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Search for "green" in Full Text gives 1067 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. Showing first 200.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of new brassinosteroid analogs with C-22 benzoate function
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 753–762, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.57
- = steroidal skeleton of the structure. Binding modes of compound 19 into BRI1–BAK1 heterodimer. Hydrogen bonds are represented in green segmented lines. π–π stacking is represented by dark pink segmented lines. Hydrophobic interactions are represented by pink segmented lines. Synthesis of compounds 23–28 and
Synthesis of heterocycles based on azomethine ylides from α-amino acids (or amines) and carbonyl compounds
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 705–741, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.55
- ]pyrrolizidine derivatives via intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition using [bmim][BF4] as a green solvent. When N-alkenylpyrrole-2-carbaldehyde 110 reacts with sarcosine or with cyclic secondary amino acids such as proline, thiaproline, pipecolic acid, or isoquinolinic acid 100, azomethine ylide K is formed
Photoorganocatalytic trifluoromethylation of (het)arenes in green conditions
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 662–671, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.50
- conditions using an inexpensive and atom-efficient CF3 source, trifluoroacetic anhydride, in ethyl acetate as a green solvent. An organic cyanoarene photocatalyst enables efficient CF3 radical generation under blue-light irradiation, providing a broad range of trifluoromethylated arenes and heteroarenes. The
- amenable to scale-up, with continuous-flow operation delivering a significant increase in space–time yield, highlighting its potential for sustainable synthesis of CF3-containing molecules. Keywords: green chemistry; photocatalysis; photochemistry; trifluoromethylation; Introduction Trifluoromethylated
- -catalyzed [8], organic photocatalyst-mediated, or electrochemical transformations [9], and also include continuous-flow processes [6][10][11][12][13]. Given that photocatalytic reactions align with the principles of green chemistry, particularly energy efficiency and the use of catalytic pathways, such
Regioselective approach to 5-arylsulfonylisoxazoles and their antimicrobial activity
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 592–602, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.45
- the expression of the katushka2S gene. When scanning, the signal from the RFP protein was displayed in green pseudocolor, and from Katushka2S in red. Most of the studied compounds demonstrated low antibacterial activity against the reporter strains, however, 3-nitrosulfonylisoxazoles 3h, 3g and
- ) agar plate coated with E. coli lptDmut pDualrep2.1 (KanR). Both plates spotted with isoxazole samples (3 μL of 100 mM DMSO solutions) along with erythromycin (Ery, 5 mg/mL) and levofloxacin (Lev, 25 mg/mL). Plates were scanned in Cy3 (for TurboRFP) and Cy5 (for Katushka2S) channels, shown as green and
Continuous-flow carbonyl hydrogenation under subatmospheric to atmospheric hydrogen pressure enabled by robust heterogeneous Pt–Fe catalysts
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 575–582, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.43
- ]. Recently, continuous-flow organic synthesis has attracted much attention from both academia and industry, because it offers numerous advantages, such as not only a high productivity with limited space but also realizing green sustainable syntheses minimizing required energy and resources. When
- subatmospheric pressure of hydrogen Next, we investigated whether continuous-flow hydrogenation could proceed under subatmospheric partial pressure of hydrogen gas. The use of subatmospheric partial pressure of hydrogen gas is highly desired from the viewpoint of safety, as well as for utilizing green hydrogen
- produced by sustainable energy, because purifying and pressurizing hydrogen gas consumes large amounts of energy comparable to the energy required to generate green hydrogen [34]. We set up a continuous-flow system in which a mixture of H2 and N2 was introduced by two individually regulated mass-flow
Molecular tweezer–peptide conjugates disrupt the protein–protein interaction between survivin and histone H3 essential in mitosis
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 557–567, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.41
- of the CPC (PDB ID: 2QFA, https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb2QFA/pdb) [5] with the typical α-helix bundle from survivin (orange), borealin10–109 (green) und INCENP1–58 (blue). Ribbon model of crystal structure PDB ID 4A0J (https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb4A0J/pdb) [8] of survivin (orange) bound to the N-terminal
