcohol 126 was converted into its iodide derivative 127 in 93% yield using Ph3P/I2/imidazole reagent. Halogen-metal exchange of 127 with tert-butyllithium proceeded efficiently, and

• , reductive work up, iodination, halogen-metal exchange, and transmetallation for compound (–)-128, followed by reaction with (S)-120, provided the deoxypropionate product (+)-131 in 78% yield over three steps, with dr >95:5. Finally, another ozonolysis followed by reductive work up with triphenylphospine

Investigations of amination reactions on an antimalarial 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine scaffold

• Henry S. T. Smith,
• Ben Giuliani,
• Kanchana Wijesekera,
• Kah Yean Lum,
• Sandra Duffy,
• Aaron Lock,
• Jonathan M. White,
• Vicky M. Avery and
• Rohan A. Davis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1126–1134, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.90

• -position (tele-substituted; Figure 1), distant from the halogen leaving group at position 5 [10]. A plausible reaction mechanism was proposed by Korsik et al. [10]. The antimalarial activity of series 4 triazolopyrazine scaffolds is generally reduced by substitution of an amine functionality at the 8

• triazolopyrazines from 5-halogen substituted triazolopyrazines and primary amines now in hand, 13 other commercially available liquid primary amines were employed for the synthesis of additional aminated triazolopyrazine analogues (Scheme 2). TLC analysis of the room temperature reaction with phenethylamine (as

• C20H2635ClN6NaO2, 439.1620; found, 439.1616. (A) Position numbering on the pyrazine ring of 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine. (B) Illustration of ipso- and tele-substitution products for reactions of nucleophiles with 5-halogenated 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine, where X = halogen and Nuc = nucleophile. Key COSY

Gold extraction at the molecular level using α- and β-cyclodextrins

• Susana Santos Braga

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1116–1125, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.89

• trace amounts (<3%). Investigations on the role of both the halogen in KAuX4 (X = Br, Cl) [37], as well as of different alkali cations (Na, K, Rb, Cs) [40] upon the ability to form a co-precipitate in the presence of α-CD were undertaken. The possibility of using different cyclodextrins (α-CD, β-CD or γ

• -CD) for precipitation was also evaluated [40]. When another halogen was used, no precipitation was observed between α-CD and the KAuCl4 salt [37]. When CDs with a larger cavity were tested (β-CD and γ-CD), gold particles were dissolved but there was no immediate precipitation [40], thus highlighting

Supramolecular assembly of hypervalent iodine macrocycles and alkali metals

• Krishna Pandey,
• Lucas X. Orton,
• Grayson Venus,
• Waseem A. Hussain,
• Toby Woods,
• Lichang Wang and
• Kyle N. Plunkett

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1095–1103, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.87

• bonding is characterized as those interactions that involve intermolecular hypervalent connections with lengths shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii between a heavy p-block element and an electron-pair donor (typically O, N, S, or halogen) [15]. Secondary I···O interactions have been found to

Recent advances in synthetic approaches for bioactive cinnamic acid derivatives

• Betty A. Kustiana,
• Galuh Widiyarti and
• Teni Ernawati

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1031–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.85

• , Božić and co-workers (2022) reported the microwave-assisted direct amidation reaction of cinnamic acid (7) catalyzed by N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSi) via halogen bonding activation (Scheme 42B) [80]. In addition, the method has been successfully scaled up to a gram scale. Activating a nucleophile

Pd-Catalyzed asymmetric allylic amination with isatin using a P,olefin-type chiral ligand with C–N bond axial chirality

• Natsume Akimoto,
• Kaho Takaya,
• Yoshio Kasashima,
• Kohei Watanabe,
• Yasushi Yoshida and
• Takashi Mino

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1018–1023, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.83

• did not proceed, and (S)-13e was not produced. Likewise, no reaction occurred with a trifluoromethoxy-substituted derivative, resulting in no formation of (S)-13f. Reactions using isatin derivatives bearing halogen substituents at the 6-position proceeded efficiently, affording (S)-13g–i in good

On the photoluminescence in triarylmethyl-centered mono-, di-, and multiradicals

• Daniel Straub,
• Markus Gross,
• Mona E. Arnold,
• Julia Zolg and
• Alexander J. C. Kuehne

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 964–998, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.80

Chitosan-supported CuI-catalyzed cascade reaction of 2-halobenzoic acids and amidines for the synthesis of quinazolinones

• Xuhong Zhao,
• Weishuang Li,
• Mengli Yang,
• Bojie Li,
• Yaoyao Zhang,
• Lizhen Huang and
• Lei Zhu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 839–844, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.67

