Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• specific mechanism of NP production by SoL is discussed based on the detailed analysis of the effect of various experimental parameters on the size of NPs and their colloidal and oxidation stability in host liquid matrices. Furthermore, a carefully structured overview of all types of products produced by

Measurement of polarization effects in dual-phase ceria-based oxygen permeation membranes using Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Kerstin Neuhaus,
• Christina Schmidt,
• Liudmila Fischer,
• Wilhelm Albert Meulenberg,
• Ke Ran,
• Joachim Mayer and
• Stefan Baumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.102

• spinel or perovskite phase applicable in membrane reactors for partial oxidation reactions. Dual-phase membranes with FeCo2O4, or its iron-rich pendant Fe2CoO4, and Gd-doped ceria as an ion conductor have already been successfully applied as oxygen permeation membranes with high permeability in the

• partial oxidation reactions. Apart from Gd-doped ceria, Sm-doped ceria also could be an interesting alternative in this kind of composite due to its high ionic conductivity [17]. Obstacles that generally still need to be addressed for the application of dual-phase ceria-based membranes in such an

• temperatures above 400 °C. However, the implications of local oxidation and reduction for charge carrier mobility at lower temperatures are by far less well studied. Therefore, a combined polarization-KPFM experiment was performed on a dual-phase material consisting of 60 vol % Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 and 40 vol

Chemical vapor deposition of germanium-rich CrGe_x nanowires

• Vladislav Dřínek,
• Stanislav Tiagulskyi,
• Roman Yatskiv,
• Jan Grym,
• Radek Fajgar,
• Věra Jandová,
• Martin Koštejn and
• Jaroslav Kupčík

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1365–1371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.100

• species, Ar+ ion sputtering was used. The initial atomic elemental ratio was [Cr]/[Ge]/[O] = 1:7.33:11.61; after 90 s of Ar+ ion sputtering the ratio was [Cr]/[Ge]/[O] = 1:4.41:2.43. The presence of oxygen indicated oxidation after the experiment. The [Cr]/[Ge] atomic elemental ratio of 1:4.41 was

• ), which was in accordance with EDX measurements of a large area of the deposit. Ge 3d components (Figure 4a) showed elemental Ge/metal germanide (29.5, 29.0 eV) and a small amount of GeO (30.6 eV) formed by oxidation. The chromium Cr 2p3/2 peak was deconvoluted into a component at 574.4 eV and five

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• , magnetite NPs have some serious limitations, such as chemical reactivity, rapid oxidation, particle agglomeration, and high surface energy which may affect their biocompatibility and performance [11]. Moreover, they have low magnetization at a smaller size and the presence of iron has been associated with

Identifying diverse metal oxide nanomaterials with lethal effects on embryonic zebrafish using machine learning

• Richard Liam Marchese Robinson,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Philip Doganis,
• Xiaodong Jia,
• Marianna Kotzabasaki,
• Christiana Gousiadou,
• Stacey Lynn Harper and
• Terry Wilkins

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1297–1325, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.97

• different oxidation states of the same metal were not considered in our dataset may also have resulted in a variable related purely to the metal atom identity being assigned elevated significance. Our finding that surface characteristics are of negligible importance, compared to core chemical composition is

Plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence from TiO₂ and TeO₂ thin films doped by Eu³⁺ for optoelectronic applications

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Jakub Czubek,
• Katarzyna Drozdowska,
• Anna Synak,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1271–1278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.94

• been intensely studied for a few decades. Although Eu usually assumes a trivalent oxidation state (Eu3+), the divalent state (Eu2+) is also stable, but characterized by different luminescent properties. The Eu3+ emission spectrum consists of sharp lines, which are ascribed to 5D0→7FJ (J = 0–6

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• study, Kante et al. prepared SnO2 films with fractal morphology by an electrochemical method with a subsequent oxidation process [68]. Both groups tested the films for CO gas sensing at different temperatures. Figure 8a–d shows the SEM images of SnO2 thin films on a Si(100) substrate obtained by Chen

• . 3D porous nanoscale hybrid SnO2/CuO foam sensors were prepared by Jeun et al. via electrochemical deposition followed by thermal oxidation [72]. These foam sensors were studied for H2S gas sensing. Figure 10a and Figure 10b show SEM images of the porous and 3D network structure of as-prepared Sn/Cu

• foam after electrodeposition. Figure 10c and Figure 10d illustrate the porous foam structure formed at 700 °C by thermal oxidation and the dendritic structures formed in pore wall. The foam sensor was able to detect down to 4 ppm of H2S. The highest gas response (S = 576) was obtained for 20 ppm of H2S

The effect of cobalt on morphology, structure, and ORR activity of electrospun carbon fibre mats in aqueous alkaline environments

• Markus Gehring,
• Tobias Kutsch,
• Osmane Camara,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Hans Kungl and
• Rüdiger-A. Eichel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1173–1186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.87

