Total syntheses of highly oxidative Ryania diterpenoids facilitated by innovations in synthetic strategies

• Zhi-Qi Cao,
• Jin-Bao Qiao and
• Yu-Ming Zhao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2553–2570, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.198

• leveraging these complex molecular architectures continues to be a primary objective for synthetic chemists. Achieving this goal will require persistent innovation to transcend conventional synthetic paradigms and advance synthetic methods toward enhanced efficiency, precision, and sustainability

Enantioselective radical chemistry: a bright future ahead

• Anna C. Renner,
• Sagar S. Thorat,
• Hariharaputhiran Subramanian and
• Mukund P. Sibi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2283–2296, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.174

• chemical oxidant or reductant [80][85], thereby reducing toxicity and waste. With these advantages, organic electrochemistry holds significant promise for improving efficiency and sustainability while enabling the development of new transformations. Meggers and co-workers developed an electrochemical

Electrochemical cyclization of alkynes to construct five-membered nitrogen-heterocyclic rings

• Lifen Peng,
• Ting Wang,
• Zhiwen Yuan,
• Bin Li,
• Zilong Tang,
• Xirong Liu,
• Hui Li,
• Guofang Jiang,
• Chunling Zeng,
• Henry N. C. Wong and
• Xiao-Shui Peng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2173–2201, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.166

• and sustainability [95][96][97][98][99][100]. Numerous electrochemical constructions of cyclic compounds from alkynes have been developed. For examples, 2-aryl-3-sulfonyl-functionalized quinoline was formed by an electrochemical annulation of benzoxazinanone and p-arylsulfonyl hydrazide [101]. The

C2 to C6 biobased carbonyl platforms for fine chemistry

• Jingjing Jiang,
• Muhammad Noman Haider Tariq,
• Florence Popowycz,
• Yanlong Gu and
• Yves Queneau

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2103–2172, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.165

• : aldehydes; biobased chemistry; biomass; carbonyl; fine chemicals; ketones; multicomponent; platforms; sustainability; Introduction Shifting towards sustainable practices in the chemical industry relies on continued advancement of green chemistry sciences which aim to minimize the global environmental

• substituted amines under metal catalysis or catalyst-free conditions, using hydrosilane, formic acid, hydrogen, MeOH or HCOOH/Et3N as reducing sources [245]. The type and recyclability of catalysts, the nature of supports, reaction conditions, and reactors play important roles in the sustainability of the

Stereoselective electrochemical intramolecular imino-pinacol reaction: a straightforward entry to enantiopure piperazines

• Margherita Gazzotti,
• Fabrizio Medici,
• Valerio Chiroli,
• Laura Raimondi,
• Sergio Rossi and
• Maurizio Benaglia

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.147

• degli Studi di Milano) for provision of beamtime and Prof. Leonardo Lo Presti for structure solution and refinement are acknowledged. Funding The authors thank MUSA – Multilayered Urban Sustainability Action – project, funded by the European Union – NextGenerationEU, under the National Recovery and

Microwave-enhanced additive-free C–H amination of benzoxazoles catalysed by supported copper

• Andrei Paraschiv,
• Valentina Maruzzo,
• Filippo Pettazzi,
• Stefano Magliocco,
• Paolo Inaudi,
• Daria Brambilla,
• Gloria Berlier,
• Giancarlo Cravotto and
• Katia Martina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1462–1476, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.108

• oxidant considerably impacts upon the sustainability of the process because it involves toxic reagents, generates hazardous by-products, increases the overall reaction cost and increases waste production [30][31][32]. In subsequent years, other base-catalysed protocols have been developed for the reaction

• developed for the amination of oxazoles, with many of them utilizing aerobic oxidation to improve the sustainability of the process. Indeed, in 2011, Guo et al. [45] developed a protocol for the direct C–H amination of benzoxazoles and oxadiazoles, under an O2 atmosphere using 20 mol % of a Cu(II) catalyst

Recent advances in amidyl radical-mediated photocatalytic direct intermolecular hydrogen atom transfer

• Hao-Sen Wang,
• Lin Li,
• Xin Chen,
• Jian-Li Wu,
• Kai Sun,
• Xiao-Lan Chen,
• Ling-Bo Qu and
• Bing Yu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1306–1323, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.100

• prefunctionalization through directing group (DG) incorporation, inevitably necessitating covalent DG-metal coordinative anchoring. This prerequisite fundamentally compromises both atomic efficiency and synthetic practicality, thereby imposing fundamental constraints on the catalytic system's intrinsic sustainability

Recent advances in synthetic approaches for bioactive cinnamic acid derivatives

• Betty A. Kustiana,
• Galuh Widiyarti and
• Teni Ernawati

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1031–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.85