- region of histone H3 (green). The boxed region is enlarged in the right panel. Several of the residues lining the interface between survivin and histone H3 are shown. Survivin complexes with peptide tweezers: Fluorescence polarization measurements of wild type and mutated survivin (top) and modeling of
- vicinity of the histone H3 binding as well as the Ca2+ ion site are labeled and shown as CPK models. The tweezer skeleton is shown in green, the H3 peptide in yellow. Survivin–borealin–INCENP complex structures (PDB ID 2QFA) [5] with tweezer model, side and top views. The original design ("old tweezer
Synthesis and anti-cancer activity of naphthalimide–organylselanyl conjugates
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 416–435, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.29
- analysis provides vital insights into the electronic characteristics of atoms within a molecule [61]. In the MEP maps, the colour distribution follows the order blue, green, and red, representing increasing electrostatic potential. The blue regions correspond to more electropositive areas, while the red
Electrosynthetic access to unsymmetrical oxaza[8]helicenes with high chiral stability and strong circularly polarized luminescence (CPL)
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.25
- dashed lines for (P)-configuration of 5a (black), 5b (blue), 6a (green), and 6b (red). Recent examples of hetero[8]helicenes: (A) symmetric hetero[8]helicenes; (B) unsymmetrical hetero[8]helicenes; (C) short-step electrosynthetic access to new unsymmetrical oxaza[8]helicenes. Short-step synthesis of
Ring contraction and ring expansion reactions in terpenoid biosynthesis and their application to total synthesis
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 289–343, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.21
- (Scheme 10) a second 1,2-methyl migration is required to furnish silphiperfolene (29) [79]. If instead, the bond indicated with the green arrow migrates the triquinane skeleton is assembled. Notably, Yan reported recently [80] that the sesquiterpene α-terrecyclene (30) is formed through the same
A mild and atom-efficient four-component cascade strategy for the construction of biologically relevant 4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 244–256, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.18
- , enabling the one-pot combination of three or more reactants to form multiple bonds in a single step [4][5][6][7][8]. This approach not only facilitates the rapid assembly of structurally complex and functionally diverse molecules, but also aligns with the principles of green and sustainable chemistry
Configuration–packing synergy enabling integrated crystalline-state RTP and amorphous-state TADF
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 224–236, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.16
- Ruiyan Wang Yunan Wu Sendelta International School, Shenzhen 518038, China Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400014, China New Materials Research Institute of CASCHEM (Chongqing) Co., Ltd, Chongqing 400714, China 10.3762/bjoc.22.16
Improved synthesis and physicochemical characterization of the selective serotonin 2A receptor agonist 25CN-NBOH
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 175–184, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.11
- ). Notably, the crystal structure shows that there are no water molecules of crystallization present, nor are any other solvent molecules incorporated into the crystal packing. When comparing the diffractogram obtained by SCXRD (Figure 3, green) with that obtained by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) of 1·HCl
- , oxygen atoms red, and chloride ion green. b) The crystal packing reveals alternating layers, a polar layer with hydrogen bonds (black dashed lines), and a hydrophobic layer with π–π-stacking (grey dashed lines). SCXRD and XRPD spectra of different preparations of 1·HCl. Blue: SCXRD spectrum of 1·HCl. Red
- , green, and purple: XRPD spectra of 1·HCl after recrystallization (red), directly as synthesized (green), and of a slurry obtained by stirring excess solid in ultrapure water for 3 days (purple). TGA and DSC thermograms of 1·HCl. Calculated pH-dependent species distribution curves for 25CN-NBOH (1). a
Symmetrical D–π–A–π–D indanone dyes: a new design for nonlinear optics and cyanide detection
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 131–142, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.6
- also showed significant color changes with increasing polarity. Color changes of 2a; from purple to blue, 2b; blue to green, and 2c; pale orange to pale pink (Figure 2d). Dyes do not show any significant emission. Chemosensor properties Cyanide selectivity study The dyes 2a–c could have the ability to
- groups is disrupted. These results strongly suggest the addition of cyanide to the vinyl bridge. Furthermore, the color of dyes 2a–c, blue, green, and pink, respectively, under ambient light changed to yellow when interacting with cyanide. The interaction mechanism was determined by 1H NMR, and the
