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Search for "catalysts" in Full Text gives 1259 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. Showing first 200.

Photoredox-catalyzed arylation of isonitriles by diaryliodonium salts towards benzamides

  • Nadezhda M. Metalnikova,
  • Nikita S. Antonkin,
  • Tuan K. Nguyen,
  • Natalia S. Soldatova,
  • Alexander V. Nyuchev,
  • Mikhail A. Kinzhalov and
  • Pavel S. Postnikov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1480–1488, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.110

Graphical Abstract
  • of benzamides (Scheme 1A) [6]. Over the years, the basic reaction has been modified to imply various metal-containing catalysts [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], metal-free transformations that employ heteroarenes under harsh conditions [19], or using diazonium salts as arylating agents
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Published 21 Jul 2025

Microwave-enhanced additive-free C–H amination of benzoxazoles catalysed by supported copper

  • Andrei Paraschiv,
  • Valentina Maruzzo,
  • Filippo Pettazzi,
  • Stefano Magliocco,
  • Paolo Inaudi,
  • Daria Brambilla,
  • Gloria Berlier,
  • Giancarlo Cravotto and
  • Katia Martina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1462–1476, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.108

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  • catalysts for direct C–H amination processes could be a significant breakthrough in optimising these reactions. Despite recent progress in site-selective C–H functionalisation [49], most reactions have remained reliant on homogeneous catalysis due to its molecularly defined nature. By contrast, the
  • supported copper(II) catalysts on covalently modified silica [51][52], we have set out to develop a new heterogeneous catalyst with atomically distributed active sites for the mild and efficient C–H amination of benzoxazole. This approach was chosen because the silica derivatisation and copper deposition
  • advantages of heterogeneous catalysis, but compared to other approaches, we aimed at eliminating the presence of bimetallic catalysts, the addition of a base [50], and the use of costly perfluorinated protic solvents [48]. In addition, this approach offers improved performance compared to photochemical C–H
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Published 15 Jul 2025

Reactions of acryl thioamides with iminoiodinanes as a one-step synthesis of N-sulfonyl-2,3-dihydro-1,2-thiazoles

  • Vladimir G. Ilkin,
  • Pavel S. Silaichev,
  • Valeriy O. Filimonov,
  • Tetyana V. Beryozkina,
  • Margarita D. Likhacheva,
  • Pavel A. Slepukhin,
  • Wim Dehaen and
  • Vasiliy A. Bakulev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1397–1403, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.104

Graphical Abstract
  • decrease in the yield of the target product to 78% over the same time (Table 1, entry 4). When the reaction was carried out in the absence of metal catalysts (Table 1, entries 5 and 6), the yields of the target product 3aa were generally lower (56–67%), and in some cases (Table 1, entries 8–11) the
  • yields of 1,2-thiazoles 3aa–ae are slightly lower (70 vs 78%) than by method A. We also investigated the effect of chiral catalysts or ligands in the reaction of thioamide 1a with 2a; however, we were unable to achieve high enantiomeric purity of product 3aa (see Supporting Information File 1, Table S1
  • iodonium salts. The search for optimal conditions for the process has been carried out. The optimized reaction found to proceed in the absence of metal catalysts, using 1.5 equiv of the iodonium salt at room temperature in DCM. Using the optimized procedure, a library of 31 novel 2,3-dihydro-1,2-thiazoles
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Published 10 Jul 2025

High-pressure activation for the solvent- and catalyst-free syntheses of heterocycles, pharmaceuticals and esters

  • Kelsey Plasse,
  • Valerie Wright,
  • Guoshu Xie,
  • R. Bernadett Vlocskó,
  • Alexander Lazarev and
  • Béla Török

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1374–1387, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.102

Graphical Abstract
  • conducting polymers or scaffolds for drug synthesis. Among them, 1,3-dihydrobenzimidazoles are widely found in many materials, drug candidates, and catalysts. For instance, they can be used in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) [38], as water-soluble antitrypanosomatid agents [39], or in the synthesis of
  • , with two N-containing substrates can yield a variety of valuable heterocycles, including pyrazoles. Accordingly, their syntheses attracted extensive interest, and several green procedures have been published [42]. Many of these reactions still apply catalysts and organic solvents, thus the development
  • of catalysts and solvents that must be neutralized and recycled. Given the large scale these compounds are prepared at, even a small green improvement in their synthesis might yield great environmental, as well as financial benefits. Thus, these two compounds were selected as model compounds to
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Published 02 Jul 2025

