Amino acid-based surfactants: sustainable synthesis and antimicrobial mechanisms

• Rafaela Gomes Bezerra,
• Lourdes Pérez and
• Francisco Fábio Oliveira de Sousa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 1067–1085, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.85

• effects on the cellular integrity and microbial vital processes. In addition, these surfactants can be easily synthesized using green chemistry principles, are biodegradable and more biocompatible than commercial quaternary ammonium surfactants. This paper aimed to elucidate the relevance of amino acid

• environmental regulations by using renewable starting materials and reducing significantly the need for hazardous solvents, making them a very sustainable option [3]. For instance, tryptophan and phenylalanine-based surfactants have been prepared using a green method that employs renewable starting materials

• that these surfactants can be synthesized using green chemistry principles, including the use of renewable starting materials, high atom economy (85–92%), and elimination of hazardous by-products, while maintaining effective antimicrobial activity [3]. Comparative studies show that these surfactants

Synthesis of novel 1,2,4-oxadiazole-isoxazoline hybrids and their in silico potential with adenosine receptors

• Pshtiwan S. Mohammed,
• Mohammed K. S. Dalo,
• Onur C. Yazıcı,
• Muhammet Yildirim and
• Akın Sağırlı

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 1033–1047, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.82

• compounds (7x-(S), 7x-(R), 7j-(S), 7aw-(S), 7aw-(R), 7ah-(S)) and reference (co-crystallized) ligand with A1 adenosine receptor. Green arrows: conventional hydrogen bonds; pink region: alkyl connections; light pink region: pi-alkyl connections; blue region: halogen interactions; light green region: carbon

Semisynthesis, characterisation, and antibacterial evaluation of a novel lecanoric acid-derived amide library

• Ethan D. Abbott,
• Sasha Hayes,
• Jonathan M. White,
• Bernd H. A. Rehm and
• Rohan A. Davis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 1023–1032, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.81

• h). Each extract was filtered under gravity, with the CH2Cl2 and MeOH extracts dried under reduced pressure. The dried CH2Cl2 extract yielded a dark green amorphous powder (173.4 mg), whereas the MeOH extract produced a beige amorphous powder (2.1 g). The CH2Cl2 extract was pre-adsorbed onto silica

• NMR data in DMSO-d6; LRMS–ESI(+) (m/z): 319 [M + H]+, 341 [M + Na]+; LRMS–ESI(−) (m/z): 317 [M − H]−. Divaricatic acid (2): green gum [17]; see Supporting Information File 1, pp S13–S15 for 1D/2D NMR data in DMSO-d6; LRMS–ESI(−) (m/z): 387 [M −H]−. Orcinol (3): brown gum [21]; see Supporting

Z-Selective semihydrogenation of alkynes via Ni/Lewis acid synergistic catalyzed system using DMF as hydrogen source and solvent

• Lei Kang,
• Haifeng Gao and
• Luo Yang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 1004–1012, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.79

• Lei Kang Haifeng Gao Luo Yang School of Surveying & Testing, Shaanxi Railway Institute, Weinan, 714000, China Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Hunan, 411105, China 10.3762/bjoc.22.79 Abstract A Ni/Lewis acid

The role of spacer length and flexibility in peptide self-assembly

• Julian Link,
• Albin Lahu,
• Manfred Wagner,
• Tanja Weil and
• David Y. W. Ng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 986–996, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.77

• observed for C6-Nap-ICA 6 further underlines the presence of β-sheet structures in the peptide fibrils [42][43]. Subsequent analysis of the peptide structures using fluorescence microscopy with a green fluorescence filter (λex = 470/40 nm, λem = 525/50 nm) further confirmed the absence of self-assembled

• -ICA 7, or C0-Nap-ICA 8 (all 100 µM) in PBS (50 mM, pH 7.4, 1% TFE) with green fluorescence filter (λex = 470/40 nm, λem = 525/50 nm), scale bar = 40 µm. A) Scheme depicting the self-assembly propensities of C6-Nap-ICA 6, C3-Nap-ICA 7, and C0-Nap-ICA 8 in aqueous media. B) TEM micrograph of C0-Nap-ICA

Unsymmetrical sulfoxides with sterically hindered catechol fragment: synthesis, structure, electrochemical properties, and antiradical activity