• methods, the cascade reaction between ortho-halogen (e.g., chlorine, bromine or iodine) substituted benzoic acids and amidines has become a prominent route to synthesize the corresponding quinazolinones [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. In 2009, Fu and co-workers found that copper(I) could effectively

Substituent effects in N-acetylated phenylazopyrazole photoswitches

• Radek Tovtik,
• Dennis Marzin,
• Pia Weigel,
• Stefano Crespi and
• Nadja A. Simeth

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 830–838, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.66

• isomerization in our newly synthesized NAc-PAPs, we recorded the process by time-resolved UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and calculated the thermal half-lifes of back isomerization (Table 5 and Supporting Information File 1, section 3.6). EDGs and weakly EWGs, such as halogen substituents, exhibited thermal

4-(1-Methylamino)ethylidene-1,5-disubstituted pyrrolidine-2,3-diones: synthesis, anti-inflammatory effect and in silico approaches

• Nguyen Tran Nguyen,
• Vo Viet Dai,
• Luc Van Meervelt,
• Do Thi Thao and
• Nguyen Minh Thong

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 817–829, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.65

• drug dexamethasone (IC50 = 13.25 ± 1.39 µM). At a concentration of 100 µM, the NO inhibition of pyrrolidine-2,3-dione derivatives 5a, 5b, and 5e was 53.65%, 50.22%, and 63.65%, respectively, as compared to 85.04% of dexamethasone. It is clear that the presence of a nitro group or halogen atom on the

Recent advances in the electrochemical synthesis of organophosphorus compounds

• Babak Kaboudin,
• Milad Behroozi,
• Sepideh Sadighi and
• Fatemeh Asgharzadeh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 770–797, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.61

• electrochemical synthesis method for the transition-metal-free cyclization and selenation/halogenation of alkynyl phosphonates at 45 °C under N2. This method can chemoselectively convert these products into halogen-functionalized cyclic enol phosphonates. The reaction is carried out in an undivided cell using

Copper-catalyzed domino cyclization of anilines and cyclobutanone oxime: a scalable and versatile route to spirotetrahydroquinoline derivatives

• Qingqing Jiang,
• Xinyi Lei,
• Pan Gao and
• Yu Yuan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 749–754, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.58

• conditions, we proceeded to investigate the generality of this Cu-catalyzed system. Initially, a series of anilines bearing diverse substituents was examined, and the results are summarized in Scheme 2. When copper(II) trifluoroacetate was employed as the catalyst, para-halogen-substituted anilines 1b–e

Formaldehyde surrogates in multicomponent reactions

• Cecilia I. Attorresi,
• Javier A. Ramírez and
• Bernhard Westermann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 564–595, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.45

• -protic nature make them suitable dissolving agents for a wide range of reagents. Furthermore, the polar bond C–X can be activated by different chemical procedures (metal or acid catalysis, for example) and serves as a reactive center. In this regard, dihalomethanes can act as halogen donors in

Asymmetric synthesis of β-amino cyanoesters with contiguous tetrasubstituted carbon centers by halogen-bonding catalysis with chiral halonium salt

• Yasushi Yoshida,
• Maho Aono,
• Takashi Mino and
• Masami Sakamoto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 547–555, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.43

• , Chiba 263-8522, Japan 10.3762/bjoc.21.43 Abstract β-Amino cyanoesters are important scaffolds because they can be transformed into useful chiral amines, amino acids, and amino alcohols. Halogen bonding, which can be formed between halogen atoms and electron-rich chemical species, is attractive because

• of its unique interaction in organic synthesis. Chiral halonium salts have been found to have strong halogen-bonding-donor abilities and work as powerful asymmetric catalysts. Recently, we have developed binaphthyl-based chiral halonium salts and applied them in several enantioselective reactions

• ; chiral halonium salt; contiguous stereocenters; halogen bonding; Mannich reaction; Introduction Halogen bonding (XB) has attracted intense research attention for its unique interaction between halogen atoms and electron-rich substituents [1]. XB has been applied to various fields of chemistry, such as

Synthesis of N-acetyl diazocine derivatives via cross-coupling reaction

• Thomas Brandt,
• Pascal Lentes,
• Jeremy Rudtke,
• Michael Hösgen,
• Christian Näther and
• Rainer Herges

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 490–499, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.36

• substitution. Substituents such as halogen atoms must be introduced into the N-acetyl diazocine structure during the synthesis of the building blocks. In the present work we start from mono- and dihalogenated N-acetyl diazocine 2–4 (Figure 2) and focus on the further derivatization via cross-coupling reactions

