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Search for "isoquinoline" in Full Text gives 84 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.
Streamlined modular synthesis of saframycin substructure via copper-catalyzed three-component assembly and gold-promoted 6-endo cyclization
- Asahi Kanno,
- Ryo Tanifuji,
- Satoshi Yoshida,
- Sota Sato,
- Saori Maki-Yonekura,
- Kiyofumi Takaba,
- Jungmin Kang,
- Kensuke Tono,
- Koji Yonekura and
- Hiroki Oguri
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 226–233, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.14
- hydroamination and temporary protection of nitrile and phenolic hydroxy groups. The synthetic strategy enabled the efficient synthesis of the substructure of saframycins bearing isoquinoline and THIQ units in just four steps from the modular assembly of the three components. We also found the unexpected
- expected to facilitate the 6-endo-dig cyclization to the distant sp-carbon on the alkyne, as demonstrated by Fujii and Ohno in their total synthesis of (−)-quinocarcin [52][53]. Secondly, the 6-endo-cyclized product 12, bearing the furan-conjugated isoquinoline-type framework, is predicted to be
- isoquinoline ring via gold(I)-mediated 6-endo hydroamination (Scheme 2). Treatment of 11 with a cationic gold complex, generated in situ from AuCl(PPh3) and AgNTf2 [47][48][49][56], with an excess amount of triethylamine in 1,2-dichloroethane at 65 °C, resulted in the intended regiocontrolled hydroamination
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Representative bis-tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) alkaloids and their analogues. Oxygen atoms on bot...
Scheme 1: Strategies for the construction of the pentacyclic core scaffold of saframycin A (1). (a) Biosynthe...
Scheme 2: Streamlined synthesis of the substructure 14 for saframycins 1 within just four steps in overall 29...
Figure 2: UV–vis absorption (gray solid line), the emission spectrum (blue solid line), and the corresponding...
Synthesis of spiroindolenines through a one-pot multistep process mediated by visible light
- Francesco Gambuti,
- Jacopo Pizzorno,
- Chiara Lambruschini,
- Renata Riva and
- Lisa Moni
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2722–2731, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.230
- without further purification. Graphene oxide (GO) was purchased from Graphenea. All products were characterized by 1H,13C, 19F (when fluorine is present) NMR, IR and HRMS. General procedure for the one-pot synthesis of spiro[indole-isoquinoline] 3a: A solution of N-phenyltetrahydroisoquinoline (1 equiv
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Selected natural products containing spiro-indolenines.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of spiro[indole-heterocycles].
Scheme 2: Synthetic strategy for the new synthesis of 2,3-diaminoindolenines [21] and spiro[indole-isoquinolines]....
Scheme 3: Scope of the synthesis of spiro[indole-THIQs]. aα-aminoamidine 2b has been isolated (54%) too; bα-a...
Scheme 4: Two-step synthesis using p-methylaniline.
Scheme 5: Investigation of the one-pot four-step synthetic protocol employing N-Ph-benzoxazepine 5.
Figure 2: Time profile of the reaction of N-Ph-THIQ, 3,5-dimethoxyaniline and t-BuNC conducted under optimize...
Scheme 6: Proposed mechanism.
N-Boc-α-diazo glutarimide as efficient reagent for assembling N-heterocycle-glutarimide diads via Rh(II)-catalyzed N–H insertion reaction
- Grigory Kantin,
- Pavel Golubev,
- Alexander Sapegin,
- Alexander Bunev and
- Dmitry Dar’in
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1841–1848, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.136
- pyrazole derivatives (including indazole), benzimidazole, 1,2,3-triazole, indole, carbazole, indoline, quinazoline, and isoquinoline. Nevertheless, many heterocyclic motifs still remain beyond the attention of researchers. For example, glutarimides that incorporate tetrazole and 1,2,4-triazole substituents
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Glutarimide-based immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and CRBN ligands.
Scheme 1: Main literature approaches towards α-hetaryl glutarimides 1 (routes A and B) and new “diazo” method...
Scheme 2: Preparation of diazo reagent 5.
Scheme 3: Scope of NH insertion reaction of N-Boc-α-diazo glutarimide and various N-heterocycles. aIsolated y...
Figure 2: Examples of α-carbonyl NH-heterocycles for which N–H insertion products could not be obtained.
Scheme 4: Examples of N-deprotection of α-modified glutarimides 1.
Scheme 5: Preparation of NH2-containing derivative 10 via reduction of 6n.
Decarboxylative 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of amino acids for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds
- Xiaofeng Zhang,
- Xiaoming Ma and
- Wei Zhang
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1677–1693, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.123
- Pd-catalyzed Heck reaction to give products 26 in 65–78% yields (Scheme 16) [75]. The pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline core installed by this route can be found in some natural products and synthetic compounds with antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidizing, and other biological activities (Figure
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Classification of AMYs.
Scheme 1: Aminoester- and amino acid-based AMYs for single and double [3+2] cycloadditions.
Scheme 2: Formation of semi-stabilized AMYs B1 from pyrrolidines.
Scheme 3: Cyclic amine-based AMYs A3 and B1 for [3 + 2] cycloadditions.
Scheme 4: Proposed double cycloaddition reactions involving semi-stabilized AMYs.
Scheme 5: [3 + 2] Cycloaddition for the synthesis of trifluoromethylated pyrrolidines 9.
Figure 2: Biologically interesting pyrrolizidines.
Scheme 6: Double cycloadditions with glycine for the synthesis of products 10 (dr > 9:1).
Scheme 7: Double cycloadditions with α-substituted amino acids leading to products 11 (≈8.5:1 dr).
Scheme 8: Stereochemistry for the formation of products 10 or 11.
Scheme 9: One-pot and stepwise double cycloadditions. Conditions: i) MeCN (0.02 M), 90 °C, 6 h; ii) then AcOH...
Figure 3: Biologically interesting spirooxindole-pyrrolizidines.
Scheme 10: Double cycloadditions for the synthesis of bis[spirooxindole-pyrrolizidine]s.
Scheme 11: Mechanism for the diastereoselective synthesis of bis[spirooxindole-pyrrolizidine]s.
Scheme 12: Stepwise synthesis of triazolobenzodiazepine 21a.
Scheme 13: One-pot synthesis of triazolobenzodiazepines.
Figure 4: Bioactive triazolobenzodiazepine derivatives.
Scheme 14: One-pot synthesis of tetrahydropyrroloquinazolines.
Scheme 15: One-pot synthesis of tetrahydropyrrolobenzodiazepines.
Figure 5: Bioactive pyrroloquinazolines and pyrrolobenzodiazepines.
Scheme 16: Stepwise synthesis of pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines.
Figure 6: Bioactive pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines and hexahydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines.
Figure 7: Bioactive tetrahydropyrrolothiazoles.
Scheme 17: Pseudo-four-component reaction for the synthesis of tetrahydropyrrolothiazoles 29 and 30 (>4:1 dr).
Scheme 18: One-pot two-step synthesis of spirooxindole-pyrrolothiazoles 31 (>4:1 dr).
Photoredox catalysis harvesting multiple photon or electrochemical energies
- Mattia Lepori,
- Simon Schmid and
- Joshua P. Barham
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1055–1145, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.81
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Oxidative and reductive activations of organic compounds harvesting photoredox catalysis.
Figure 2: General catalytic cycles of radical ion conPET (left) and radical ion e-PRC (right).
Figure 3: “Beginner’s guide”: comparison between advantages, capacities, and prospectives of conPET and PEC.
Figure 4: A) conPET reductive dehalogenation of aryl halides with PDI. B) Reductive C–H arylation with pyrrol...
Figure 5: A) Chromoselective mono- and disubstitution or polybrominated pyrimidines with pyrroles. B) Sequent...
Figure 6: A) Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinolines. B) Synthesis of ullazines.
Figure 7: A) Reductive phosphorylation of aryl halides via conPET. B) Selected examples from the substrate sc...
Figure 8: A) Reductive dehalogenation of aryl halides via conPET and selected examples from the substrate sco...
Figure 9: A) Reductive C–H arylation of aryl halides via conPET (top) and selected examples from the substrat...
Figure 10: A) Reductive hydrodehalogenation of aryl halides with Mes-Acr-BF4. B) Selected examples from the su...
Figure 11: A) Reductive hydrodechlorination of aryl chlorides with 4-DPAIPN. B) Proposed formation of CO2•−. C...
Figure 12: A) Reductive conPET borylation with 3CzEPAIPN (top) and selected examples from the substrate scope ...
Figure 13: Scale-up of conPET phosphorylation with 3CzEPAIPN.
Figure 14: A) Borylation of 1d. B) Characteristics and structure of PC1 with green and red parts showing the l...
Figure 15: A) Reductive C–H arylation scope with polysulfide conPET (top) and selected examples from the subst...
Figure 16: Scale-up of A) C–H arylation and B) dehaloborylation with polysulfide photocatalysis in continuous-...
Figure 17: A) Formation of [Ir1]0 and [Ir2]0 upon PET between [Ir1]+ and Et3N. B) Mechanism of multi-photon ta...
Figure 18: A) Reductive hydrodehalogenation of aryl halides via multi-photon tandem photocatalysis. B) Selecte...
Figure 19: A) Carbonylative amidation of aryl halides in continuous flow. B) Selected examples from the substr...
Figure 20: A) General scheme for reductive (RQ) and oxidative quenching (OQ) protocols using [FeIII(btz)3](PF6)...
Figure 21: A) Carbonylative amidation of alkyl iodides with [IrIII(ppy)2(dtbbpy)]PF6. B) Selected examples fro...
Figure 22: A) Carboxylative C–N bond cleavage in cyclic amines. B) Selected examples from the substrate scope....
Figure 23: A) Formal reduction of alkenes to alkanes via transfer hydrogenation. B) Selected examples from the...
Figure 24: A) Birch-type reduction of benzenes with PMP-BPI. B) Selected examples from the substrate scope (sc...
