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Search for "green" in Full Text gives 1012 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. Showing first 200.
Recent advances in amidyl radical-mediated photocatalytic direct intermolecular hydrogen atom transfer
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1306–1323, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.100
- and the relatively green chemistry of generating amidyl radicals. Amidyl radicals offer several advantages that enhance their applicability in organic synthesis: 1) The BDE of amidyl N–H bond is more than 105 kcal/mol, relative to the bond (C–H, Si–H, B–H, and Ge–H) which BDE is lower than 100 kcal
- modified. In recent years, photocatalysis has been widely adopted due to its green and efficient nature [45][46][47][48][49][50][51]. The generation of amidyl radical is implemented by HRP. Six different methods (Figure 2c), which have been developed for visible-light mediated reactions, could generate
- the research of direct functionalization via HAT processes and the development of green chemistry in photocatalysis, this review will focus on the generation of amidyl radicals and reaction mechanisms and highlight the photocatalyzed reaction characteristics. This review aims to provide researchers
Recent advances and future challenges in the bottom-up synthesis of azulene-embedded nanographenes
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1272–1305, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.99
- or green colours of 157–159 and azulene-like weak absorption due to S0→S1 transition. Strong chiroptical responses were revealed by ECD spectra, with the maximum |gabs| values reaching 0.022 (at 421 nm) and 0.021 (at 427 nm) for 158, and 159, respectively. These values are among the highest |gabs
Recent advances in oxidative radical difunctionalization of N-arylacrylamides enabled by carbon radical reagents
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1207–1271, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.98
- radical C, which adds to the N-arylacrylamide, followed by intramolecular cyclization and deprotonation to form the final products 19. To further expand the radical difunctionalization toolbox, electrochemical approaches have emerged as a green and efficient alternative, offering precise redox control
- from N-cyanamide alkenes (Scheme 27) [16]. This approach is notable for its alignment with the principles of green chemistry, utilizing the metal-free photocatalyst 4CzIPN under visible light conditions. In this system, N-cyanamide alkene 54 and BrCF2CO2Et 55 were used as model substrates, with 4CzIPN
Optimized synthesis of aroyl-S,N-ketene acetals by omission of solubilizing alcohol cosolvents
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1201–1206, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.97
- . This can be obtained from renewable biomass and is therefore considered to be a "green" solvent. In 2-MeTHF (conditions (C)), product 1f was isolated with a yield of 95% and derivative 1h with a yield of 91%. This shows that the sustainable solvent is a potent alternative to 1,4-dioxane. With the new
Selective monoformylation of naphthalene-fused propellanes for methylene-alternating copolymers
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1183–1191, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.95
- (open circles) isotherms of [3.3.3]_oligo (dark red), [3.3.3]_linear (red), [3.3.3]_branch (orange), [4.3.3]_oligo (purple), [4.3.3]_linear (blue), and [4.3.3]_branch (green). a) CO2 at 298 K and b) N2 at 77 K. Formylation of naphthalene-fused propellanes. Properties of methylene-alternating
Enhancing chemical synthesis planning: automated quantum mechanics-based regioselectivity prediction for C–H activation with directing groups
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1171–1182, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.94
- predict the experimentally observed reaction site with 78% accuracy over the whole dataset when using no energy threshold, meaning that only the reaction site corresponding to the lowest-energy complex is predicted to be the reaction centre. In Figure 9A, the predictions, correct (green) or wrong (red
- with the experimentally observed reaction site in green and the predicted reaction site marked by a blue circle. For molecule 1, we can see in the original paper from Yeung et al. [26] that the reaction preceding the C–H activation is an intramolecular cyclization between the C atom marked in green and
- single-point calculations did not result in better agreement with experimental observations. The ten molecules with their experimentally observed main reaction site in green and all predicted reaction sites within a 1 kcal·mol−1 threshold as a blue circle are shown in Figure 11. Using the previously
A multicomponent reaction-initiated synthesis of imidazopyridine-fused isoquinolinones
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1161–1169, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.92
- –Bienaymé (GBB); imidazopyridine; intramolecular Diels–Alder (IMDA); isoquinolinone; multicomponent reaction (MCR); re-aromatization; Introduction Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have intrinsic green chemistry advantages of synthetic efficiency and operational simplicity. Performing post-condensational
Supramolecular assembly of hypervalent iodine macrocycles and alkali metals
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1095–1103, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.87
- the electrophilic core highlighted by a smaller area of red color surrounded by green color of 1. Electron-rich periphery oxygens (formerly the carbonyl of benzoic acid) are highlighted by a greater area of red color. 1H NMR titration experiment of 1 with LiBArF20 at an incremental equivalency in
Recent advances in synthetic approaches for bioactive cinnamic acid derivatives