• diazocine attached to glutamate to form a photoswitchable neurotransmitter [10]. The halogen-substituted N-acetyl diazocines 2–4 were used as the starting compounds for further derivatization via Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Solutions of the Z isomers are yellow. The E isomers are red. Synthesis

• reactions. Equivalents are normalized to the used amount of N-acetyl diazocine starting material. Derivatization of halogen-substituted N-acetyl diazocines via Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. Equivalents are normalized to the used amount of N-acetyl diazocine starting material. Derivatization of halogenated N

Synthesis of electrophile-tethered preQ₁ analogs for covalent attachment to preQ₁ RNA

• Laurin Flemmich and
• Ronald Micura

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 483–489, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.35

• subjected to Appel conditions in DMF, using elemental iodine as the halogen source. Notably, we were not able to efficiently generate the corresponding bromides with the same strategy. The preQ1 derivative 3a was synthesized in a 2-step reaction sequence analogous to the DPQ1 derivative 4b, while four steps

Electrochemical synthesis of cyclic biaryl λ³-bromanes from 2,2’-dibromobiphenyls

• Andrejs Savkins and
• Igors Sokolovs

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 451–457, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.32

• ]. In addition, cyclic diaryl λ3-bromanes have been successfully employed as halogen-bonding organocatalysts in Michael addition [8] and their chiral variants were efficient in catalyzing enantioselective Mannich reactions of ketimines with cyanomethyl coumarins [9] and malonic esters [10]. These

Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and carbonic anhydrase inhibition activities of multifunctional pyrazolo-1,2-benzothiazine acetamides

• Ayesha Saeed,
• Shahana Ehsan,
• Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman,
• Erin M. Marshall,
• Sandra Loesgen,
• Abdus Saleem,
• Simone Giovannuzzi and
• Claudiu T. Supuran

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 348–357, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.25

• potent. Interestingly, the presence of a halogen, preferably a bromine substituent at the para-position of the acetamide group increased the antibiotic potential against S. aureus. A comparative analysis of the antimicrobial data between mono/dialkylated derivatives revealed that O-alkylation did not

Red light excitation: illuminating photocatalysis in a new spectrum

• Lucas Fortier,
• Corentin Lefebvre and
• Norbert Hoffmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 296–326, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.22

• hydrogen-atom-transfer mechanisms with a Hantzsch ester 34 as presented in Scheme 12. Moreover, the study has explored the impact of substrate steric hindrance and halogen bond strength on catalytic efficiency, revealing that bromo- and iodo-substrates react more efficiently, while chloro-substrates

Visible-light-promoted radical cyclisation of unactivated alkenes in benzimidazoles: synthesis of difluoromethyl- and aryldifluoromethyl-substituted polycyclic imidazoles

• Yujun Pang,
• Jinglan Yan,
• Nawaf Al-Maharik,
• Qian Zhang,
• Zeguo Fang and
• Dong Li

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 234–241, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.15

• substituted with halogen atoms (–F, –Cl, –Br) were also suitable for this transformation, efficiently giving the desired products in yields of 65–80% (3b, 3e–g), thus facilitating further functionalization possibilities. Notably, substrates with substituents at the sterically hindered 7-position of the

Nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of 2-fluorobenzofurans with arylboronic acids via aromatic C–F bond activation

• Takeshi Fujita,
• Haruna Yabuki,
• Ryutaro Morioka,
• Kohei Fuchibe and
• Junji Ichikawa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 146–154, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.8

• simultaneously between E and the arylboronic acids 2, leading to the formation of G (Scheme 5, path c). The intermediates G then undergo reductive elimination to yield 3. To assess the impact of halogen substituents, we also examined reactions of 2-halogenated benzofurans 1a-X (1a-Cl: X = Cl; 1a-Br: X = Br; 1a-I

• nickelacyclopropane Eb in a stoichiometric reaction. Screening of conditions for coupling of 1b with 2b. Effect of halogen substituents. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 82: Detailed experimental procedures and spectral data. Acknowledgements This work was partially performed using facilities of

Recent advances in organocatalytic atroposelective reactions

• Henrich Szabados and
• Radovan Šebesta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 55–121, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.6

• conditions were compatible with many substrates containing methyl, methoxy, halogen, and aryl groups, providing excellent enantioselectivies and moderate to high yields. Control experiments indicated an activation mode through the vinylidene ortho-quinone methide (VQM) intermediate as well as the importance

• in the formation of axially chiral products 191 (Scheme 56) [86]. The authors achieved good results in terms of enantioselectivities and yields with mostly methyl, methoxy, or halogen modifications in various positions. The configurational stability experiments of products 191 confirmed stable