Figure 25: Proposed mechanism of the OH− mediated conPET Birch-type reduction of benzene via generation of sol...
Figure 26: Reductive detosylation of N-tosylated amides with Mes-Acr-BF4. B) Selected examples from the substr...
Figure 27: A) Reductive detosylation of N-tosyl amides by dual PRC. B) Selected examples from the substrate sc...
Figure 28: A) Mechanism of the dual PRC based on PET between [Cu(dap)2]+ and DCA. B) Mechanism of the dual PRC...
Figure 29: A) N–O bond cleavage in Weinreb amides with anthracene. B) N–O bond cleavage in Weinreb amides rely...
Figure 30: A) Pentafluorosulfanylation and fluoride elimination. B) Mechanism of the pentafluorosulfanylation ...
Figure 31: A) α-Alkoxypentafluorosulfanylation (top) and selected examples from the substrate scope (bottom). ...
Figure 32: A) Oxidative amination of arenes with azoles catalyzed by N-Ph PTZ. B) Selected examples from the s...
Figure 33: A) C(sp3)–H bond activation by HAT via chloride oxidation by *N-Ph PTZ•+. B) Proposed mechanism for...
Figure 34: A) Recycling e-PRC C–H azolation of electron-rich arenes with pyrazoles using Mes-Acr+ as a photoca...
Figure 35: A) Radical ion e-PRC direct oxidation of unactivated arenes using TAC+ as an electro-activated phot...
Figure 36: A) Radical ion e-PRC direct oxidation of unactivated arenes using TPA as an electro-activated photo...
Figure 37: Proposed mechanism (top) and mode of preassembly (bottom).
Figure 38: A) Possible preassemblies of reactive (left) vs unreactive (right) arenes. B) Calculated spin densi...
Figure 39: A) Recycling e-PRC C(sp2 )–H acetoxylation of arenes using DDQ as a photocatalyst. B) Proposed cata...
Figure 40: Gram scale hydroxylation of benzene in a recirculated flow setup.
Figure 41: A) Radical ion e-PRC vicinal diamination of alkylarenes using TAC+ as an electro-activated photocat...
Figure 42: A) Sequential oxygenation of multiple adjacent C–H bonds under radical ion e-PRC using TAC+ as an e...
Figure 43: A) Enantioselective recycling e-PRC cyanation of benzylic C–H bonds using ADQS as photocatalyst. B)...
Figure 44: Proposed tandem mechanism by Xu and co-workers.
Figure 45: A) Enantioselective recycling e-PRC decarboxylative cyanation using Cu(acac)2, Ce(OTf)3 and a box l...
Figure 46: A) Enantioselective recycling e-PRC benzylic cyanation using Cu(MeCN)4BF4, box ligand and anthraqui...
Figure 47: A) Radical ion e-PRC acetoxyhydroxylation of aryl olefins using TAC+ as an electro-activated photoc...
Figure 48: Selected examples from the substrate scope.
Figure 49: Photoelectrochemical acetoxyhydroxylation in a recirculated flow setup.
Figure 50: A) Radical ion e-PRC aminooxygenation of aryl olefins using TAC+ as an electro-activated photocatal...
Figure 51: A) Recycling e-PRC C–H alkylation of heteroarenes with organic trifluoroborates using Mes-Acr+ as p...
Figure 52: A) Recycling e-PRC decarboxylative C–H alkylation of heteroarenes using CeCl3·7H2O as catalyst. B) ...
Figure 53: A) Recycling e-PRC decarboxylative C–H alkylation of heteroarenes using Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2·6H2O as cata...
Figure 54: A) Recycling e-PRC C–H alkylation of heteroarenes with alkyl oxalates and 4CzIPN as photocatalyst. ...
Figure 55: A) Recycling e-PRC decarboxylative C–H carbamoylation of heteroarenes using 4CzIPN as photocatalyst...
Figure 56: A) Photoelectrochemical HAT-mediated hydrocarbon activation via the chlorine radical. B) Proposed m...
Figure 57: A) Selected examples from the substrate scope. B) Gram and decagram scale semi-continuous flow PEC ...
Figure 58: A) Photoelectrochemical HAT-mediated dehydrogenative coupling of benzothiazoles with aliphatic C–H ...
Figure 59: A) Photoelectrochemical HAT activation of ethers using electro-activated TAC+ as photocatalyst. B) ...
Figure 60: Selected examples from the substrate scope.
Figure 61: A) Photoelectrochemical HAT-mediated synthesis of alkylated benzimidazo-fused isoquinolinones using...
Figure 62: A) Decoupled photoelectrochemical cerium-catalyzed oxydichlorination of alkynes using CeCl3 as cata...
Figure 63: Proposed decoupled photoelectrochemical mechanism.
Figure 64: A) Decoupled photoelectrochemical ring-opening bromination of tertiary cycloalkanols using MgBr2 as...
Figure 65: A) Recycling e-PRC ring-opening functionalization of cycloalkanols using CeCl3 as catalyst. B) Prop...
Figure 66: Selected examples from the substrate scope of the PEC ring-opening functionalization.
Figure 67: A) Radical ion e-PRC reduction of chloro- and bromoarenes using DCA as catalyst and various accepto...
Figure 68: A) Screening of different phthalimide derivatives as catalyst for the e-PRC reduction of aryl halid...
Figure 69: Screening of different organic catalysts for the e-PRC reduction of trialkylanilium salts.
Figure 70: A) e-PRC reduction of phosphonated phenols and anilinium salts. B) Selected examples from the subst...
Figure 71: A) ConPET and e-PRC reduction of 4-bromobenzonitrile using a naphthalene diimide (NDI) precatalyst ...
Figure 72: A) Radical ion e-PRC reduction of phosphinated aliphatic alcohols with n-BuO-NpMI as catalyst. B) C...
Figure 73: Selected examples from the substrate scope.
Figure 74: A) Recycling e-PRC reductive dimerization of benzylic chlorides using a [Cu2] catalyst. B) Proposed...
Figure 75: A) Decoupled photoelectrochemical C–H alkylation of heteroarenes through deamination of Katritzky s...
Figure 76: Proposed mechanism by Chen and co-workers.
The unique reactivity of 5,6-unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridine in the Huisgen 1,4-diploar cycloaddition and formal [2 + 2] cycloaddition
- Xiu-Yu Chen,
- Hui Zheng,
- Ying Han,
- Jing Sun and
- Chao-Guo Yan
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 982–990, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.73
- refluxing acetonitrile gave unique 2-azabicyclo[4.2.0]octa-3,7-dienes as major products and 1,3a,4,6a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]pyrroles as minor products via further rearrangement. Keywords: 1,4-dihydropyridine; electron-withdrawing alkyne; formal [2 + 2] cycloaddition; Huisgen's 1,4-dipole; isoquinoline
- ]. The well-known Huisgen 1,4-dipoles have a special kind of zwitterionic intermediates and are usually prepared by a nucleophilic addition of pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline and other aza-arenes to electron-deficient alkynes [4][5][6][7][8]. The reactive Huisgen 1,4-dipoles have been widely employed
- ]naphthyridine and 2-azabicyclo[4.2.0]octa-3,7-diene derivatives. Results and Discussion Initially, the reaction conditions were briefly examined by using isoquinoline (1), dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD, 2) and 5,6-unsubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridine 3 as standard reaction (Table 1). The three-component
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Various cycloaddition reactions of 5,6-unsymmetric 1,4-dihydropyridines.
Figure 1: Single crystal structure of the compound 4k.
Figure 2: Single crystal structure of compound 5a.
Figure 3: Single crystal structure of compound 6f.
Scheme 2: Plausible reaction mechanism for the various products 4, 5, and 6.
Aromatic C–H bond functionalization through organocatalyzed asymmetric intermolecular aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction: a recent update
- Anup Biswas
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 956–981, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.72
- -unsubstituted pyrroles/indoles 4/9 and isoquinoline-1,3,4(2H)-trione-1-imines 45 installing an aza-quaternary stereocenter in isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-dione frameworks 46/47. The spinol-derived catalyst P15 was applied for the asymmetric induction through H-bonding interaction with the NH group of the
- using Nps-iminophosphonates as electrophiles. Aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction between indole and α-iminophosphonate. [2.2]-Paracyclophane-derived chiral phosphoric acids as catalyst. Aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction through ring opening of sulfamidates. Isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-dione scaffolds as electrophiles
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: First organocatalyzed asymmetric aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction.
Scheme 2: Aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction between indoles and cyclic ketimines.
Scheme 3: Aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction utilizing trifluoromethyldihydrobenzoazepinoindoles as electrophiles.
Scheme 4: Aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction utilizing cyclic N-sulfimines as electrophiles.
Scheme 5: Aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction involving N-unprotected imino ester as electrophile.
Scheme 6: Aza-Friedel–Crafts and lactonization cascade.
Scheme 7: One-pot oxidation and aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction.
Scheme 8: C1 and C2-symmetric phosphoric acids as catalysts.
Scheme 9: Aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction using Nps-iminophosphonates as electrophiles.
Scheme 10: Aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction between indole and α-iminophosphonate.
Scheme 11: [2.2]-Paracyclophane-derived chiral phosphoric acids as catalyst.
Scheme 12: Aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction through ring opening of sulfamidates.
Scheme 13: Isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-dione scaffolds as electrophiles.
Scheme 14: Functionalization of the carbocyclic ring of substituted indoles.
Scheme 15: Aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction between unprotected imines and aza-heterocycles.
Scheme 16: Anilines and α-naphthols as potential nucleophiles.
Scheme 17: Solvent-controlled regioselective aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction.
Scheme 18: Generating central and axial chirality via aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction.
Scheme 19: Reaction between indoles and racemic 2,3-dihydroisoxazol-3-ol derivatives.
Scheme 20: Exploiting 5-aminoisoxazoles as nucleophiles.
Scheme 21: Reaction between unsubstituted indoles and 3-alkynylated 3-hydroxy-1-oxoisoindolines.