- in Supporting Information File 1). Interaction mechanism 1H NMR titration was performed to determine the interaction mechanism of the dyes (Figure 5). Upon the addition of 0.5 equiv of CN−, the intensity of the signals of 2b decreased (green) while new signals appeared at the upfield, indicating the
Sustainable electrochemical synthesis of aliphatic nitro-NNO-azoxy compounds employing ammonium dinitramide and their in vitro evaluation as potential nitric oxide donors and fungicides
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2739–2754, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.211
- , Russian Federation 10.3762/bjoc.21.211 Abstract An atom- and step-economical electrochemical method for the synthesis of aliphatic nitro-NNO-azoxy compounds from the corresponding nitroso compounds was developed employing ammonium dinitramide, a prospective green oxidant for aerospace propulsion
- applications, as both electrolyte and source of a =NNO2 group. The developed method is green, practical, and scalable due to constant current electrolysis in an undivided cell at high current densities. Synthesized products demonstrated pronounced NO-donor activity and fungicidal activity against
- , electroorganic synthesis has become a powerful and reliable strategy for the functionalization of organic compounds under green and mild reaction conditions [36][37][38][39]. The control of selectivity through the variation of parameters such as current, voltage, electrolyte, electrodes, and the type of
Competitive cyclization of ethyl trifluoroacetoacetate and methyl ketones with 1,3-diamino-2-propanol into hydrogenated oxazolo- and pyrimido-condensed pyridones
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2716–2729, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.209
- -component cyclization; Introduction The modern strategy of organic synthesis is aimed at conforming to the "green chemistry" principles based on PASE (pot, atom, step, economic) methods. These principles serve as the foundation for multicomponent processes that allow various structurally complex molecules
Recent advancements in the synthesis of Veratrum alkaloids
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2657–2693, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.206
- alkaloid, cyclopamine (6) [7], displays the C-nor-D-homo framework (marked in green). Veratrum alkaloids can be further divided into three subclasses: jervanine, veratramine, and cevanine-type Veratrum alkaloids (Scheme 2) [8]. Main differentiation of these structural motifs involves the connectivity of
- of green for strategic connections, yellow for neutral, e.g., functional group interconversion and isomerization, orange for non-strategic reactions, and red for protecting group (PG) manipulations (Scheme 3). Protecting group manipulations refer to any protection or deprotection of a functional
- and as a semisynthesis, poses some non-strategic redox transformations (orange) and protecting manipulations (red) especially in the beginning and in the endgame of the synthesis. Nevertheless, several transformations are desirable green transformations, although it is noticeably more difficult to
Thiazolidinones: novel insights from microwave synthesis, computational studies, and potentially bioactive hybrids
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2618–2636, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.203
- , hybrid compounds combining the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine scaffold with the thiazolidine nucleus were synthesized. Initially, aldehyde derivatives of the GBB adducts 8 were prepared from 2-aminopyridines 5, terephthalaldehyde (6), and isocyanides 7 using a green methodology that employed phosphotungstic acid
- values ranging between 409–426 nm. In general, the solvatochromic effect of these compounds showed a blue shift in EtOAc, and a red shift in MeCN. The fluorescence emission spectra of these compounds revealed a strong blue to green fluorescence emission, with the maximum emission peaks varying from 535
Visible-light-driven NHC and organophotoredox dual catalysis for the synthesis of carbonyl compounds
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2584–2603, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.200
- carbonyl compounds and pharmaceutically relevant intermediates. Moreover, this catalytic system operates under green and sustainable conditions, tolerating a broad range of functional groups and substrate scope, and utilizes low-cost, atom-economical, non-toxic starting materials. Keywords: dual catalysis
- ][2][3][4][5][6]. Recently developed photocatalysis affords sustainable, regioselective green methods for producing a wide range of functionalized carbonyl compounds and their related bioactive chiral intermediates under mild conditions, employing dual organic photoredox catalysis [7][8][9][10][11
- , has emerged as a versatile and robust model for the sustainable synthesis of carbonyl groups and related valued organic compounds. This cooperative photochemical strategy offers broad functional group tolerance and operational simplicity. It aligns with green chemistry principles by operating under