• Daria A. Burmistrova,
• Vasiliy A. Fokin,
• Oleg P. Demidov,
• Mikhail A. Kiskin,
• Maxim V. Arsenyev,
• Andrey I. Poddel’sky,
• Nadezhda T. Berberova and
• Ivan V. Smolyaninov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 828–837, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.65

• environmentally friendly and readily available hydrogen peroxide, oxygen is another soft “green” oxidizer widely used in the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides [39][40][41]. In the case of catechol thioethers, an additional key challenge lies in achieving chemoselective oxidation of the sulfur atom in the

Synthetic study of vic-bromination of diarylacetylenes, easy purification and separation

• Akane Togo,
• Hiyono Suzuki,
• Yuto Akai,
• Makoto Matsumoto,
• Yoshinori Suzuma,
• Hidehiko Kodama and
• Kouichi Matsumoto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 795–802, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.61

• , the E isomer could be recovered as a solid material by utilizing the difference in solubility. On the other hand, the Z isomer could be removed by filtration while remaining in solution. Keywords: bromination; diarylacetylenes; green chemistry; purification and separation; stereoselective reaction

Halogenated azobenzene acrylates: from efficient solution photoswitching to stable solid-state photochromic materials

• Martina Vachtlová,
• Michaela Fecková,
• Vítězslav Zima,
• Jan Podlesný,
• Milan Klikar,
• Oldřich Pytela,
• Patrik Pařík,
• Jakub Opršal,
• Eliška Juhaňáková,
• Veronika Chrtová and
• Filip Bureš

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 782–794, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.60

• has also been used within the frame of a microgripper constructed from an azobenzene liquid crystal polymer (LCP) [12]. Violet (E → Z) or green (Z → E) light can power shapeshifting of this miniature device made of two LCP strips. The photoinduced transition between the heterosmectic and isotropic

Synthesis and biological evaluation of new brassinosteroid analogs with C-22 benzoate function

• María Núñez,
• Camila Escobar,
• Mario Párraga,
• Mauricio Soto,
• Luis Espinoza-Catalán,
• Katy Díaz and
• Andrés F. Olea

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 753–762, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.57

• = steroidal skeleton of the structure. Binding modes of compound 19 into BRI1–BAK1 heterodimer. Hydrogen bonds are represented in green segmented lines. π–π stacking is represented by dark pink segmented lines. Hydrophobic interactions are represented by pink segmented lines. Synthesis of compounds 23–28 and

Synthesis of heterocycles based on azomethine ylides from α-amino acids (or amines) and carbonyl compounds

• Ekaterina V. Berezhnaya,
• Alexander I. Ponyaev,
• Vitali M. Boitsov and
• Alexander V. Stepakov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 705–741, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.55

• ]pyrrolizidine derivatives via intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition using [bmim][BF4] as a green solvent. When N-alkenylpyrrole-2-carbaldehyde 110 reacts with sarcosine or with cyclic secondary amino acids such as proline, thiaproline, pipecolic acid, or isoquinolinic acid 100, azomethine ylide K is formed

Photoorganocatalytic trifluoromethylation of (het)arenes in green conditions

• Egor N. Boronin,
• Svetlana E. Kaurkina,
• Milena M. Svetlakova,
• Anton S. Bolshakov,
• Maxim V. Arsenyev,
• Vasilii F. Otvagin,
• Alexey Yu. Fedorov,
• Timothy Noël and
• Alexander V. Nyuchev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 662–671, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.50

• conditions using an inexpensive and atom-efficient CF3 source, trifluoroacetic anhydride, in ethyl acetate as a green solvent. An organic cyanoarene photocatalyst enables efficient CF3 radical generation under blue-light irradiation, providing a broad range of trifluoromethylated arenes and heteroarenes. The

• amenable to scale-up, with continuous-flow operation delivering a significant increase in space–time yield, highlighting its potential for sustainable synthesis of CF3-containing molecules. Keywords: green chemistry; photocatalysis; photochemistry; trifluoromethylation; Introduction Trifluoromethylated

• -catalyzed [8], organic photocatalyst-mediated, or electrochemical transformations [9], and also include continuous-flow processes [6][10][11][12][13]. Given that photocatalytic reactions align with the principles of green chemistry, particularly energy efficiency and the use of catalytic pathways, such