Scheme 22: Synthesis of unnatural amino acids bearing an aza-quaternary stereocenter.
Scheme 23: Atroposelective aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction.
Scheme 24: Coupling of 5-aminopyrazole and 3H-indol-3-ones.
Scheme 25: Pyrophosphoric acid-catalyzed aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction on phenols.
Scheme 26: Squaramide-assisted aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction.
Scheme 27: Thiourea-catalyzed aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction.
Scheme 28: Squaramide-catalyzed reaction between β-naphthols and benzothiazolimines.
Scheme 29: Thiourea-catalyzed reaction between β-naphthol and isatin-derived ketamine.
Scheme 30: Quinine-derived molecule as catalyst.
Scheme 31: Cinchona alkaloid as catalyst.
Scheme 32: aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction by phase transfer catalyst.
Scheme 33: Disulfonamide-catalyzed reaction.
Scheme 34: Heterogenous thiourea-catalyzed aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction.
Scheme 35: Total synthesis of (+)-gracilamine.
Scheme 36: Total synthesis of (−)-fumimycin.
Pyridine C(sp2)–H bond functionalization under transition-metal and rare earth metal catalysis
- Haritha Sindhe,
- Malladi Mounika Reddy,
- Karthikeyan Rajkumar,
- Akshay Kamble,
- Amardeep Singh,
- Anand Kumar and
- Satyasheel Sharma
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 820–863, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.62
- of pyridine at the C2 and C3 position (Scheme 35a). Further, during optimization when silver additives like Ag2CO3, Ag2O, and AgOAc were used the reaction resulted in the formation of isoquinoline derivative 181. In addition, the reaction showed high regioselectivity in the presence of unsymmetrical
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Representative examples of bioactive natural products and FDA-approved drugs containing a pyridine ...
Scheme 1: Classical and traditional methods for the synthesis of functionalized pyridines.
Scheme 2: Rare earth metal (Ln)-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 3: Pd-catalyzed C–H alkylation of pyridine N-oxide.
Scheme 4: CuI-catalyzed C–H alkylation of N-iminopyridinium ylides with tosylhydrazones (A) and a plausible r...
Scheme 5: Zirconium complex-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 6: Rare earth metal-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation with nonpolar unsaturated substrates.
Scheme 7: Heterobimetallic Rh–Al complex-catalyzed ortho-C–H monoalkylation of pyridines.
Scheme 8: Mono(phosphinoamido)-rare earth complex-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 9: Rhodium-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation with acrylates and acrylamides.
Scheme 10: Ni–Al bimetallic system-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 11: Iridium-catalyzed pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 12: para-C(sp2)–H Alkylation of pyridines with alkenes.
Scheme 13: Enantioselective pyridine C–H alkylation.
Scheme 14: Pd-catalyzed C2-olefination of pyridines.
Scheme 15: Ru-catalyzed C-6 (C-2)-propenylation of 2-arylated pyridines.
Scheme 16: C–H addition of allenes to pyridines catalyzed by half-sandwich Sc metal complex.
Scheme 17: Pd-catalyzed stereodivergent synthesis of alkenylated pyridines.
Scheme 18: Pd-catalyzed ligand-promoted selective C3-olefination of pyridines.
Scheme 19: Mono-N-protected amino acids in Pd-catalyzed C3-alkenylation of pyridines.
Scheme 20: Amide-directed and rhodium-catalyzed C3-alkenylation of pyridines.
Scheme 21: Bimetallic Ni–Al-catalyzed para-selective alkenylation of pyridine.
Scheme 22: Arylboronic ester-assisted pyridine direct C–H arylation.
Scheme 23: Pd-catalyzed C–H arylation/benzylation with toluene.
Scheme 24: Pd-catalyzed pyridine C–H arylation with potassium aryl- and heteroaryltrifluoroborates.
Scheme 25: Transient activator strategy in pyridine C–H biarylation.
Scheme 26: Ligand-promoted C3-arylation of pyridine.
Scheme 27: Pd-catalyzed arylation of nicotinic and isonicotinic acids.
Scheme 28: Iron-catalyzed and imine-directed C–H arylation of pyridines.
Scheme 29: Pd–(bipy-6-OH) cooperative system-mediated direct pyridine C3-arylation.
Scheme 30: Pd-catalyzed pyridine N-oxide C–H arylation with heteroarylcarboxylic acids.
Scheme 31: Pd-catalyzed C–H cross-coupling of pyridine N-oxides with five-membered heterocycles.
Scheme 32: Cu-catalyzed dehydrative biaryl coupling of azine(pyridine) N-oxides and oxazoles.
Scheme 33: Rh(III)-catalyzed cross dehydrogenative C3-heteroarylation of pyridines.
Scheme 34: Pd-catalyzed C3-selective arylation of pyridines.
Scheme 35: Rhodium-catalyzed oxidative C–H annulation of pyridines to quinolines.
Scheme 36: Rhodium-catalyzed and NHC-directed C–H annulation of pyridine.
Scheme 37: Ni/NHC-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective C–H cyclization of pyridines.
Scheme 38: Rare earth metal-catalyzed intramolecular C–H cyclization of pyridine to azaindolines.
Scheme 39: Rh-catalyzed alkenylation of bipyridine with terminal silylacetylenes.
Scheme 40: Rollover cyclometallation in Rh-catalyzed pyridine C–H functionalization.
Scheme 41: Rollover pathway in Rh-catalyzed C–H functionalization of N,N,N-tridentate chelating compounds.
Scheme 42: Pd-catalyzed rollover pathway in bipyridine-6-carboxamides C–H arylation.
Scheme 43: Rh-catalyzed C3-acylmethylation of bipyridine-6-carboxamides with sulfoxonium ylides.
Scheme 44: Rh-catalyzed C–H functionalization of bipyridines with alkynes.
Scheme 45: Rh-catalyzed C–H acylmethylation and annulation of bipyridine with sulfoxonium ylides.
Scheme 46: Iridium-catalyzed C4-borylation of pyridines.
Scheme 47: C3-Borylation of pyridines.
Scheme 48: Pd-catalyzed regioselective synthesis of silylated dihydropyridines.
Eschenmoser coupling reactions starting from primary thioamides. When do they work and when not?
- Lukáš Marek,
- Jiří Váňa,
- Jan Svoboda and
- Jiří Hanusek
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 808–819, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.61
- (9a) or decomposition (Scheme 3 and Table 1). Table 1 shows that in both polar aprotic solvents without base and thiophile (entries 1 and 4) only tricyclic 5,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4,5-dihydrothiazolo[4,5-c]isoquinoline (8a) was formed probably through unstable intermediate (7a). Compound 7a can be
- also briefly investigated, but the corresponding salt 6b was not isolated. The reaction in DMF without any additive (16 h, rt) also led to tricyclic 5,5-dimethyl-2-methyl-4,5-dihydrothiazolo[4,5-c]isoquinoline (8b) but its isolated yield was only 40% in addition to thioacetamide (19%) and unidentified
- lactam 2 structure involving the replacement of a quaternary carbon carrying two electron-donating methyl groups with an electron-withdrawing carbonyl group (2b → 3). The starting isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-dione was prepared [31] from homophthalic acid and then brominated with NBS to give 4
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Eschenmoser coupling reaction between 3-substituted oxindoles and thioamides.
Scheme 2: Possible reactions of α-haloketones, esters and amides with primary thioamides.
Figure 1: Studied α-bromoamides and α-bromolactams.
Scheme 3: Reaction of 4-bromo-1,1-dimethyl-1,4-dihydroisoquinolin-3(2H)-one (2b) with thiobenzamide and thioa...
Scheme 4: Reaction of 4-bromo-1,1-dimethyl-1,4-dihydroisoquinolin-3(2H)-one (2b) with 4’-substituted thiobenz...
Scheme 5: Reaction of 4-bromoisoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-dione (3) with thiobenzamide, thioacetamide, and thioben...
Scheme 6: Reaction of N-phenyl- and N-methyl-2-bromo(phenyl)acetamide (4a,b) with thiobenzamide in acetonitri...
Scheme 7: Transformation of salt 15 under kinetic and thermodynamic control conditions [1].
Figure 2: Comparison of energy profiles (relative Gibbs energies at 298 K in kJ·mol−1 for the ECR (right) and...
Transition-metal-catalyzed domino reactions of strained bicyclic alkenes
- Austin Pounder,
- Eric Neufeld,
- Peter Myler and
- William Tam
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 487–540, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.38
- [2.3.1]-bicyclic alkenes 158 for the synthesis of isoquinoline (160) or isoquinolone-fused bicycles 162 (Scheme 28) [74]. Compared to their previous C–H functionalization reaction (Scheme 27) [73], no ring opening was observed. This reaction with O-acetyl ketoximes was amenable to a variety of para
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Ring-strain energies of homobicyclic and heterobicyclic alkenes in kcal mol−1. a) [2.2.1]-Bicyclic ...
Figure 2: a) Exo and endo face descriptions of bicyclic alkenes. b) Reactivity comparisons for different β-at...
Scheme 1: Ni-catalyzed ring-opening/cyclization cascade of heterobicyclic alkenes 1 with alkyl propiolates 2 ...
Scheme 2: Ni-catalyzed ring-opening/cyclization cascade of heterobicyclic alkenes 8 with β-iodo-(Z)-propenoat...
Scheme 3: Ni-catalyzed two- and three-component difunctionalizations of norbornene derivatives 15 with alkyne...
Scheme 4: Ni-catalyzed intermolecular three-component difunctionalization of oxabicyclic alkenes 1 with alkyn...
Scheme 5: Ni-catalyzed intermolecular three-component carboacylation of norbornene derivatives 15.
Scheme 6: Photoredox/Ni dual-catalyzed coupling of 4-alkyl-1,4-dihydropyridines 31 with heterobicyclic alkene...