Oxetanes: formation, reactivity and total syntheses of natural products

  • Peter Gabko,
  • Martin Kalník and
  • Maroš Bella

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1324–1373, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.101

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  • reduction of the Ni(II) pre-catalyst) via oxidative addition, radical coupling and reductive elimination. The last step is a single-electron transfer between the resulting Ir(II) and Ni(I) complexes, regenerating the active catalysts and closing the two cycles. In 2021, Romanov-Michailidis and Knowles et al
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Published 27 Jun 2025

Recent advances and future challenges in the bottom-up synthesis of azulene-embedded nanographenes

  • Bartłomiej Pigulski

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1272–1305, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.99

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  • dimerization of alkynes, followed by the expansion of a phenyl ring leading to the formation of an azulene moiety, was first reported over half a century ago. These reactions can be carried out using various catalytic systems, including sulfenyl chloride/AlCl3 [50], palladium catalysts [51] or gold catalysts
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Published 26 Jun 2025

Recent advances in oxidative radical difunctionalization of N-arylacrylamides enabled by carbon radical reagents

  • Jiangfei Chen,
  • Yi-Lin Qu,
  • Ming Yuan,
  • Xiang-Mei Wu,
  • Heng-Pei Jiang,
  • Ying Fu and
  • Shengrong Guo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1207–1271, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.98

Graphical Abstract
  • catalysts for generating trifluoromethyl radicals, thereby eliminating the need for expensive transition-metal catalysts and external oxidants, which enhances both the economic and environmental benefits of the process. Furthermore, the research demonstrated the method's broad applicability across various N
  • direct activation of unactivated alkyl bromides through a visible-light-induced Pd(0)/Pd(I) catalytic cycle, which circumvents the conventional requirement for external photoredox catalysts or high temperatures. This strategy expands the scope of alkyl halide functionalization and highlights the
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Published 24 Jun 2025

Synthesis of β-ketophosphonates through aerobic copper(II)-mediated phosphorylation of enol acetates

  • Alexander S. Budnikov,
  • Igor B. Krylov,
  • Fedor K. Monin,
  • Valentina M. Merkulova,
  • Alexey I. Ilovaisky,
  • Liu Yan,
  • Bing Yu and
  • Alexander O. Terent’ev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1192–1200, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.96

Graphical Abstract
  • , which generally employed stoichiometric amounts of oxidants or more expensive transition metal catalysts, the present protocol employs only cheap copper sulfate pentahydrate as a catalyst under mild reaction conditions. The achieved phosphorylation proceeds via the formation of P-centered radicals
  • oxyphosphorylation of styrenes [40], this strategy was further extended [41] to phenylacetylenes [42][43][44], cinnamic [45][46][47][48] and α,β-alkynyl carboxylic acids [42], and vinyl azides [49][50] (Scheme 1a). As a rule, transition metal catalysts (Fe [42][44][51][52], Cu [42][44][46][51][53], Ag [54], Mn [55
  • crucial for the reaction output (Table 1, entry 5). The solvent screening revealed that MeCN is the best choice for the discovered transformation (Table 1, entry 6). Employing other copper salts as catalysts (Table 1, entries 7–15) resulted in lower yields compared to copper sulfate. In the case of copper
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Published 20 Jun 2025

Enhancing chemical synthesis planning: automated quantum mechanics-based regioselectivity prediction for C–H activation with directing groups

  • Julius Seumer,
  • Nicolai Ree and
  • Jan H. Jensen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1171–1182, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.94

Graphical Abstract
  • metallation deprotonation mechanisms mediated by common catalysts like Pd(OAc)2. Our methodology not only identifies potential activation sites but also addresses the limitations of existing models by including a broader range of directing groups and reaction conditions while maintaining moderate
  • universally across various substrates or catalysts [8]. Third, we consider the linear energy relationship between the intermediate and its preceding transition state as per the Bell–Evans–Polanyi principle. However, this relationship may not provide sufficient accuracy for making predictions when the energy
  • simulating different solvent effects or examining the impact of different catalysts and ligands, extending beyond Pd(OAc)2. Additionally, accounting for varying reaction conditions, like conducting the reaction in acidic or basic environments, is possible by adjustments to the substrate-SMILES. Protonation
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Published 16 Jun 2025