Regioselective approach to 5-arylsulfonylisoxazoles and their antimicrobial activity

• Artem S. Sazonov,
• Dmitry A. Vasilenko,
• Denis V. Porfiriev,
• Yuri K. Grishin,
• Rimma A. Gazzaeva,
• Alisa P. Chernyshova,
• Maxim A. Kryakvin,
• Anna A. Baranova,
• Vera A. Alferova and
• Elena B. Averina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 592–602, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.45

• the expression of the katushka2S gene. When scanning, the signal from the RFP protein was displayed in green pseudocolor, and from Katushka2S in red. Most of the studied compounds demonstrated low antibacterial activity against the reporter strains, however, 3-nitrosulfonylisoxazoles 3h, 3g and

• ) agar plate coated with E. coli lptDmut pDualrep2.1 (KanR). Both plates spotted with isoxazole samples (3 μL of 100 mM DMSO solutions) along with erythromycin (Ery, 5 mg/mL) and levofloxacin (Lev, 25 mg/mL). Plates were scanned in Cy3 (for TurboRFP) and Cy5 (for Katushka2S) channels, shown as green and

Continuous-flow carbonyl hydrogenation under subatmospheric to atmospheric hydrogen pressure enabled by robust heterogeneous Pt–Fe catalysts

• Hiroyuki Miyamura,
• Ryosuke Kajiyama,
• Shun-ya Onozawa,
• Yoshihiro Kon and
• Shū Kobayashi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 575–582, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.43

• ]. Recently, continuous-flow organic synthesis has attracted much attention from both academia and industry, because it offers numerous advantages, such as not only a high productivity with limited space but also realizing green sustainable syntheses minimizing required energy and resources. When

• subatmospheric pressure of hydrogen Next, we investigated whether continuous-flow hydrogenation could proceed under subatmospheric partial pressure of hydrogen gas. The use of subatmospheric partial pressure of hydrogen gas is highly desired from the viewpoint of safety, as well as for utilizing green hydrogen

• produced by sustainable energy, because purifying and pressurizing hydrogen gas consumes large amounts of energy comparable to the energy required to generate green hydrogen [34]. We set up a continuous-flow system in which a mixture of H2 and N2 was introduced by two individually regulated mass-flow

Molecular tweezer–peptide conjugates disrupt the protein–protein interaction between survivin and histone H3 essential in mitosis

• Catherine Gsell,
• Philipp Rebmann,
• Karina Opara,
• Christine Beuck,
• Peter Bayer,
• David Bier,
• Ingrid R. Vetter and
• Thomas Schrader

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 557–567, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.41

• of the CPC (PDB ID: 2QFA, https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb2QFA/pdb) [5] with the typical α-helix bundle from survivin (orange), borealin10–109 (green) und INCENP1–58 (blue). Ribbon model of crystal structure PDB ID 4A0J (https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb4A0J/pdb) [8] of survivin (orange) bound to the N-terminal

• region of histone H3 (green). The boxed region is enlarged in the right panel. Several of the residues lining the interface between survivin and histone H3 are shown. Survivin complexes with peptide tweezers: Fluorescence polarization measurements of wild type and mutated survivin (top) and modeling of

• vicinity of the histone H3 binding as well as the Ca2+ ion site are labeled and shown as CPK models. The tweezer skeleton is shown in green, the H3 peptide in yellow. Survivin–borealin–INCENP complex structures (PDB ID 2QFA) [5] with tweezer model, side and top views. The original design ("old tweezer

Synthesis and anti-cancer activity of naphthalimide–organylselanyl conjugates

• Rajkumar Ravi and
• Selvakumar Karuthapandi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 416–435, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.29

• analysis provides vital insights into the electronic characteristics of atoms within a molecule [61]. In the MEP maps, the colour distribution follows the order blue, green, and red, representing increasing electrostatic potential. The blue regions correspond to more electropositive areas, while the red

Electrosynthetic access to unsymmetrical oxaza[8]helicenes with high chiral stability and strong circularly polarized luminescence (CPL)

• Tin Zar Aye,
• Rubal Sharma,
• Muthu Karuppasamy,
• Daiya Suzuki,
• Haruka Nakajima,
• Yoshitane Imai,
• Mitsuhiro Arisawa,
• Mohamed S. H. Salem and
• Shinobu Takizawa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.25