Scheme 7: Photoredox/Ni dual-catalyzed coupling of α-amino radicals with heterobicyclic alkenes 30.
Scheme 8: Cu-catalyzed rearrangement/allylic alkylation of 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptenes 47 with Grignard r...
Scheme 9: Cu-catalyzed aminoboration of bicyclic alkenes 1 with bis(pinacolato)diboron (B2pin2) (53) and O-be...
Scheme 10: Cu-catalyzed borylalkynylation of oxabenzonorbornadiene (30b) with B2pin2 (53) and bromoalkynes 62.
Scheme 11: Cu-catalyzed borylacylation of bicyclic alkenes 1.
Scheme 12: Cu-catalyzed diastereoselective 1,2-difunctionalization of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 for the synthe...
Scheme 13: Fe-catalyzed carbozincation of heterobicyclic alkenes 1 with arylzinc reagents 74.
Scheme 14: Co-catalyzed addition of arylzinc reagents of norbornene derivatives 15.
Scheme 15: Co-catalyzed ring-opening/dehydration of oxabicyclic alkenes 30 via C–H activation of arenes.
Scheme 16: Co-catalyzed [3 + 2] annulation/ring-opening/dehydration domino reaction of oxabicyclic alkenes 1 w...
Scheme 17: Co-catalyzed enantioselective carboamination of bicyclic alkenes 1 via C–H functionalization.
Scheme 18: Ru-catalyzed cyclization of oxabenzonorbornene derivatives with propargylic alcohols for the synthe...
Scheme 19: Ru-catalyzed coupling of oxabenzonorbornene derivatives 30 with propargylic alcohols and ethers 106...
Scheme 20: Ru-catalyzed ring-opening/dehydration of oxabicyclic alkenes via the C–H activation of anilides.
Scheme 21: Ru-catalyzed of azabenzonorbornadiene derivatives with arylamides.
Scheme 22: Rh-catalyzed cyclization of bicyclic alkenes with arylboronate esters 118.
Scheme 23: Rh-catalyzed cyclization of bicyclic alkenes with dienyl- and heteroaromatic boronate esters.
Scheme 24: Rh-catalyzed domino lactonization of doubly bridgehead-substituted oxabicyclic alkenes with seconda...
Scheme 25: Rh-catalyzed domino carboannulation of diazabicyclic alkenes with 2-cyanophenylboronic acid and 2-f...
Scheme 26: Rh-catalyzed synthesis of oxazolidinone scaffolds 147 through a domino ARO/cyclization of oxabicycl...
Scheme 27: Rh-catalyzed oxidative coupling of salicylaldehyde derivatives 151 with diazabicyclic alkenes 130a.
Scheme 28: Rh-catalyzed reaction of O-acetyl ketoximes with bicyclic alkenes for the synthesis of isoquinoline...
Scheme 29: Rh-catalyzed domino coupling reaction of 2-phenylpyridines 165 with oxa- and azabicyclic alkenes 30....
Scheme 30: Rh-catalyzed domino dehydrative naphthylation of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 with N-sulfonyl 2-aminob...
Scheme 31: Rh-catalyzed domino dehydrative naphthylation of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 with arylphosphine deriv...
Scheme 32: Rh-catalyzed domino ring-opening coupling reaction of azaspirotricyclic alkenes using arylboronic a...
Scheme 33: Tandem Rh(III)/Sc(III)-catalyzed domino reaction of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 with alkynols 184 dir...
Scheme 34: Rh-catalyzed asymmetric domino cyclization and addition reaction of 1,6-enynes 194 and oxa/azabenzo...
Scheme 35: Rh/Zn-catalyzed domino ARO/cyclization of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 with phosphorus ylides 201.
Scheme 36: Rh-catalyzed domino ring opening/lactonization of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 with 2-nitrobenzenesulf...
Scheme 37: Rh-catalyzed domino C–C/C–N bond formation of azabenzonorbornadienes 30 with aryl-2H-indazoles 210.
Scheme 38: Rh/Pd-catalyzed domino synthesis of indole derivatives with 2-(phenylethynyl)anilines 212 and oxabe...
Scheme 39: Rh-catalyzed domino carborhodation of heterobicyclic alkenes 30 with B2pin2 (53).
Scheme 40: Rh-catalyzed three-component 1,2-carboamidation reaction of bicyclic alkenes 30 with aromatic and h...
Scheme 41: Pd-catalyzed diarylation and dialkenylation reactions of norbornene derivatives.
Scheme 42: Three-component Pd-catalyzed arylalkynylation reactions of bicyclic alkenes.
Scheme 43: Three-component Pd-catalyzed arylalkynylation reactions of norbornene and DFT mechanistic study.
Scheme 44: Pd-catalyzed three-component coupling N-tosylhydrazones 236, aryl halides 66, and norbornene (15a).
Scheme 45: Pd-catalyzed arylboration and allylboration of bicyclic alkenes.
Scheme 46: Pd-catalyzed, three-component annulation of aryl iodides 66, alkenyl bromides 241, and bicyclic alk...
Scheme 47: Pd-catalyzed double insertion/annulation reaction for synthesizing tetrasubstituted olefins.
Scheme 48: Pd-catalyzed aminocyclopropanation of bicyclic alkenes 1 with 5-iodopent-4-enylamine derivatives 249...
Scheme 49: Pd-catalyzed, three-component coupling of alkynyl bromides 62 and norbornene derivatives 15 with el...
Scheme 50: Pd-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization/ring-opening reaction of heterobicyclic alkenes 30 with 2-i...
Scheme 51: Pd-catalyzed dimer- and trimerization of oxabenzonorbornadiene derivatives 30 with anhydrides 268.
Scheme 52: Pd-catalyzed Catellani-type annulation and retro-Diels–Alder of norbornadiene 15b yielding fused xa...
Scheme 53: Pd-catalyzed hydroarylation and heteroannulation of urea-derived bicyclic alkenes 158 and aryl iodi...
Scheme 54: Access to fused 8-membered sulfoximine heterocycles 284/285 via Pd-catalyzed Catellani annulation c...
Scheme 55: Pd-catalyzed 2,2-bifunctionalization of bicyclic alkenes 1 generating spirobicyclic xanthone deriva...
Scheme 56: Pd-catalyzed Catellani-type annulation and retro-Diels–Alder of norbornadiene (15b) producing subst...
Scheme 57: Pd-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 1] annulation furnishing bicyclic-fused indanes 281 and 283.
Scheme 58: Pd-catalyzed ring-opening/ring-closing cascade of diazabicyclic alkenes 130a.
Scheme 59: Pd-NHC-catalyzed cyclopentannulation of diazabicyclic alkenes 130a.
Scheme 60: Pd-catalyzed annulation cascade generating diazabicyclic-fused indanones 292 and indanols 294.
Scheme 61: Pd-catalyzed skeletal rearrangement of spirotricyclic alkenes 176 towards large polycyclic benzofur...
Scheme 62: Pd-catalyzed oxidative annulation of aromatic enamides 298 and diazabicyclic alkenes 130a.
Scheme 63: Accessing 3,4,5-trisubstituted cyclopentenes 300, 301, 302 via the Pd-catalyzed domino reaction of ...
Scheme 64: Palladacycle-catalyzed ring-expansion/cyclization domino reactions of terminal alkynes and bicyclic...
Scheme 65: Pd-catalyzed carboesterification of norbornene (15a) with alkynes, furnishing α-methylene γ-lactone...
Transition-metal-catalyzed C–H bond activation as a sustainable strategy for the synthesis of fluorinated molecules: an overview
- Louis Monsigny,
- Floriane Doche and
- Tatiana Besset
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 448–473, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.35
- % yield, 19a, 84% yield), substituted pyrazole derivatives (6 examples, up to 55% yield, 19b, 55% yield), pyrimidine (19c, 31% yield) as well as quinoline and isoquinoline (19d and 19e, 65% and 66% yields, respectively). In addition, the trifluoromethylthiolated benzo[h]quinoline 20f was obtained in good
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Transition-metal-catalyzed C–XRF bond formation by C–H bond activation: an overview.
Scheme 2: Cu(OAc)2-promoted mono- and ditrifluoromethylthiolation of benzamide derivatives derived from 8-ami...
Scheme 3: Trifluoromethylthiolation of azacalix[1]arene[3]pyridines using copper salts and a nucleophilic SCF3...
Scheme 4: Working hypothesis for the palladium-catalyzed C–H trifluoromethylthiolation reaction.
Scheme 5: Trifluoromethylthiolation of 2-arylpyridine derivatives and analogs by means of palladium-catalyzed...
Scheme 6: C(sp2)–SCF3 bond formation by Pd-catalyzed C–H bond activation using AgSCF3 and Selectfluor® as rep...
Scheme 7: Palladium-catalyzed ortho-trifluoromethylthiolation of 2-arylpyridine derivatives reported by the g...
Scheme 8: Palladium-catalyzed ortho-trifluoromethylthiolation of 2-arylpyridine and analogs reported by Anbar...
Scheme 9: Mono- and ditrifluoromethylthiolation of benzamide derivatives derived from 8-aminoquinoline using ...
Scheme 10: Regioselective Cp*Rh(III)-catalyzed directed trifluoromethylthiolation reported by the group of Li [123]...
Scheme 11: Cp*Co(III)-catalyzed ortho-trifluoromethylthiolation of 2-phenylpyridine and 2-phenylpyrimidine der...
Scheme 12: Cp*Co(III)-catalyzed ortho-trifluoromethylthiolation of 2-phenylpyridine and 6-phenylpurine derivat...
Scheme 13: Diastereoselective trifluoromethylthiolation of acrylamide derivatives derived from 8-aminoquinolin...
Scheme 14: C(sp3)–SCF3 bond formation on aliphatic amide derivatives derived from 8-aminoquinoline by palladiu...
Scheme 15: Regio- and diastereoselective difluoromethylthiolation of acrylamides under palladium catalysis rep...