A multicomponent reaction-initiated synthesis of imidazopyridine-fused isoquinolinones

  • Ashutosh Nath,
  • John Mark Awad and
  • Wei Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1161–1169, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.92

Graphical Abstract
  • isoquinolinones 8 was explored by conducting IMDA and spontaneous dehydrative re-aromatization reactions. The IMDA reaction using 6a as a model compound was systematically evaluated by varying catalysts, solvents, reaction temperatures and times (Table 1). The best conditions were found to use AlCl3 as a catalyst
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Published 13 Jun 2025

Synthetic approach to borrelidin fragments: focus on key intermediates

  • Yudhi Dwi Kurniawan,
  • Zetryana Puteri Tachrim,
  • Teni Ernawati,
  • Faris Hermawan,
  • Ima Nurasiyah and
  • Muhammad Alfin Sulmantara

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1135–1160, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.91

Graphical Abstract
  • reacting it with Eschenmoser’s salt, followed by hydrolysis with lithium hydroxide. The resulting unsaturated acid 54, isolated in 92% yield, underwent asymmetric hydrogenation using both (Ra)-50 and (Sa)-50 catalysts. This step provided the respective compounds 55 and 56 in excellent high yield and
  • stereoselectivity. The authors emphasized that, as the alkene moiety in 54 was in a terminal position, the stereoselectivity of the products was determined solely by the chiral environment of the catalysts. The application of this method to construct the C3–C11 fragment 60 of borrelidin is summarized in Scheme 8
  • ]. Their method was based on the concept of “catalytic total synthesis”, wherein all stereocenters were installed under the control of catalysts. Minnaard and Madduri proposed the synthesis of the C1–C11 fragment from unsaturated thioester 92 through iterative, previously developed asymmetric 1,4-addition
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Published 12 Jun 2025

A versatile route towards 6-arylpipecolic acids

  • Erich Gebel,
  • Cornelia Göcke,
  • Carolin Gruner and
  • Norbert Sewald

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1104–1115, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.88

Graphical Abstract
  • to reduce the arylated N-formyl enamine moiety in 3 remained unsuccessful. We also aimed at improving conversion and yield by first testing different bases and catalysts [42][43]. DMF, a well-established solvent for cross-coupling reactions, led to lower degradation of the bromide 2 compared to other
  • solvents. Table 1 provides an overview (a more detailed table can be found in Supporting Information File 1), which catalysts and bases are showing the best results. Most of the bases did not change the conversion drastically, apart from Et3N, which shows the least conversion regardless of the catalyst
  • performance to Cs2CO3 including the lack of methyl ester hydrolysis, but a lower price. The catalyst's performance had a more significant influence on the reaction results than the base. Both phosphine catalysts as well as the second generation of the Buchwald–Hartwig catalyst [47][48] gave similar results
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Published 04 Jun 2025

Recent advances in synthetic approaches for bioactive cinnamic acid derivatives

  • Betty A. Kustiana,
  • Galuh Widiyarti and
  • Teni Ernawati

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1031–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.85

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  • compounds and N-acylbenzotriazole 97 (Scheme 36) [71]. In this work, the photoactive [FeCl4]− formed in situ triggered silyl radical 119 generation, leading to N-silylamine 120 as the active amine nucleophile. 2.1.4 Metal-free catalysis: Despite the wide applications of metal-based catalysts in developing O
  • /N-acylation reactions, metal catalysts, particularly precious transition metals, are considered less sustainable due to their limited availability. Therefore, metal-free catalysis methods have emerged as an alternative to respond to the green chemistry agenda. For instance, Huy and Mbouhom (2019
  • metal catalysts, such as earth-abundant transition metals (Ni and Co), have also been used to catalyze partial hydrogenation reactions of conjugated alkynes using environmentally benign water as the hydrogen source. For instance, Fan and co-workers (2019) reported the Co-catalyzed partial hydrogenation
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Published 28 May 2025

Biobased carbon dots as photoreductants – an investigation by using triarylsulfonium salts

  • Valentina Benazzi,
  • Arianna Bini,
  • Ilaria Bertuol,
  • Mariangela Novello,
  • Federica Baldi,
  • Matteo Hoch,
  • Alvise Perosa and
  • Stefano Protti

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1024–1030, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.84