Isoorotamide-based peptide nucleic acid nucleobases with extended linkers aimed at distal base recognition of adenosine in double helical RNA
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2513–2523, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.193
- green, white, red, and blue, respectively. Synthesis of the Db1 monomer (8). Synthesis of Db2 monomer 15. Synthesis of Db3 monomer 21. Microwave promoted optimization of glutaric anhydride opening with 12a. Binding dataa for PNA containing Db monomers using UV thermal meltingb and isothermal titration
Effect of a photoswitchable rotaxane on membrane permeabilization across lipid compositions
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2498–2512, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.192
- strips) or 467 nm light (blue strips), and after 5 minutes post-irradiation. b) Percentage of sulforhodamine B released from LUVs containing axle 3 upon ten light irradiations at either 370 nm or 467 nm. Green strips represent one minute of irradiation at either wavelength. c) Changes in absorbance of
Palladium-catalyzed regioselective C1-selective nitration of carbazoles
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2479–2488, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.190
- NiCl2/NaBH4 in methanol at room temperature, affording the corresponding amine 4 in 93% yield. To align with green chemistry principles, we employed a recently reported mechanochemical protocol by Ito and co-workers for the reduction of nitro compounds to amines [72]. Using this solvent-free method
The intramolecular stabilizing effects of O-benzoyl substituents as a driving force of the acid-promoted pyranoside-into-furanoside rearrangement
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2456–2464, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.187
- ; stabilizing factors; Introduction Oligosaccharide chains bearing α-ᴅ-galactofuranosyl (Galf) units are widely distributed in nature. Thus such compounds were discovered in fungi and yeasts [1][2][3], bacteria [4][5][6][7], brown and green seaweeds [8][9], lichens [10], and other species [11]. The presence of
- for the methyl β-ᴅ-galactoside (A) and its α-counterpart (B). Green and red arrows indicate stabilizing and destabilizing spatial interactions, respectively. (A) Supposed PIF-rearrangement of monosaccharide 3. (B) Furanoside ring conformers of monosaccharide 4 in the pseudorotation diagram. The dashed
Transformation of the cyclohexane ring to the cyclopentane fragment of biologically active compounds
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2416–2446, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.185
- can be used to synthesize complex and unique compounds that cannot be produced by thermal reactions, making photochemical transformations preferable to classical ones, especially when considering the concept of «green chemistry» [73]. Therefore, photochemical rearrangements have great theoretical and
The high potential of methyl laurate as a recyclable competitor to conventional toxic solvents in [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2389–2415, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.184
- , toxicity, pesticide similarity, and biodegradability of methyl laurate in comparison with a series of conventional organic solvents, water, some fatty acids and their derivatives. The findings of this investigation revealed that methyl laurate exhibited better green solvent properties when evaluated
- , have deleterious effects on human and environmental health [1][2][3]. There is an ongoing and intensive research effort to identify new biocompatible alternatives to replace these existing solvents and many of the criteria that a solvent must meet to be considered green have been well defined in
- different sources [4][5]. In order to fulfil this requirement, a considerable number of green solvents of various classes have been developed for a range of applications, including the extraction of natural compounds [6][7][8][9], food analysis [10][11][12], pharmacology [13][14][15], and organic synthesis
Rotaxanes with integrated photoswitches: design principles, functional behavior, and emerging applications
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2345–2366, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.179
- the naphthalimide. Specifically, red fluorescence was observed when the merocyanine formed, and green fluorescence when the spiropyran was generated. Notably, this rotaxane was employed for the detection of sulfite, where the addition of sulfite led to the deactivation of FRET. This occurs due to a
- Michael addition taking place at the active site (C=C−C=N+) in the merocyanine unit in the presence of sulfite ions, resulting in color changes from red to green. This work represents a substantial advancement in the development of rotaxane-based fluorescent probes, providing highly sensitive and
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