Scheme 16: Palladium-catalyzed (ethoxycarbonyl)difluoromethylthiolation reaction of 2-(hetero)aryl and 2-(α-ar...
Scheme 17: Pd(II)-catalyzed trifluoromethylselenolation of benzamides derived from 5-methoxy-8-aminoquinoline ...
Scheme 18: Pd(II)-catalyzed trifluoromethylselenolation of acrylamide derivatives derived from 5-methoxy-8-ami...
Scheme 19: Transition-metal-catalyzed dehydrogenative 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxylation of (hetero)aromatic derivati...
Scheme 20: Pd(II)-catalyzed ortho-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxylation of N-sulfonylbenzamides reported by the group of...
Scheme 21: Pd(II)-catalyzed selective 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxylation and other fluoroalkoxylations of naphthalene...
Scheme 22: Pd(II)-catalyzed selective ortho-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxylation of benzaldehyde derivatives by means o...
Scheme 23: Pd(II)-catalyzed selective ortho-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxylation (and other fluoroalkoxylations) of ben...
Scheme 24: Pd(II)-catalyzed selective 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxylation of aliphatic amides using a bidentate direct...
Formal total synthesis of macarpine via a Au(I)-catalyzed 6-endo-dig cycloisomerization strategy
- Jiayue Fu,
- Bingbing Li,
- Zefang Zhou,
- Maosheng Cheng,
- Lu Yang and
- Yongxiang Liu
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1589–1595, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.169
- ; macarpine; Introduction Benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids are an ancient and influential category of isoquinoline alkaloids, mainly found in Papaveraceae and Rutaceae (Scheme 1) [1][2]. According to their oxidation states, benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids can be divided into two types: partially
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Classification of benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids.
Scheme 2: Representative synthetic strategies for macarpine (1).
Scheme 3: Retrosynthetic analysis of marcarpine precursor 12 for a partial synthesis.
Scheme 4: Syntheses of precursors 5 and 8.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of enol silyl ether 10.
Scheme 6: Formal total synthesis of macarpine (1).
On drug discovery against infectious diseases and academic medicinal chemistry contributions
- Yves L. Janin
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1355–1378, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.141
- , a subsequent virtual hit expansion/ligand-based screening starting with the isoquinoline-bearing inhibitors such as 6 and using the Ukrainian REAL database which contains 1.37 billion of compounds, actually failed to go beyond this chemical motif [83]. In any case, what would have been the results
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Structure of halicin (1).
Figure 2: Structures of compounds 2–7.
Figure 3: Structures of compounds 8–12.
Figure 4: Structures of compounds 13–17.
Figure 5: Structures of compounds 18–21.
Figure 6: Structures of compounds 22–36 and SAR of compound 22.
Figure 7: Structures of compounds 37 and 38.
Figure 8: Structures of compounds 39–44.
Scheme 1: Retrosynthesis of pyrazolones A and B.
Scheme 2: Reaction conditions: i: HF, SbF6, CCl4. ii: (CF3SO2)2Zn, t-BuO2H, CH2Cl2/H2O.
Figure 9: Structures of compounds 49–61.
Figure 10: Structures of compounds 62–65.
Figure 11: Structures of compounds 66 and 67.
Dienophilic reactivity of 2-phosphaindolizines: a conceptual DFT investigation
- Nosheen Beig,
- Aarti Peswani and
- Raj Kumar Bansal
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1217–1224, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.127
- having electron-withdrawing groups (EWG) both at the 1 and 3-positions, namely 1,3-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-1,3-azaphospholo[1,5-a]pyridine (1: R1 = R2 = COOEt) and its isoquinoline analogue, reacted with DMB and isoprene to give the [2 + 4] cycloadducts, in the latter case, regioselectively [11]. However, 2
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Structures of 2-phosphaindolizine (1) and indolizine (2).
Figure 2: Structures of 1-aza-2-phosphaindolizines 3, 3-aza-2-phosphaindolizines 4, and 1,3-diaza-2-phosphain...
Figure 3: Transfer of the nitrogen lone-pair in 2-phosphaindolizines.
Figure 4: Energy gap (ΔE) between HOMO of 1,3-butadiene and LUMO of 2-phosphaindolizine.
Figure 5: Kohn–Shan HOMO of 1,3-butadiene and LUMOs of 2-phosphaindolizines computed at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) l...
Lewis acid-catalyzed Pudovik reaction–phospha-Brook rearrangement sequence to access phosphoric esters
- Jin Yang,
- Dang-Wei Qian and
- Shang-Dong Yang
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1188–1194, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.123
- formaldehyde or ketone groups could also be transformed into the desired diphosphination products 3bm and 3bn in moderate to good yield. The generality of the system was further showcased by tolerating quinoline and isoquinoline groups, and the desired products 3bp and 3bq were afforded in a high yield
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Different strategies for phospha-Brook reactions.
Scheme 2: Scope of 1 (secondary phosphine oxides and phosphonate). Reaction conditions: 1 (0.2 mmol), 2-pyrid...
Scheme 3: Scope of 2 (α-pyridinealdehydes and α-pyridones). Reaction conditions: diphenylphosphine oxide (1a,...
Scheme 4: Control experiments.
Scheme 5: Proposed mechanism.
Facile and diastereoselective arylation of the privileged 1,4-dihydroisoquinolin-3(2H)-one scaffold
- Dmitry Dar’in,
- Grigory Kantin,
- Alexander Bunev and
- Mikhail Krasavin
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1070–1078, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.109
- in the literature. While pondering possible solutions to fill this void, we drew inspiration in our recent success achieving direct Brønsted acid-catalyzed C-arylation of 4-diazo-isoquinoline-1,3-diones 7 [9] which are, in turn, obtainable via the Regitz diazo transfer reaction onto readily available
- products 9 (shown for ArH = benzene) and 3-isoquinoline byproducts 15. Conditions screening for the TfOH-promoted arylation of diazo substrate 10a.a Supporting Information Deposition Numbers 2158046 (for 9a), 2170881 (for 10c) and 2170877 (for 16) contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Diverse bioactive compounds based on the privileged 1,4-DHIQ scaffold.
Figure 2: Strategy investigated in this work.
Scheme 1: Preparation of 3(2H)-isoquinolones 11. aObtained as a 10:1 mixture of regioisomers; purified by cry...
Scheme 2: Preparation of 4-diazo-3(2H)-isoquinolones 10. aConfirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography (...
Scheme 3: TfOH-promoted arylation of diazo substrates 10. aStructure confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analys...
Scheme 4: Unexpected outcome of the TfOH-promoted arylation of 10a with N-formyl-N-methylaniline giving rise ...
Scheme 5: Plausible mechanism for the conversion of diazo substrates 10 to 4-aryl products 9 (shown for ArH =...
Electrochemical vicinal oxyazidation of α-arylvinyl acetates
- Yi-Lun Li,
- Zhaojiang Shi,
- Tao Shen and
- Ke-Yin Ye
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1026–1031, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.103
- product (29) in 84% yield. Upon treatment with piperidinium acetate and ethyl 3-(2-formylphenyl)acrylate (30), α-azidoketone (2) was transformed into isoquinoline product (31) in 58% yield [42]. Based on our reaction results and the known literature [13][14], a possible mechanism is proposed (Scheme 4
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: From vinyl acetates to α-azidoketones.
Scheme 2: Substrate scope. Reaction conditions: α-arylvinyl acetate (0.5 mmol), TMSN3 (1.0 mmol), n-Bu4NPF6 (...
Scheme 3: Derivatization of α-azidoketone 2.
Scheme 4: Proposed mechanism.
Iridium-catalyzed hydroacylation reactions of C1-substituted oxabenzonorbornadienes with salicylaldehyde: an experimental and computational study
- Angel Ho,
- Austin Pounder,
- Krish Valluru,
- Leanne D. Chen and
- William Tam
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 251–261, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.30
- intermediates have found use in the total synthesis of (+)-norchelidonine (an isoquinoline alkaloid) [55], sertraline (an antidepressant) [56], and arnottin I (an anti-inflammatory) [57]. Although OBD 1 has been shown to undergo many different modes of reactivity in both a stereo- and enantioselective manner
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Previously reported metal-catalyzed reactions of heterobicyclic alkenes and applications towards th...
Scheme 2: Iridium-catalyzed hydroacylation of C1-substituted OBDs 13a–k with salicylaldehyde 14.
Scheme 3: Competition reaction of different C1-substituted OBDs.
Figure 1: Potential energy profile of the PCM solvation model for the hydrometalation/reductive elimination p...
Figure 2: Potential energy profile of the PCM solvation model for the carbometalation/reductive elimination p...
Figure 3: Potential energy profile of the PCM solvation model for the endo hydrometalation/reductive eliminat...
Figure 4: Potential energy profile of the PCM solvation model for the Ir/diene-catalyzed hydroacylation of Me...
Iron-catalyzed domino coupling reactions of π-systems
- Austin Pounder and
- William Tam
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2848–2893, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.196
- would give the oxindole scaffold. Hydrogen abstraction would regenerate the reduced iron catalyst and produce the final product. Two years later, Zhou and co-workers expanded the reaction for the synthesis of substituted isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-dione derivatives 64 (Scheme 10) [81]. Both laboratories
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Price comparison among iron and other transition metals used in catalysis.
Scheme 1: Typical modes of C–C bond formation.
Scheme 2: The components of an iron-catalyzed domino reaction.
Scheme 3: Iron-catalyzed tandem cyclization and cross-coupling reactions of iodoalkanes 1 with aryl Grignard ...
Scheme 4: Three component iron-catalyzed dicarbofunctionalization of vinyl cyclopropanes 14.
Scheme 5: Three-component iron-catalyzed dicarbofunctionalization of alkenes 21.
Scheme 6: Double carbomagnesiation of internal alkynes 31 with alkyl Grignard reagents 32.
Scheme 7: Iron-catalyzed cycloisomerization/cross-coupling of enyne derivatives 35 with alkyl Grignard reagen...