Graphical Abstract
  • most promising catalysts in photoreduction, regardless of the fact that they are amorphous or graphitic. Comparable results were obtained from both undoped and nitrogen-doped citric acid derived CDs (compare for instance results depicted in entries 1, 2, 4 in Table 4). On the other hand, carbon
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Published 26 May 2025

Pd-Catalyzed asymmetric allylic amination with isatin using a P,olefin-type chiral ligand with C–N bond axial chirality

  • Natsume Akimoto,
  • Kaho Takaya,
  • Yoshio Kasashima,
  • Kohei Watanabe,
  • Yasushi Yoshida and
  • Takashi Mino

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1018–1023, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.83

Graphical Abstract
  • palladium catalysts with amines as nucleophiles have been reported [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], there have been only a few reports on the N-substitution of isatin using asymmetric methods. Recently, Wolf’s group reported a transition-metal-catalyzed (Pd-catalyzed) asymmetric allylic
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Published 23 May 2025

Study of tribenzo[b,d,f]azepine as donor in D–A photocatalysts

  • Katy Medrano-Uribe,
  • Jorge Humbrías-Martín and
  • Luca Dell’Amico

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 935–944, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.76

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  • nitrogen donors have gained increasing attention for their use as photoredox catalysts. This study introduces a new family of D–A molecules by exploring various sulfur-based acceptors and nitrogen donors, including a novel tribenzo[b,d,f]azepine (TBA) unit and 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine (IMD). Our findings
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Published 14 May 2025

Recent advances in controllable/divergent synthesis

  • Jilei Cao,
  • Leiyang Bai and
  • Xuefeng Jiang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 890–914, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.73

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  • literatures focusing on key regulatory factors for product divergent formation, in which controlling chemical selectivity primarily relies on ligands, metal catalysts, solvents, time, temperature, acids/bases, and subtle modifications of substrates. To gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying
  • review systematically examines, how these multidimensional control elements (including ligands, metal catalysts, solvents, time, temperature, acids/bases, and subtle modifications of substrates) synergize to achieve predictable product diversification. In addition, mechanistic insights are discussed
  • C(sp3)–C(sp3) coupling via distal stereocontrol, efficiently producing C3-alkylated pyrrolidines, while the nickel catalytic system afforded C2-alkylated pyrrolidines through a tandem alkene isomerization/hydroalkylation process. This method utilized readily accessible catalysts, chiral BOX ligands
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Published 07 May 2025

Cu–Bpin-mediated dimerization of 4,4-dichloro-2-butenoic acid derivatives enables the synthesis of densely functionalized cyclopropanes

  • Patricia Gómez-Roibás,
  • Andrea Chaves-Pouso and
  • Martín Fañanás-Mastral

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 877–883, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.71

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  • a mixture of Z:E isomers (Table 1, entry 8). Having identified the proper combination of base and solvent, we then screened different copper catalysts. Different NHCs, bisphosphines and phosphines were tested (Table 1, entries 9–14) and excellent chemo- and diastereoselectivity was observed in all
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Published 05 May 2025

Light-enabled intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition via photoactivation of simple alkenylboronic esters

  • Lewis McGhie,
  • Hannah M. Kortman,
  • Jenna Rumpf,
  • Peter H. Seeberger and
  • John J. Molloy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 854–863, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.69

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  • high excited state energies and short lifetimes [29]. However, with notable strides in catalyst design, leading to catalysts with high excited state energies [30][31][32][33], in combination with concomitant advances in machine learning excited state predictions [34], it is anticipated that perhaps
  • translate 2D to 3D chemical space have also been explored [48][49][50][51][52]. Here, efficient excitation, via EnT catalysis, is typically contingent on extended chromophores ≥ 4π electrons, with less conjugated systems requiring more powerful catalysts. A recent elegant example by Masarwa and co-workers
  • strategies for cyclobutyl scaffolds [53][54][55], products 6 and 7 could be synthesized via mild conditions [68]. Inspired by recent advances by Nolan and co-workers demonstrating the synthetic power of gold catalysts in EnT catalysis [31][69][70][71][72], we probed the reactivity of [Au(SIPr)(Cbz)] in our
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Published 30 Apr 2025

Chitosan-supported CuI-catalyzed cascade reaction of 2-halobenzoic acids and amidines for the synthesis of quinazolinones

  • Xuhong Zhao,
  • Weishuang Li,
  • Mengli Yang,
  • Bojie Li,
  • Yaoyao Zhang,
  • Lizhen Huang and
  • Lei Zhu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 839–844, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.67