• could be recycled by adding POCl3 and KSCN, thus promoting the reagent’s sustainability by reducing waste. Carboxyl group activation can also be achieved by using triazine-based reagents. For example, Saberi and Salimiyan (2019) applied 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine (TCT) to perform amidation of

• reactions, have also been explored, thus boosting sustainability value. For instance, Wang and co-workers (2019) synthesized benzyl cinnamate (166) from cinnamaldehyde (162) catalyzed by an NHC catalyst (cat 4) in the presence of the low-cost oxidant CCl3CN. The reaction involves formation of acyl azolium

Biobased carbon dots as photoreductants – an investigation by using triarylsulfonium salts

• Valentina Benazzi,
• Arianna Bini,
• Ilaria Bertuol,
• Mariangela Novello,
• Federica Baldi,
• Matteo Hoch,
• Alvise Perosa and
• Stefano Protti

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1024–1030, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.84

• 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy 10.3762/bjoc.21.84 Abstract We investigated the potential application of six types of carbon dots (CDs) obtained from

Sequential two-step, one-pot microwave-assisted Urech synthesis of 5-monosubstituted hydantoins from L-amino acids in water

• Wei-Jin Chang,
• Sook Yee Liew,
• Thomas Kurz and
• Siow-Ping Tan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 596–600, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.46

• advantages over conventional heating, such as enhanced reaction rates and yields [17]. Microwave irradiation is also aligned with our group’s sustainability goals of adhering to the principles of green chemistry [18]. Following our previous works in the synthesis and evaluation of biologically active

• demonstrate that the process can be effectively scaled up, particularly in industries that prioritize sustainability and operational efficiency. In terms of green chemistry principles, this approach already meets several key goals, such as reducing the use of hazardous reagents and solvents, increasing

• reaction efficiency, and minimizing waste. Future studies can quantitatively evaluate these aspects using established metrics such as E-factor, atom economy, and reaction mass efficiency. These indicators will provide a more comprehensive evaluation of the environmental sustainability of the reaction and

Photomechanochemistry: harnessing mechanical forces to enhance photochemical reactions

• Francesco Mele,
• Ana M. Constantin,
• Andrea Porcheddu,
• Raimondo Maggi,
• Giovanni Maestri,
• Nicola Della Ca’ and
• Luca Capaldo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 458–472, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.33

• Francesco Mele Ana M. Constantin Andrea Porcheddu Raimondo Maggi Giovanni Maestri Nicola Della Ca' Luca Capaldo SynCat Lab, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy Dipartimento di Scienze

• Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy 10.3762/bjoc.21.33 Abstract Photomechanochemistry, i.e., the merger of light energy and mechanical forces, is emerging as a new trend in organic synthesis, enabling unique reactivities of fleeting excited states under solvent

• turn demands large volumes of solvents, negatively impacting the sustainability of light-mediated synthesis as it transitions from academic curiosity to industrial application. Moreover, since the solvent is the reaction component with the highest concentration, competitive side-reactions such as

Red light excitation: illuminating photocatalysis in a new spectrum

• Lucas Fortier,
• Corentin Lefebvre and
• Norbert Hoffmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 296–326, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.22

• growing concerns around environmental sustainability, there is increasing interest in developing photocatalysts that are more accessible, tunable, and eco-friendly. Each section of this document discusses a specific approach to red-light photocatalysis, reflecting the field’s evolution and exploring

• integrity over extended reaction times, even under high substrate concentrations and continuous flow conditions, achieving high turnover numbers of over 50000. This stability allowed for solvent-free reactions, significantly enhancing the sustainability of the process. Additionally, the authors have

Heteroannulations of cyanoacetamide-based MCR scaffolds utilizing formamide

• Marios Zingiridis,
• Danae Papachristodoulou,
• Despoina Menegaki,
• Konstantinos G. Froudas and
• Constantinos G. Neochoritis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 217–225, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.13

• molecules, contributing significantly to sustainability, innovation and economic growth across various sectors. In this study, we present an efficient and rapid method for synthesizing a variety of heteroannulated pyrimidones using cyanoacetamide-based multicomponent reaction (MCR) chemistry. By utilizing

Dioxazolones as electrophilic amide sources in copper-catalyzed and -mediated transformations

• Seungmin Lee,
• Minsuk Kim,
• Hyewon Han and
• Jongwoo Son

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 200–216, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.12

• catalysts have been gaining increasing attention owing to their abundance, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability. Recently, these catalytic systems have been applied to the chemical transformation of dioxazolones, conferring a convenient protocol towards amidated products. This review highlights recent

• . Moreover, copper-catalyzed asymmetric C(sp3)–N bond-forming transformations are still underexplored except for elegant studies by the research groups of Buchwald [98] and Chang [74]. Given the versatility and sustainability of the copper-catalyzed transformation of dioxazolones, further investigations for