Scheme 8: Iron-catalyzed spirocyclization/cross-coupling cascade.
Scheme 9: Iron-catalyzed alkenylboration of alkenes 50.
Scheme 10: N-Alkyl–N-aryl acrylamide 60 CDC cyclization with C(sp3)–H bonds adjacent to a heteroatom.
Scheme 11: 1,2-Carboacylation of activated alkenes 60 with aldehydes 65 and alcohols 67.
Scheme 12: Iron-catalyzed dicarbonylation of activated alkenes 68 with alcohols 67.
Scheme 13: Iron-catalyzed cyanoalkylation/radical dearomatization of acrylamides 75.
Scheme 14: Synergistic photoredox/iron-catalyzed 1,2-dialkylation of alkenes 82 with common alkanes 83 and 1,3...
Scheme 15: Iron-catalyzed oxidative coupling/cyclization of phenol derivatives 86 and alkenes 87.
Scheme 16: Iron-catalyzed carbosulfonylation of activated alkenes 60.
Scheme 17: Iron-catalyzed oxidative spirocyclization of N-arylpropiolamides 91 with silanes 92 and tert-butyl ...
Scheme 18: Iron-catalyzed free radical cascade difunctionalization of unsaturated benzamides 94 with silanes 92...
Scheme 19: Iron-catalyzed cyclization of olefinic dicarbonyl compounds 97 and 100 with C(sp3)–H bonds.
Scheme 20: Radical difunctionalization of o-vinylanilides 102 with ketones and esters 103.
Scheme 21: Dehydrogenative 1,2-carboamination of alkenes 82 with alkyl nitriles 76 and amines 105.
Scheme 22: Iron-catalyzed intermolecular 1,2-difunctionalization of conjugated alkenes 107 with silanes 92 and...
Scheme 23: Four-component radical difunctionalization of chemically distinct alkenes 114/115 with aldehydes 65...
Scheme 24: Iron-catalyzed carbocarbonylation of activated alkenes 60 with carbazates 117.
Scheme 25: Iron-catalyzed radical 6-endo cyclization of dienes 119 with carbazates 117.
Scheme 26: Iron-catalyzed decarboxylative synthesis of functionalized oxindoles 130 with tert-butyl peresters ...
Scheme 27: Iron‑catalyzed decarboxylative alkylation/cyclization of cinnamamides 131/134.
Scheme 28: Iron-catalyzed carbochloromethylation of activated alkenes 60.
Scheme 29: Iron-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of dienes 142.
Scheme 30: Iron-catalyzed, silver-mediated arylalkylation of conjugated alkenes 115.
Scheme 31: Iron-catalyzed three-component carboazidation of conjugated alkenes 115 with alkanes 101/139b and t...
Scheme 32: Iron-catalyzed carboazidation of alkenes 82 and alkynes 160 with iodoalkanes 20 and trimethylsilyl ...
Scheme 33: Iron-catalyzed asymmetric carboazidation of styrene derivatives 115.
Scheme 34: Iron-catalyzed carboamination of conjugated alkenes 115 with alkyl diacyl peroxides 163 and acetoni...
Scheme 35: Iron-catalyzed carboamination using oxime esters 165 and arenes 166.
Scheme 36: Iron-catalyzed iminyl radical-triggered [5 + 2] and [5 + 1] annulation reactions with oxime esters ...
Scheme 37: Iron-catalyzed decarboxylative alkyl etherification of alkenes 108 with alcohols 67 and aliphatic a...
Scheme 38: Iron-catalyzed inter-/intramolecular alkylative cyclization of carboxylic acid and alcohol-tethered...
Scheme 39: Iron-catalyzed intermolecular trifluoromethyl-acyloxylation of styrene derivatives 115.
Scheme 40: Iron-catalyzed carboiodination of terminal alkenes and alkynes 180.
Scheme 41: Copper/iron-cocatalyzed cascade perfluoroalkylation/cyclization of 1,6-enynes 183/185.
Scheme 42: Iron-catalyzed stereoselective carbosilylation of internal alkynes 187.
Scheme 43: Synergistic photoredox/iron catalyzed difluoroalkylation–thiolation of alkenes 82.
Scheme 44: Iron-catalyzed three-component aminoazidation of alkenes 82.
Scheme 45: Iron-catalyzed intra-/intermolecular aminoazidation of alkenes 194.
Scheme 46: Stereoselective iron-catalyzed oxyazidation of enamides 196 using hypervalent iodine reagents 197.
Scheme 47: Iron-catalyzed aminooxygenation for the synthesis of unprotected amino alcohols 200.
Scheme 48: Iron-catalyzed intramolecular aminofluorination of alkenes 209.
Scheme 49: Iron-catalyzed intramolecular aminochlorination and aminobromination of alkenes 209.
Scheme 50: Iron-catalyzed intermolecular aminofluorination of alkenes 82.
Scheme 51: Iron-catalyzed aminochlorination of alkenes 82.
Scheme 52: Iron-catalyzed phosphinoylazidation of alkenes 108.
Scheme 53: Synergistic photoredox/iron-catalyzed three-component aminoselenation of trisubstituted alkenes 82.
Me3Al-mediated domino nucleophilic addition/intramolecular cyclisation of 2-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)benzonitriles with amines; a convenient approach for the synthesis of substituted 1-aminoisoquinolines
- Krishna M. S. Adusumalli,
- Lakshmi N. S. Konidena,
- Hima B. Gandham,
- Krishnaiah Kumari,
- Krishna R. Valluru,
- Satya K. R. Nidasanametla,
- Venkateswara R. Battula and
- Hari K. Namballa
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2765–2772, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.186
- have always been recognized as the frameworks of interest in organic and medicinal fields. Particularly, aza-heteroarenes have attracted burgeoning interest in the research community owing to their structural and biological significance [1][2][3][4]. The isoquinoline template represents a huge family
- of aza-heterocycles with unparalleled structural diversity, and is considered to be associated with a huge range of applications in medicinal and materials sciences [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. 1-Amino substituted isoquinoline derivatives are extensively studied owing to their therapeutic
- of isoquinoline N-oxides [41][42], condensation of lithiated o‐tolualdehyde tert‐butylimines with nitriles [43], electrophilic cyclization of 2-alkynylbenzamides [44][45] or 2-alkynylbenzaldoximes [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54], oxidative C–H functionalizations (coupling) on aryl and heteroaryl
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Biologically active 1-aminoisoquinolines.
Scheme 1: Comparison of our work with the previous approaches for the synthesis of 1-aminoisoquinolines.
Scheme 2: Substrate scope of anilines for the synthesis of 1-aminoisoquinolines (5a–m). Reaction conditions: 3...
Scheme 3: Substrate scope of 2-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)benzonitrile (3b–e) for the synthesis of 1-aminoisoquinol...
Scheme 4: Substrate scope of aliphatic amines for the synthesis of 1-aminoisoquinolines (5v–x), gram-scale sy...
Scheme 5: Proposed mechanism for the synthesis of 1-aminoisoquinoline 5a.
Silica gel and microwave-promoted synthesis of dihydropyrrolizines and tetrahydroindolizines from enaminones
- Robin Klintworth,
- Garreth L. Morgans,
- Stefania M. Scalzullo,
- Charles B. de Koning,
- Willem A. L. van Otterlo and
- Joseph P. Michael
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2543–2552, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.170
- conditions yielded pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline products. A somewhat comparable cyclization of N-benzylenaminones has been reported under superbasic conditions [52], while base-induced pyrrole formation from N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)enamino esters (vinylogous urethanes) and the corresponding nitriles
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Examples of 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizines (1–7) and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroindolizines (8–10).
Scheme 1: Previous [18] and proposed routes to 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizines from enaminones. Reagents and conditio...
Scheme 2: Synthesis of pyrrolizine 19a from lactam 16 via enaminone 15a. Reagents and conditions: (i) NaH, TH...
Scheme 3: Proposed mechanism for the formation of pyrrolizidine 19a from enaminone (E)-15a.
Scheme 4: Synthesis of tetrahydroindolizines 26a–c from lactam 23 via enaminones 25a–c. Reagents and conditio...
Scheme 5: Further functionalization of dihydropyrrolizine 19a. Reagents and conditions: (i) NBS, DMF, 0 °C, 1...
Synthesis of new substituted 7,12-dihydro-6,12-methanodibenzo[c,f]azocine-5-carboxylic acids containing a tetracyclic tetrahydroisoquinoline core structure
- Agnieszka Grajewska,
- Maria Chrzanowska and
- Wiktoria Adamska
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2511–2519, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.168
- ; cyclization; multicomponent reactions; synthetic methods; tetrahydroisoquinoline; Introduction The tetrahydroisoquinoline moiety is the key structure in large number of natural and synthetic biologically important molecules. Among them, isoquinoline alkaloids constitute a large family of natural products
- transformed into racemic tetrahydroisoquinoline-1-carboxylic acids [19], simple isoquinoline alkaloids [20], and (+)-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-1-carboxylic acid [21]. In this paper we report a straightforward synthesis of new strained tetracyclic tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Natural isopavine alkaloids and synthetic derivatives of isopavine.
Figure 2: The structure and numbering of dihydromethanodibenzoazocine.
Scheme 1: The Petasis reaction and the Pomeranz–Fritsch–Bobbitt cyclization.
Scheme 2: The synthesis of 7,12-dihydro-6,12-methanodibenzo[c,f]azocine-5-carboxylic acids via a combination ...
Scheme 3: Synthesis of N-benzylated aminoacetaldehyde acetals 3a–e. Conditions: a) reaction run in EtOH; b) r...
Scheme 4: Synthesis of amino acids 6a–g.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of dihydromethanodibenzoazocine-5-carboxylic acids 7a–f. Conditions: a) 20% HCl, rt, 24 h...
Scheme 6: Synthesis of TA-073.
Scheme 7: Reaction of 6a with 4% aqueous HCl solution in THF and with 20% aqueous HCl solution. Conditions: a...