Graphical Abstract
  • promote this cascade reaction for the synthesis of quinazolinones without the need for additional ligands or additives (Scheme 1a) [7][10]. Since then, various copper-based catalysts, both homogeneous and heterogeneous, have been explored (Scheme 1b) [11][12][13][14][15][16]. For example, Wang’s group
  • ]. Furthermore, dicopper(I) complexes can also be used as an effective catalyst in Ullmann-type N-arylation/cyclization of 2-bromobenzoic acids with amidines, providing the corresponding quinazolinones in good yields [15]. Despite the high efficiency of the above-mentioned copper catalysts in the synthesis of
  • quinazolinones, and the wide application of the chitosan-supported copper catalyst in various organic transformations [19][20][21], the use of chitosan-supported copper for quinazolinone synthesis has not been reported. As part of our ongoing research interest in chitosan and chitosan-supported copper catalysts
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Published 28 Apr 2025

Regioselective formal hydrocyanation of allenes: synthesis of β,γ-unsaturated nitriles with α-all-carbon quaternary centers

  • Seeun Lim,
  • Teresa Kim and
  • Yunmi Lee

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 800–806, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.63

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  • catalytic hydrocyanation of alkenes [22], including the industrially relevant DuPont adiponitrile process from 1,3-butadiene using nickel catalysts [23], the hydrocyanation of allenes to produce functionalized β,γ-unsaturated nitriles with quaternary carbon centers has not been investigated extensively [24
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Published 17 Apr 2025

Recent advances in the electrochemical synthesis of organophosphorus compounds

  • Babak Kaboudin,
  • Milad Behroozi,
  • Sepideh Sadighi and
  • Fatemeh Asgharzadeh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 770–797, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.61

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  • that controls reaction selectivity by adjusting voltage or current [13]. Simple synthetic systems in electrochemical methods are limited to electrodes, cells, electrolytes, and power supplies. Today, in addition to the above, light, metallic, and organic catalysts are also used to increase the
  • activities. Budnikova et al. [50] reported a C–P bond formation via the reaction of acridine compounds with trialkyl phosphites in electrochemical conditions without metal catalysts and strong oxidizing reagents, conducting selective C9 phosphorylation with high yield. The reaction was carried out in an
  • this process. Arylphosphonates are essential compounds with a wide range of applications in pharmaceutical, biological, and agricultural materials. Therefore, finding new methods for preparing arylphosphonates is a significant challenge for scientists. Usually, metal catalysts are used to synthesize
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Published 16 Apr 2025

New advances in asymmetric organocatalysis II

  • Radovan Šebesta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 766–769, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.60

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  • commonly defined as a form of catalysis where a small organic molecule, an organocatalyst, accelerates a chemical reaction. Unlike previously regarded traditional catalysts involving metals or enzymes, organocatalysts are composed of nonmetal elements, such as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus
  • , or sulfur. The year 2000 is typically regarded as the birth of organocatalysis, which was at that time regarded as a new mode of action for chemical catalysts. In that year, List and MacMillan et al. published their landmark studies on proline- and imidazolidine-catalyzed aldol, Mannich, and
  • contributions in stereoselective organocatalytic transformations. The collection contains nine articles featuring various aspects of asymmetric organocatalysis. In the first contribution, Waser et al. examined how chiral phase-transfer catalysts promote β-selective additions of azlactones to allenoates. Maruoka
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Published 15 Apr 2025

Development and mechanistic studies of calcium–BINOL phosphate-catalyzed hydrocyanation of hydrazones

  • Carola Tortora,
  • Christian A. Fischer,
  • Sascha Kohlbauer,
  • Alexandru Zamfir,
  • Gerd M. Ballmann,
  • Jürgen Pahl,
  • Sjoerd Harder and
  • Svetlana B. Tsogoeva

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 755–765, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.59

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  • in elucidating the mechanism by which these bifunctional compounds act as powerful catalysts [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Since Ishihara disclosed the crucial role of calcium in many purportedly purely organocatalytic BINOL phosphate-catalyzed reactions [30][31], several asymmetric synthesis
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Published 14 Apr 2025

Origami with small molecules: exploiting the C–F bond as a conformational tool

  • Patrick Ryan,
  • Ramsha Iftikhar and
  • Luke Hunter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 680–716, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.54

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Published 02 Apr 2025
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