• oxidation likely results in amorphous species explains the absence of reflexes attributed to oxidised species, such as Co3O4, CoO, or Co(OH)2, in the XRD diffractograms. This behaviour also explains the plateau in the cobalt metal values found for samples carbonised above 800 °C. At these temperatures the

Use of nanosystems to improve the anticancer effects of curcumin

• Andrea M. Araya-Sibaja,
• Norma J. Salazar-López,
• Krissia Wilhelm Romero,
• José R. Vega-Baudrit,
• J. Abraham Domínguez-Avila,
• Carlos A. Velázquez Contreras,
• Ramón E. Robles-Zepeda,
• Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos and
• Gustavo A. González-Aguilar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.78

• , and high membrane permeability [80][81][82]. In particular, their stability tends to increase due to minimal exposure to ambient conditions (thereby delaying oxidation or degradation reactions), while their release may be regulated according to the use of different encapsulating materials [83

An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• by adsorption [92], with rates of release depending on interaction of the drug with the porous silicon. Oxidation, covalent binding, and electrostatic interactions can all be used to immobilise the drug on the porous silicon [94], while both hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules can be loaded on

Is the Ne operation of the helium ion microscope suitable for electron backscatter diffraction sample preparation?

• Annalena Wolff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 965–983, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.73

• irradiated as well as the non-irradiated area of the TEM lamella. For TEM lamella preparation, the irradiated area was immediately covered with a protective layer in situ, making oxidation unlikely. The angles between the reflections were measured to be α = 55° and β = 62° and the ratio of distances

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• inertness is due to metallic gold formed upon reduction of Au3+ during nanoparticle formation. However, there is also the possibility of Au0 oxidation that is influenced by size, shape, and stabilizing/capping agents. For instance, commonly used citrate and thiolate ligands result in a partial polarization

• biological organisms and are mainly governed by cytochrome P450, which acts as a strong catalyst for oxidation. Hence, the gold nanoparticles can alter the cell metabolism, leading to toxicity. In vitro studies also confirmed that isotropic gold nanoparticles with core sizes of greater than 5 nm were less

• nanoparticles in different biological systems (liver, spleen, and kidney) of Wistar rats was observed [70]. The study revealed that gold nanoparticles of 10 nm size exhibited an oxidation-induced deleterious effect evident through nuclear localization and greater DNA damage. Despite oxidative imbalance induced

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• . This process converts the chemical energy in the surrounding environment into kinetic energy through an oxidation–reduction reaction. Although this design has some shortcomings, as the earliest self-actuation micro/nanorobot, it provided inspiration and ideas for subsequent research. On the basis of

Prediction of Co and Ru nanocluster morphology on 2D MoS₂ from interaction energies

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 704–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.56

• are oxidised. Adatoms that are only bound to other Co atoms remain metallic. Overall oxidation of Co atoms varies with atom coordination. For Ru we find that atoms are partially oxidised when adsorbing to the MoS2 ML, with a computed Bader charge in the range of 7.6 to 7.8 electrons, compared to

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• previous NMR observation on the CYS oxidation to cystine during Ag cluster nucleation [60], the experiments presented here also indicate the conversion of GSH to GSSG during the nucleation of Ag clusters with subsequent AgNP synthesis. Conclusion The evaluation of NP behaviour in biological media is a

High-yield synthesis of silver nanowires for transparent conducting PET films

• Gul Naz,
• Hafsa Asghar,
• Muhammad Ramzan,
• Muhammad Arshad,
• Rashid Ahmed,
• Muhammad Bilal Tahir,
• Bakhtiar Ul Haq,
• Nadeem Baig and
• Junaid Jalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 624–632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.51

• . This is a clear indication that the final product is free from impurities and no oxidation of silver has occurred. The crystallite size was calculated using the Scherrer equation. The crystal size was found to be 27 nm, which is smaller than the diameter of the silver nanowires calculated from the SEM

Nanoporous and nonporous conjugated donor–acceptor polymer semiconductors for photocatalytic hydrogen production

• Zhao-Qi Sheng,
• Yu-Qin Xing,
• Yan Chen,
• Guang Zhang,
• Shi-Yong Liu and
• Long Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 607–623, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.50

• light. This was attributed to the improved wettability of P65 induced by the additional electronegative O atom and to the decreased ionization potential of trimethylamine (TEA) accelerating its oxidation through the higher driving force of P65 for overall TEA oxidation [79]. In addition, Wang et al. [80

Stability and activity of platinum nanoparticles in the oxygen electroreduction reaction: is size or uniformity of primary importance?