Scheme 8: Three pathways of the synthesis of 12, the decarboxylated analogue of 6a.
Scheme 9: The chemical behavior of 12 in 4% aqueous HCl solution in THF and in 20% aqueous HCl solution.
Scheme 10: A plausible mechanism of the reaction of 6a with 4% aqueous HCl solution in THF.
Halides as versatile anions in asymmetric anion-binding organocatalysis
- Lukas Schifferer,
- Martin Stinglhamer,
- Kirandeep Kaur and
- Olga García Macheño
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2270–2286, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.145
- ) [35]. During this early period, the group of Jacobsen also reported an asymmetric thiourea-catalyzed Reissert reaction of isoquinolines 21 (Scheme 5a) [36]. The mechanism proceeds by initial activation of the isoquinoline via N-acylation and subsequent dearomatization by a nucleophilic attack in the
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: a) Binding interactions in the chloride channel of E. coli. and b) examples of chloride, cyanide, n...
Figure 2: a) H-bond vs anion-binding catalysis and b) activation modes in anion-binding catalysis.
Scheme 1: First proposed anion-binding mechanism in the thiourea-catalyzed acetalization of benzaldehyde.
Scheme 2: a) Thiourea-catalyzed enantioselective acyl-Pictet–Spengler reaction of tryptamine-derived imines 4...
Scheme 3: Proposed mechanism of the thiourea-catalyzed enantioselective Pictet–Spengler reaction of hydroxyla...
Scheme 4: a) Thiourea-catalyzed intramolecular Pictet–Spengler-type cyclization of hydroxylactam-derived N-ac...
Scheme 5: Enantioselective Reissert-type reactions of a) (iso)quinolines with silyl ketene acetals, and b) vi...
Figure 3: Role of the counter-anion: a) Anion acting as a spectator and b) anion participating directly as th...
Scheme 6: Enantioselective selenocyclization catalyzed by squaramide 28.
Scheme 7: Desymmetrization of meso-aziridines catalyzed by bifunctional thiourea catalyst 31.
Scheme 8: Anion-binding-catalyzed desymmetrization of a) meso-aziridines catalyzed by chiral triazolium catal...
Scheme 9: Bis-urea-catalyzed enantioselective fluorination of a) β-bromosulfides and b) β-haloamines by Gouve...
Scheme 10: a) Bifunctional thiourea anion-binding – basic/nucleophilic catalysts. Selected applications in b) ...
Scheme 11: Thiourea-catalyzed enantioselective polycyclization reaction of hydroxylactams 51 through cation–π ...
Scheme 12: Enantioselective aza-Sakurai cyclization of hydroxylactams 56 implicating additional cation–π and L...
Scheme 13: Enantioselective tail-to-head cyclization of neryl chloride derivatives.
Scheme 14: Cation–π interactions in anion binding-catalyzed asymmetric addition reactions: a) addition of indo...
Scheme 15: Bisthiourea catalyzed oxa-Pictet–Spengler reaction of indole-based alcohols and aromatic aldehydes ...
Scheme 16: Anion-binding catalyst development in the enantioselective addition of silyl ketene acetals to 1-ch...
Scheme 17: a) Macrocyclic bis-thiourea catalyst in a diastereoselective glycosylation reaction. b) Competing SN...
Scheme 18: a) Folding mechanism of oligotriazoles upon anion recognition. b) Representative tetratriazole 82 c...
Scheme 19: Switchable chiral tetratriazole catalyst 86 in the enantioselective addition of silyl ketene acetal...
Recent advances in the syntheses of anthracene derivatives
- Giovanni S. Baviera and
- Paulo M. Donate
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2028–2050, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.131
- 2012, Singh and co-workers performed green syntheses of oxa-aza-benzo[a]anthracene and oxa-aza-phenanthrene derivatives 151 and 152 via a sequential one-pot reaction in an aqueous micellar system (Scheme 34) [68]. This methodology comprised reactions of isoquinoline (147), phenacyl bromides 148 bearing
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Examples of anthracene derivatives and their applications.
Scheme 1: Rhodium-catalyzed oxidative coupling reactions of arylboronic acids with internal alkynes.
Scheme 2: Rhodium-catalyzed oxidative benzannulation reactions of 1-adamantoyl-1-naphthylamines with internal...
Scheme 3: Gold/bismuth-catalyzed cyclization of o-alkynyldiarylmethanes.
Scheme 4: [2 + 2 + 2] Cyclotrimerization reactions with alkynes/nitriles in the presence of nickel and cobalt...
Scheme 5: Cobalt-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cyclotrimerization reactions with bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene (23).
Scheme 6: [2 + 2 + 2] Alkyne-cyclotrimerization reactions catalyzed by a CoCl2·6H2O/Zn reagent.
Scheme 7: Pd(II)-catalyzed sp3 C–H alkenylation of diphenyl carboxylic acids with acrylates.
Scheme 8: Pd(II)-catalyzed sp3 C–H arylation with o-tolualdehydes and aryl iodides.
Scheme 9: Alkylation of arenes with aromatic aldehydes in the presence of acetyl bromide and ZnBr2/SiO2.
Scheme 10: BF3·H2O-catalyzed hydroxyalkylation of arenes with aromatic dialdehyde 44.
Scheme 11: Bi(OTf)3-promoted Friedel–Crafts alkylation of triarylmethanes and aromatic acylals and of arenes a...
Scheme 12: Reduction of anthraquinones by using Zn/pyridine or Zn/NaOH reductive methods.
Scheme 13: Two-step route to novel substituted Indenoanthracenes.
Scheme 14: Synthesis of 1,8-diarylanthracenes through Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction in the presence of Pd-P...
Scheme 15: Synthesis of five new substituted anthracenes by using LAH as reducing agent.
Scheme 16: One-pot procedure to synthesize substituted 9,10-dicyanoanthracenes.
Scheme 17: Reduction of bromoanthraquinones with NaBH4 in alkaline medium.
Scheme 18: In(III)-catalyzed reductive-dehydration intramolecular cycloaromatization of 2-benzylic aromatic al...
Scheme 19: Acid-catalyzed cyclization of new O-protected ortho-acetal diarylmethanols.
Scheme 20: Lewis acid-mediated regioselective cyclization of asymmetric diarylmethine dipivalates and diarylme...
Scheme 21: BF3·OEt2/CF3SO3H-mediated cyclodehydration reactions of 2-(arylmethyl)benzaldehydes and 2-(arylmeth...
Scheme 22: Synthesis of 2,3,6,7-anthracenetetracarbonitrile (90) by double Wittig reaction followed by deprote...
Scheme 23: Homo-elongation protocol for the synthesis of substituted acene diesters/dinitriles.
Scheme 24: Synthesis of two new parental BN anthracenes via borylative cyclization.
Scheme 25: Synthesis of substituted anthracenes from a bifunctional organomagnesium alkoxide.
Scheme 26: Palladium-catalyzed tandem C–H activation/bis-cyclization of propargylic carbonates.
Scheme 27: Ruthenium-catalyzed C–H arylation of acetophenone derivatives with arenediboronates.
Scheme 28: Pd-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of (Z,Z)-p-styrylstilbene derivatives.
Scheme 29: AuCl-catalyzed double cyclization of diiodoethynylterphenyl compounds.
Scheme 30: Iodonium-induced electrophilic cyclization of terphenyl derivatives.
Scheme 31: Oxidative photocyclization of 1,3-distyrylbenzene derivatives.
Scheme 32: Oxidative cyclization of 2,3-diphenylnaphthalenes.
Scheme 33: Suzuki-Miyaura/isomerization/ring closing metathesis strategy to synthesize benz[a]anthracenes.
Scheme 34: Green synthesis of oxa-aza-benzo[a]anthracene and oxa-aza-phenanthrene derivatives.
Scheme 35: Triple benzannulation of substituted naphtalene via a 1,3,6-naphthotriyne synthetic equivalent.
Scheme 36: Zinc iodide-catalyzed Diels–Alder reactions with 1,3-dienes and aroyl propiolates followed by intra...
Scheme 37: H3PO4-promoted intramolecular cyclization of substituted benzoic acids.
Scheme 38: Palladium-catalyzed intermolecular direct acylation of aromatic aldehydes and o-iodoesters.
Scheme 39: Cycloaddition/oxidative aromatization of quinone and β-enamino esters.
Scheme 40: ʟ-Proline-catalyzed [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of naphthoquinones and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes....
Scheme 41: Iridium-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of a 1,2-bis(propiolyl)benzene derivative with alkynes.
Scheme 42: Synthesis of several anthraquinone derivatives by using InCl3 and molecular iodine.
Scheme 43: Indium-catalyzed multicomponent reactions employing 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (186), β-naphthol (...
Scheme 44: Synthesis of substituted anthraquinones catalyzed by an AlCl3/MeSO3H system.
Scheme 45: Palladium(II)-catalyzed/visible light-mediated synthesis of anthraquinones.
Scheme 46: [4 + 2] Anionic annulation reaction for the synthesis of substituted anthraquinones.
On the application of 3d metals for C–H activation toward bioactive compounds: The key step for the synthesis of silver bullets
- Renato L. Carvalho,
- Amanda S. de Miranda,
- Mateus P. Nunes,
- Roberto S. Gomes,
- Guilherme A. M. Jardim and
- Eufrânio N. da Silva Júnior
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1849–1938, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.126
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Schematic overview of transition metals studied in C–H activation processes.
Scheme 2: (A) Known biological activities related to benzimidazole-based compounds; (B and C) an example of a...
Scheme 3: (A) Known biological activities related to quinoline-based compounds; (B and C) an example of a sca...
Scheme 4: (A) Known biological activities related to sulfur-containing compounds; (B and C) an example of a s...
Scheme 5: (A) Known biological activities related to aminoindane derivatives; (B and C) an example of a scand...
Scheme 6: (A) Known biological activities related to norbornane derivatives; (B and C) an example of a scandi...