Recent advances in electrochemical copper catalysis for modern organic synthesis

• Yemin Kim and
• Won Jun Jang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 155–178, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.9

• ’ and Fu’s asymmetric C–N bond cross-coupling reactions by merging photoredox catalysis with copper catalysis [29][30]. Building on the success of photoredox catalysis, electrochemistry has emerged as a complementary and attractive strategy for promoting sustainability of organic synthesis. By offering

Emerging trends in the optimization of organic synthesis through high-throughput tools and machine learning

• Pablo Quijano Velasco,
• Kedar Hippalgaonkar and
• Balamurugan Ramalingam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 10–38, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.3

• Technological University, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117544, Republic of Singapore Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science Technology

Hypervalent iodine-mediated intramolecular alkene halocyclisation

• Charu Bansal,
• Oliver Ruggles,
• Albert C. Rowett and
• Alastair J. J. Lennox

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3113–3133, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.258

• and co-workers reported a mild, metal free-synthesis of fluorobenzoxazepines 30 in 2016 (Scheme 13) [37]. Using 1-fluoro-3,3-dimethylbenziodoxole (12) and 4 Å molecular sieves, a range of benzamides 29 were successfully cyclised in good yields. The sustainability of the reaction was improved by

Advances in the use of metal-free tetrapyrrolic macrocycles as catalysts

• Mandeep K. Chahal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3085–3112, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.257

• macrocycles as electrocatalysts Development of efficient renewable technologies is a driving force in the efforts to achieve sustainability with the same or even increasing demands for energy worldwide. In this context, transition-metal complexes of tetraazamacrocycles (N4-macrocycle) such as porphyrins

Cyclodextrin-based rotaxanes for polymer materials: challenge on simultaneous realization of inexpensive production and defined structures

• Yosuke Akae

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3026–3049, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.252

• conditions) that facilitate sustainability [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. In this regard, the rotaxane framework represents an attractive motif for implementing substantial property changes triggered by certain stimuli owing to its higher dynamic nature than those of conventional materials [11][12][13][14

5th International Symposium on Synthesis and Catalysis (ISySyCat2023)

• Anthony J. Burke and
• Elisabete P. Carreiro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2704–2707, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.227

• fundamental to advancing technologies that address global challenges in health, sustainability, and beyond. By enabling the production of complex molecules with specific functions, chemical synthesis and catalysis play a key role in innovation across the above-mentioned fields and thus improve our quality of

A review of recent advances in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical late-stage functionalization classified by anodic oxidation, cathodic reduction, and paired electrolysis

• Nian Li,
• Ruzal Sitdikov,
• Ajit Prabhakar Kale,
• Joost Steverlynck,
• Bo Li and
• Magnus Rueping

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2500–2566, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.214

• industrial settings. An anodic oxidation is frequently employed for C–H functionalization, which can simplify late-stage functionalization strategies. Additionally, many of these synthetic methods do not require precious metals, enhancing their appeal in terms of sustainability and cost-effectiveness

Machine learning-guided strategies for reaction conditions design and optimization

• Lung-Yi Chen and
• Yi-Pei Li

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2476–2492, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.212

• models across various laboratories and contexts. Such global collaboration is instrumental in addressing widespread challenges like climate change and sustainability through smarter chemical processes. By focusing on these directions, we anticipate a future where ML not only supports but significantly

Catalysing (organo-)catalysis: Trends in the application of machine learning to enantioselective organocatalysis

• Stefan P. Schmid,
• Leon Schlosser,
• Frank Glorius and
• Kjell Jorner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2280–2304, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.196

Hetero-polycyclic aromatic systems: A data-driven investigation of structure–property relationships

• Sabyasachi Chakraborty,
• Eduardo Mayo Yanes and
• Renana Gershoni-Poranne

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1817–1830, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.160

• Sabyasachi Chakraborty Eduardo Mayo Yanes Renana Gershoni-Poranne Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and the Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel 10.3762/bjoc.20.160 Abstract Polycyclic aromatic systems (PASs) are pervasive

Harnessing unprotected deactivated amines and arylglyoxals in the Ugi reaction for the synthesis of fused complex nitrogen heterocycles

• Javier Gómez-Ayuso,
• Pablo Pertejo,
• Tomás Hermosilla,
• Israel Carreira-Barral,
• Roberto Quesada and
• María García-Valverde

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1758–1766, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.154

• the most desirable strategy from the point-of view of sustainability. This has been achieved following two different approaches: the blockage of the amine group throughout the reaction by the incorporation of an additional group on the carbonyl component [16][17][18] or the use of amine groups with a