• dashed lines for (P)-configuration of 5a (black), 5b (blue), 6a (green), and 6b (red). Recent examples of hetero[8]helicenes: (A) symmetric hetero[8]helicenes; (B) unsymmetrical hetero[8]helicenes; (C) short-step electrosynthetic access to new unsymmetrical oxaza[8]helicenes. Short-step synthesis of

Ring contraction and ring expansion reactions in terpenoid biosynthesis and their application to total synthesis

• Nicolas Kratena,
• Nicolas Heinzig and
• Peter Gärtner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 289–343, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.21

• (Scheme 10) a second 1,2-methyl migration is required to furnish silphiperfolene (29) [79]. If instead, the bond indicated with the green arrow migrates the triquinane skeleton is assembled. Notably, Yan reported recently [80] that the sesquiterpene α-terrecyclene (30) is formed through the same

A mild and atom-efficient four-component cascade strategy for the construction of biologically relevant 4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives

• Dmitrii A. Grishin,
• Kseniia I. Sharkovskaia,
• Ilya G. Kolmakov,
• Daria A. Ipatova,
• Rostislav A. Petrov,
• Nikolai D. Dagaev,
• Dmitry A. Skvortsov,
• Maria G. Khrenova,
• Valeriy V. Andreychev,
• Sergei A. Evteev,
• Yan A. Ivanenkov,
• Roman L. Antipin,
• Olga А. Dontsova and
• Elena K. Beloglazkina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 244–256, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.18

• , enabling the one-pot combination of three or more reactants to form multiple bonds in a single step [4][5][6][7][8]. This approach not only facilitates the rapid assembly of structurally complex and functionally diverse molecules, but also aligns with the principles of green and sustainable chemistry

Configuration–packing synergy enabling integrated crystalline-state RTP and amorphous-state TADF

• Ruiyan Wang and
• Yunan Wu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 224–236, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.16

• Ruiyan Wang Yunan Wu Sendelta International School, Shenzhen 518038, China Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400014, China New Materials Research Institute of CASCHEM (Chongqing) Co., Ltd, Chongqing 400714, China 10.3762/bjoc.22.16

Improved synthesis and physicochemical characterization of the selective serotonin 2A receptor agonist 25CN-NBOH

• Adrian G. Rossebø,
• Hannah G. Kolberg,
• Anders E. Tønder,
• Louise Kjaerulff,
• Poul Erik Hansen,
• Karla A. Frydenvang,
• Jesper Østergaard and
• Jesper L. Kristensen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 175–184, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.11

• ). Notably, the crystal structure shows that there are no water molecules of crystallization present, nor are any other solvent molecules incorporated into the crystal packing. When comparing the diffractogram obtained by SCXRD (Figure 3, green) with that obtained by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of 1·HCl

• , oxygen atoms red, and chloride ion green. b) The crystal packing reveals alternating layers, a polar layer with hydrogen bonds (black dashed lines), and a hydrophobic layer with π–π-stacking (grey dashed lines). SCXRD and XRPD spectra of different preparations of 1·HCl. Blue: SCXRD spectrum of 1·HCl. Red

• , green, and purple: XRPD spectra of 1·HCl after recrystallization (red), directly as synthesized (green), and of a slurry obtained by stirring excess solid in ultrapure water for 3 days (purple). TGA and DSC thermograms of 1·HCl. Calculated pH-dependent species distribution curves for 25CN-NBOH (1). a

Symmetrical D–π–A–π–D indanone dyes: a new design for nonlinear optics and cyanide detection

• Ergin Keleş,
• Alberto Barsella,
• Nurgül Seferoğlu,
• Zeynel Seferoğlu and
• Burcu Aydıner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 131–142, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.6

• also showed significant color changes with increasing polarity. Color changes of 2a; from purple to blue, 2b; blue to green, and 2c; pale orange to pale pink (Figure 2d). Dyes do not show any significant emission. Chemosensor properties Cyanide selectivity study The dyes 2a–c could have the ability to

• groups is disrupted. These results strongly suggest the addition of cyanide to the vinyl bridge. Furthermore, the color of dyes 2a–c, blue, green, and pink, respectively, under ambient light changed to yellow when interacting with cyanide. The interaction mechanism was determined by 1H NMR, and the