Scheme 7: (A) Known biological activities related to aniline derivatives; (B and C) an example of a titanium-...
Scheme 8: (A) Known biological activities related to cyclohexylamine derivatives; (B) an example of an intram...
Scheme 9: (A) Known biologically active benzophenone derivatives; (B and C) photocatalytic oxidation of benzy...
Scheme 10: (A) Known bioactive fluorine-containing compounds; (B and C) vanadium-mediated C(sp3)–H fluorinatio...
Scheme 11: (A) Known biologically active Lythraceae alkaloids; (B) synthesis of (±)-decinine (30).
Scheme 12: (A) Synthesis of (R)- and (S)-boehmeriasin (31); (B) synthesis of phenanthroindolizidines by vanadi...
Scheme 13: (A) Known bioactive BINOL derivatives; (B and C) vanadium-mediated oxidative coupling of 2-naphthol...
Scheme 14: (A) Known antiplasmodial imidazopyridazines; (B) practical synthesis of 41.
Scheme 15: (A) Gold-catalyzed drug-release mechanism using 2-alkynylbenzamides; (B and C) chromium-mediated al...
Scheme 16: (A) Examples of anti-inflammatory benzaldehyde derivatives; (B and C) chromium-mediated difunctiona...
Scheme 17: (A and B) Manganese-catalyzed chemoselective intramolecular C(sp3)–H amination; (C) late-stage modi...
Scheme 18: (A and B) Manganese-catalyzed C(sp3)–H amination; (C) late-stage modification of a leelamine deriva...
Scheme 19: (A) Known bioactive compounds containing substituted N-heterocycles; (B and C) manganese-catalyzed ...
Scheme 20: (A) Known indoles that present GPR40 full agonist activity; (B and C) manganese-catalyzed C–H alkyl...
Scheme 21: (A) Examples of known biaryl-containing drugs; (B and C) manganese-catalyzed C–H arylation through ...
Scheme 22: (A) Known zidovudine derivatives with potent anti-HIV properties; (B and C) manganese-catalyzed C–H...
Scheme 23: (A and B) Manganese-catalyzed C–H organic photo-electrosynthesis; (C) late-stage modification.
Scheme 24: (A) Example of a known antibacterial silylated dendrimer; (B and C) manganese-catalyzed C–H silylat...
Scheme 25: (A and B) Fe-based small molecule catalyst applied for selective aliphatic C–H oxidations; (C) late...
Scheme 26: (A) Examples of naturally occurring gracilioethers; (B) the first total synthesis of gracilioether ...
Scheme 27: (A and B) Selective aliphatic C–H oxidation of amino acids; (C) late-stage modification of proline-...
Scheme 28: (A) Examples of Illicium sesquiterpenes; (B) first chemical synthesis of (+)-pseudoanisatin (80) in...
Scheme 29: (A and B) Fe-catalyzed deuteration; (C) late-stage modification of pharmaceuticals.
Scheme 30: (A and B) Biomimetic Fe-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of methylarenes to benzaldehydes (PMHS, polymet...
Scheme 31: (A) Known tetrahydroquinolines with potential biological activities; (B and C) redox-selective Fe c...
Scheme 32: (A) Known drugs containing a benzofuran unit; (B and C) Fe/Cu-catalyzed tandem O-arylation to acces...
Scheme 33: (A) Known azaindolines that act as M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonists; (B and C) intramo...
Scheme 34: (A) Known indolinones with anticholinesterase activity; (B and C) oxidative C(sp3)–H cross coupling...
Scheme 35: (A and B) Cobalt-catalyzed C–H alkenylation of C-3-peptide-containing indoles; (C) derivatization b...
Scheme 36: (A) Cobalt-Cp*-catalyzed C–H methylation of known drugs; (B and C) scope of the o-methylated deriva...
Scheme 37: (A) Known lasalocid A analogues; (B and C) three-component cobalt-catalyzed C–H bond addition; (D) ...
Scheme 38: (A and B) Cobalt-catalyzed C(sp2)–H amidation of thiostrepton.
Scheme 39: (A) Known 4H-benzo[d][1,3]oxazin-4-one derivatives with hypolipidemic activity; (B and C) cobalt-ca...
Scheme 40: (A and B) Cobalt-catalyzed C–H arylation of pyrrole derivatives; (C) application for the synthesis ...
Scheme 41: (A) Known 2-phenoxypyridine derivatives with potent herbicidal activity; (B and C) cobalt-catalyzed...
Scheme 42: (A) Natural cinnamic acid derivatives; (B and C) cobalt-catalyzed C–H carboxylation of terminal alk...
Scheme 43: (A and B) Cobalt-catalyzed C–H borylation; (C) application to the synthesis of flurbiprofen.
Scheme 44: (A) Benzothiazoles known to present anticonvulsant activities; (B and C) cobalt/ruthenium-catalyzed...
Scheme 45: (A and B) Cobalt-catalyzed oxygenation of methylene groups towards ketone synthesis; (C) synthesis ...
Scheme 46: (A) Known anticancer tetralone derivatives; (B and C) cobalt-catalyzed C–H difluoroalkylation of ar...
Scheme 47: (A and B) Cobalt-catalyzed C–H thiolation; (C) application in the synthesis of quetiapine (153).
Scheme 48: (A) Known benzoxazole derivatives with anticancer, antifungal, and antibacterial activities; (B and...
Scheme 49: (A and B) Cobalt-catalyzed C–H carbonylation of naphthylamides; (C) BET inhibitors 158 and 159 tota...
Scheme 50: (A) Known bioactive pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalin-4(5H)-one derivatives; (B and C) cobalt-catalyzed C–H ...
Scheme 51: (A) Known antibacterial cyclic sulfonamides; (B and C) cobalt-catalyzed C–H amination of propargyli...
Scheme 52: (A and B) Cobalt-catalyzed intramolecular 1,5-C(sp3)–H amination; (C) late-stage functionalization ...
Scheme 53: (A and B) Cobalt-catalyzed C–H/C–H cross-coupling between benzamides and oximes; (C) late-state syn...
Scheme 54: (A) Known anticancer natural isoquinoline derivatives; (B and C) cobalt-catalyzed C(sp2)–H annulati...
Scheme 55: (A) Enantioselective intramolecular nickel-catalyzed C–H activation; (B) bioactive obtained motifs;...
Scheme 56: (A and B) Nickel-catalyzed α-C(sp3)–H arylation of ketones; (C) application of the method using kno...
Scheme 57: (A and B) Nickel-catalyzed C(sp3)–H acylation of pyrrolidine derivatives; (C) exploring the use of ...
Scheme 58: (A) Nickel-catalyzed C(sp3)–H arylation of dioxolane; (B) library of products obtained from biologi...
Scheme 59: (A) Intramolecular enantioselective nickel-catalyzed C–H cycloalkylation; (B) product examples, inc...
Scheme 60: (A and B) Nickel-catalyzed C–H deoxy-arylation of azole derivatives; (C) late-stage functionalizati...
Scheme 61: (A and B) Nickel-catalyzed decarbonylative C–H arylation of azole derivatives; (C) application of t...
Scheme 62: (A and B) Another important example of nickel-catalyzed C–H arylation of azole derivatives; (C) app...
Scheme 63: (A and B) Another notable example of a nickel-catalyzed C–H arylation of azole derivatives; (C) lat...
Scheme 64: (A and B) Nickel-based metalorganic framework (MOF-74-Ni)-catalyzed C–H arylation of azole derivati...
Scheme 65: (A) Known commercially available benzothiophene-based drugs; (B and C) nickel-catalyzed C–H arylati...
Scheme 66: (A) Known natural tetrahydrofuran-containing substances; (B and C) nickel-catalyzed photoredox C(sp3...
Scheme 67: (A and B) Another notable example of a nickel-catalyzed photoredox C(sp3)–H alkylation/arylation; (...
Scheme 68: (A) Electrochemical/nickel-catalyzed C–H alkoxylation; (B) achieved scope, including three using na...
Scheme 69: (A) Enantioselective photoredox/nickel catalyzed C(sp3)–H arylation; (B) achieved scope, including ...
Scheme 70: (A) Known commercially available trifluoromethylated drugs; (B and C) nickel-catalyzed C–H trifluor...
Scheme 71: (A and B) Stereoselective nickel-catalyzed C–H difluoroalkylation; (C) late-stage functionalization...
Scheme 72: (A) Cu-mediated ortho-amination of oxalamides; (B) achieved scope, including derivatives obtained f...
Scheme 73: (A) Electro-oxidative copper-mediated amination of 8-aminoquinoline-derived amides; (B) achieved sc...
Scheme 74: (A and B) Cu(I)-mediated C–H amination with oximes; (C) derivatization using telmisartan (241) as s...
Scheme 75: (A and B) Cu-mediated amination of aryl amides using ammonia; (C) late-stage modification of proben...
Scheme 76: (A and B) Synthesis of purine nucleoside analogues using copper-mediated C(sp2)–H activation.
Scheme 77: (A) Copper-mediated annulation of acrylamide; (B) achieved scope, including the synthesis of the co...
Scheme 78: (A) Known bioactive compounds containing a naphthyl aryl ether motif; (B and C) copper-mediated eth...
Scheme 79: (A and B) Cu-mediated alkylation of N-oxide-heteroarenes; (C) late-stage modification.
Scheme 80: (A) Cu-mediated cross-dehydrogenative coupling of polyfluoroarenes and alkanes; (B) scope from know...
Scheme 81: (A) Known anticancer acrylonitrile compounds; (B and C) Copper-mediated cyanation of unactivated al...
Scheme 82: (A) Cu-mediated radiofluorination of 8-aminoquinoline-derived aryl amides; (B) achieved scope, incl...
Scheme 83: (A) Examples of natural β-carbolines; (B and C) an example of a zinc-catalyzed C–H functionalizatio...
Scheme 84: (A) Examples of anticancer α-aminophosphonic acid derivatives; (B and C) an example of a zinc-catal...