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1031–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.85
- excellent yield (Scheme 2) [32]. The formed anhydride 3 was smoothly converted to the amide at room temperature. This method provides a green approach by allowing cinnamic acid derivatization in water as a benign solvent. Similarly, Rajendran and Rajan (2023) reported a one-pot transamidation of cinnamamide
- situ formation of an active enol ester 26. The phenol was formed in situ during the second step from phenylboronic acid oxidation utilizing H2O2 (30%) as green oxidant (Scheme 8B) [40]. Sureshbabu and co-workers (2023) activated the carboxyl group of 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (1) by selectively reacting
- /N-acylation reactions, metal catalysts, particularly precious transition metals, are considered less sustainable due to their limited availability. Therefore, metal-free catalysis methods have emerged as an alternative to respond to the green chemistry agenda. For instance, Huy and Mbouhom (2019
On the photoluminescence in triarylmethyl-centered mono-, di-, and multiradicals
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 964–998, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.80
- Gomberg (see TTM and PTM in Figure 1a) [31]. Gomberg’s radical emits light in the green region of the visible spectrum, which is shifted bathochromically by substituting the ortho- and para-positions of the trityl phenyl rings with halogens. However, all symmetrical halo-trityl radicals exhibit low ϕ
Recent advances in controllable/divergent synthesis
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 890–914, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.73
- Jilei Cao Leiyang Bai Xuefeng Jiang Hainan Institute of East China Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University
Unraveling cooperative interactions between complexed ions in dual-host strategy for cesium salt separation
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 845–853, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.68
- colors: green or grey = C, white = H, blue = N, red = O, orange = S, and purple = Cs. For the crystal structure, the overall stoichiometry of Cs+, PO43−, 18-crown-6 and anion receptor is 3:1:3:1. Phosphate anion is encapsulated inside the hexaurea cavity and stabilized by 12 × N–H···O hydrogen bonds
Synthesis and photoinduced switching properties of C7-heteroatom containing push–pull norbornadiene derivatives
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 807–816, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.64
- belonging to the scaffold of O-QC1 arise. Further, the singlet signal corresponding to the CH3 group of the tosyl moiety shifts from 2.45 ppm to 2.47 ppm. A spectrum containing approximately a 45:55 ratio of O-NBD1/O-QC1 can be found after 140 minutes of irradiation (Figure 2b, green). A different behavior
Recent advances in the electrochemical synthesis of organophosphorus compounds
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 770–797, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.61
- Babak Kaboudin Milad Behroozi Sepideh Sadighi Fatemeh Asgharzadeh Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran 10.3762/bjoc.21.61 Abstract In this review, we describe recent advances in electrochemical green methods for the
- electrosynthesis as a green, precise, and low-cost method to prepare phosphorous structures. Keywords: electrosynthesis; green synthesis; organophosphorus compounds; P–C bond formation; P–heteroatom bond formation; Introduction The electrochemical synthesis is a valuable and beneficial method for the preparation
- recent years on developing new methods for synthesizing organophosphorus compounds [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. Developing sustainable and green methods for synthesizing organophosphorus materials is a growing field. Methods based on photocatalysis [36], flow-based
New advances in asymmetric organocatalysis II
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 766–769, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.60
- from a brief Web of Science analysis of the 6,700 articles, published within the past 25 years, retrieved through a search of the keywords “asymmetric organocatalysis”. Organocatalysis is now part of various areas of chemistry, spanning as far as polymer, materials, as well as green and sustainable
Copper-catalyzed domino cyclization of anilines and cyclobutanone oxime: a scalable and versatile route to spirotetrahydroquinoline derivatives
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 749–754, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.58
- the desired product. Keywords: copper catalysis; cyclobutane-fused tetrahydroquinolines; domino cyclization reaction; green synthesis; Introduction Tetrahydroquinolines (THQs) represent a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry, exhibiting a broad spectrum of biological activities and serving as
Orthogonal photoswitching of heterobivalent azobenzene glycoclusters: the effect of glycoligand orientation in bacterial adhesion
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 736–748, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.57
- protocol [41], the fluorescent GFP (green fluorescent protein)-expressing strain PKL1162 was applied to mannan-coated microtiter plates. In this assay, fluorescence intensity correlates with the number of adhered bacterial cells. The photoswitches 1–5 (cf. Figure 1) were used as inhibitors of bacterial
- to the O-azobenzene (AB) photoswitch. (Orthogonal) photoswitching alters the relative spatial orientation of the two sugar units. Glucose (Glc) moieties are colored in blue and mannose (Man) in green according to the symbol nomenclature for carbohydrates (SNFG) [29][30]. A: Wavelength-selective