• in Supporting Information File 1). Interaction mechanism 1H NMR titration was performed to determine the interaction mechanism of the dyes (Figure 5). Upon the addition of 0.5 equiv of CN−, the intensity of the signals of 2b decreased (green) while new signals appeared at the upfield, indicating the

Sustainable electrochemical synthesis of aliphatic nitro-NNO-azoxy compounds employing ammonium dinitramide and their in vitro evaluation as potential nitric oxide donors and fungicides

• Alexander S. Budnikov,
• Nikita E. Leonov,
• Michael S. Klenov,
• Andrey A. Kulikov,
• Igor B. Krylov,
• Timofey A. Kudryashev,
• Aleksandr M. Churakov,
• Alexander O. Terent’ev and
• Vladimir A. Tartakovsky

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2739–2754, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.211

• , Russian Federation 10.3762/bjoc.21.211 Abstract An atom- and step-economical electrochemical method for the synthesis of aliphatic nitro-NNO-azoxy compounds from the corresponding nitroso compounds was developed employing ammonium dinitramide, a prospective green oxidant for aerospace propulsion

• applications, as both electrolyte and source of a =NNO2 group. The developed method is green, practical, and scalable due to constant current electrolysis in an undivided cell at high current densities. Synthesized products demonstrated pronounced NO-donor activity and fungicidal activity against

• , electroorganic synthesis has become a powerful and reliable strategy for the functionalization of organic compounds under green and mild reaction conditions [36][37][38][39]. The control of selectivity through the variation of parameters such as current, voltage, electrolyte, electrodes, and the type of

Competitive cyclization of ethyl trifluoroacetoacetate and methyl ketones with 1,3-diamino-2-propanol into hydrogenated oxazolo- and pyrimido-condensed pyridones

• Svetlana O. Kushch,
• Marina V. Goryaeva,
• Yanina V. Burgart,
• Marina A. Ezhikova,
• Mikhail I. Kodess,
• Pavel A. Slepukhin,
• Alexandrina S. Volobueva,
• Vladimir V. Zarubaev and
• Victor I. Saloutin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2716–2729, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.209

• -component cyclization; Introduction The modern strategy of organic synthesis is aimed at conforming to the "green chemistry" principles based on PASE (pot, atom, step, economic) methods. These principles serve as the foundation for multicomponent processes that allow various structurally complex molecules

Recent advancements in the synthesis of Veratrum alkaloids

• Morwenna Mögel,
• David Berger and
• Philipp Heretsch

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2657–2693, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.206

• alkaloid, cyclopamine (6) [7], displays the C-nor-D-homo framework (marked in green). Veratrum alkaloids can be further divided into three subclasses: jervanine, veratramine, and cevanine-type Veratrum alkaloids (Scheme 2) [8]. Main differentiation of these structural motifs involves the connectivity of

• of green for strategic connections, yellow for neutral, e.g., functional group interconversion and isomerization, orange for non-strategic reactions, and red for protecting group (PG) manipulations (Scheme 3). Protecting group manipulations refer to any protection or deprotection of a functional

• and as a semisynthesis, poses some non-strategic redox transformations (orange) and protecting manipulations (red) especially in the beginning and in the endgame of the synthesis. Nevertheless, several transformations are desirable green transformations, although it is noticeably more difficult to

Thiazolidinones: novel insights from microwave synthesis, computational studies, and potentially bioactive hybrids

• Luan A. Martinho,
• Victor H. J. G. Praciano,
• Guilherme D. R. Matos,
• Claudia C. Gatto and
• Carlos Kleber Z. Andrade

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2618–2636, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.203

• , hybrid compounds combining the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine scaffold with the thiazolidine nucleus were synthesized. Initially, aldehyde derivatives of the GBB adducts 8 were prepared from 2-aminopyridines 5, terephthalaldehyde (6), and isocyanides 7 using a green methodology that employed phosphotungstic acid

• values ranging between 409–426 nm. In general, the solvatochromic effect of these compounds showed a blue shift in EtOAc, and a red shift in MeCN. The fluorescence emission spectra of these compounds revealed a strong blue to green fluorescence emission, with the maximum emission peaks varying from 535