- ) is depicted as ribbon diagram and the ligands are displayed as stick models (glycoclusters 1 and 2: EE: blue; ZZ: violet; EZ: green; ZE: red). Superposition of the isomers shows the similarity of the binding of the terminal mannoside antenna within the FimH CRD and the different orientations of the
Synthesis of HBC fluorophores with an electrophilic handle for covalent attachment to Pepper RNA
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 727–735, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.56
- )cyanophenylacetonitrile) fluorophores for easy access, which will contribute to the rapid dissemination of the RNA imaging approaches associated therewith. Keywords: covalent RNA labeling; FLAP; fluorophore synthesis; HBC530; self-alkylating ribozymes; Introduction The discovery of fluorescent reporters, such as green
Origami with small molecules: exploiting the C–F bond as a conformational tool
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 680–716, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.54
Sequential two-step, one-pot microwave-assisted Urech synthesis of 5-monosubstituted hydantoins from L-amino acids in water
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 596–600, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.46
- exceptional functional group tolerance, accommodating phenyl, aliphatic, phenol, alcohol, heterocyclic, and sulfide groups. This scalable, rapid, and eco-friendly strategy offers a promising avenue for the efficient synthesis of hydantoins, aligning with green chemistry principles and expanding the
- advantages over conventional heating, such as enhanced reaction rates and yields [17]. Microwave irradiation is also aligned with our group’s sustainability goals of adhering to the principles of green chemistry [18]. Following our previous works in the synthesis and evaluation of biologically active
- ” aspect of the protocol under microwave irradiation conditions, which enables rapid conversion of the starting materials to the products in water – a green solvent – in less than two hours makes this protocol an expedient and environmentally benign synthesis of hydantoins from amino acids. The scalability
Formaldehyde surrogates in multicomponent reactions
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 564–595, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.45
- concerns and improved reaction control can be addressed, paving the way for more efficient and sustainable synthetic methodologies. Keywords: cascade reactions; formaldehyde surrogates; green chemistry; heterocycles; multicomponent reactions; Introduction Organic chemistry is a mature discipline that has
- temperatures, no specifically prepared solvents), one-pot, batch processes leading to tandem or cascade reactions, resource efficiency through the application of the 12 principles of Green Chemistry, and readily available starting materials such as waste materials from food production processes [1][2][3]. In
- diversification or scaffold decoration [4]. In these reactions, three or more compounds react together in one single reaction step to generate a more complex product where most of the atoms of starting materials are present [5]. This high atom economy positions MCRs as ecofriendly (green) reactions because their
Deep-blue emitting 9,10-bis(perfluorobenzyl)anthracene
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 515–525, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.39
- provides yet another example of the structural flexibility of perfluorobenzylated compounds and their sensitivity towards chemical environment [18]. The molecules are arranged in two distinct columns, colored red and green that are skewed from one another by 31.2°. There is no significant π–π overlap
- stacked columns of ANTH moieties are colored red and green, BnF groups are colored in yellow, and H atoms have been omitted for clarity. In the off-side view (bottom right), both, F and H atoms are omitted for a better overview. Absorption spectra of ANTH and 9,10-ANTH(BnF)2 in CH2Cl2 recorded over the
Unprecedented visible light-initiated topochemical [2 + 2] cycloaddition in a functionalized bimane dye
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 500–509, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.37
- crystal lattice and are often reversible, requiring either high-energy light or heat for initiation [6][7][8]. Notably, topochemical polymerizations align with the principles of green chemistry, as they are solvent-free and do not involve toxic reagents [9]. The highly ordered and uniform nature of
Photomechanochemistry: harnessing mechanical forces to enhance photochemical reactions
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 458–472, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.33
- developed, where additional energy is applied to increase mixing such as pulsation [26][27][28], ultrasound energy [29], segmented flow [30], or mechanical stirring [31]. In line with the recent emphasis on Green Chemistry principles [32][33], alternatives have been developed in order to reduce the amount
- (5 mol %) was irradiated with green light while being milled in a 25 mL PMMA milling jar with 15 ZrO2 balls of 5 mm in diameter at 25 Hz. The expected product 8.2 was obtained in 68% yield after isolation. A comprehensive set of control experiments highlighted the essential role of mechanochemistry
Antibiofilm and cytotoxic metabolites from the entomopathogenic fungus Samsoniella aurantia
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 327–339, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.23
- experimental (black) and simulated Boltzmann-averaged (red: (2’S,3’S,12S)-1; green: (2’S,3’S,12R)-1) ECD spectra of compound 1. A plausible biosynthetic pathway of 1–3. Biofilm inhibition and eradication assessment via CV staining assay. A) S. aureus biofilm inhibition by farinosone D (1) and farinosone A (2
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