• Kirill O. Paperzh,
• Anastasia A. Alekseenko,
• Vadim A. Volochaev,
• Ilya V. Pankov,
• Olga A. Safronenko and
• Vladimir E. Guterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 593–606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.49

• hydrogen oxidation or an organic reducing agent oxidation (e.g. methanol) occur [4][5]. The need to carry out high-rate electrode reactions requires electrocatalysts (i.e., platinum nanoparticles – NPs – or its alloys), deposited mainly onto nano/microparticles of carbon supports, which are currently the

• (less than 3 nm in size) [14][20], reprecipitation of platinum from small NPs into larger ones [14][21][22], agglomeration of NPs in the process of their surface diffusion [9][22], and NP shape change [4][23]. This can happen due to the oxidation of the carbon carrier, which causes the detachment of

• platinum NPs and loss of contact with the support [24][25][26], as well as the isolation of particles by adsorbed carbon monoxide released due to carbon oxidation [27][28][29][30]. Each of the mechanisms previously described can play a greater or smaller role, depending on the conditions of the catalysts

Impact of GaAs(100) surface preparation on EQE of AZO/Al₂O₃/p-GaAs photovoltaic structures

• Piotr Caban,
• Rafał Pietruszka,
• Jarosław Kaszewski,
• Monika Ożga,
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski,
• Krzysztof Kopalko,
• Piotr Kuźmiuk,
• Katarzyna Gwóźdź,
• Ewa Płaczek-Popko,
• Krystyna Lawniczak-Jablonska and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 578–592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.48

• surface with an acidic/base aqueous solution (e.g., HCl/H2O, NH4OH/H2O) [16]. If not only the oxide layer but also the suboxide layer of GaAs need to be etched, different methods can be utilized which combine both processes: semiconductor surface oxidation and etching. In this case, also acidic and basic

• ][21]. The removal of native oxides by either one of the methods described provides only a partial/interim solution of the problem, as the naked surface of gallium arsenide is afresh vulnerable to quick oxidation when exposed to air or stagnant water [22] (in contrast to running and deoxidized water

• the surface of GaAs is based on chalcogenide (sulfides or selenides) passivation [7]. In particular, sulfur-containing solutions of compounds such as P2S5, (NH4)2S, and Na2S perform an effective passivation that substantially reduces further oxidation. In general, the protection mechanism consists in

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• would lead to a weaker interaction between the nanoparticles and the glass substrate. Moreover, it has been reported that H+ ions in buffer solutions play an important role in the oxidation of silver [35]. Therefore, SERS substrates treated with acidic or neutral PBS are more prone to oxidation and, as

• gap sizes. Since the carbonate buffer system provides a pH of 10, the previously observed beneficial effect of basic buffer systems can contribute to a better performance of the SERS substrates as the nanoparticles are apparently less prone to oxidation in buffer solutions with a high pH value [35

The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria

• Robert A. Yokel,
• Wendel Wohlleben,
• Johannes Georg Keller,
• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Jason M. Unrine,
• D. Allan Butterfield and
• Eric A. Grulke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 525–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.43

• used to determine the organic weight percent. This was repeated three times. TGA runs were completed under a nitrogen atmosphere to prevent the oxidation of organic matter. The sample was heated from 20 to 125 °C at 10 °C/min, held at 125 °C for 30 min to release physiosorbed water, and then heated to

• % sodium dodecyl sulfate for 20 min at room temperature, neutralized, and blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane for slot-blot analysis with an anti-DNPH rabbit antibody and secondary anti-rabbit IgG alkaline phosphatase antibody, using reagents from the OxyBlot Protein Oxidation Detection Kit (Millipore

• nanoceria had a primary particle diameter of 4 nm. A prior characterization of the surface oxidation state of NM-212 showed a great predominance of Ce4+ (Supporting Information File 1, Table S1) which was also found in the present study at the edge and core of the particles (Figure 2). In contrast, the

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• biomedical applications, such as in therapies that involve magnetic manipulation with photothermal effect promoting a localized bactericidal activity [42][47][48][49]. Properties and oxidative dissolution The oxidative dissolution of AgNPs occurs by the oxidation of silver to silver oxide (Ag2O), with

• release of Ag+ in solution and exposure of unoxidized metallic silver, which may undergo additional oxidation leading to the corrosion of AgNPs [50]. This oxidative dissolution can be influenced by extrinsic factors, such as artificial/solar light and storage temperature as well as by intrinsic factors

• effect of photoaging was studied by evaluating the impact of the incidence of artificial light (tungsten filament, color temperature of 3200 K) with a power of 1 μW focused on an area of 1 μm2. The formation of a AgxO shell layer (i.e., the oxidation volume) was theoretically predicted and also

Solution combustion synthesis of a nanometer-scale Co₃O₄ anode material for Li-ion batteries

• Monika Michalska,
• Huajun Xu,
• Qingmin Shan,
• Shiqiang Zhang,
• Yohan Dall'Agnese,
• Yu Gao,
• Amrita Jain and
• Marcin Krajewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 424–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.34

• different sizes and oxidation states. The spinel structure consists of a matrix composed of oxide ions O2− (32e, Wyckoff sites) with cubic close-packed structure, stabilized with cobalt ions (Co2+) in tetrahedral positions (8a, Wyckoff sites) and cobalt ions (Co3+) in octahedral positions (16d, Wyckoff

Structural and optical characteristics determined by the sputtering deposition conditions of oxide thin films

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Florin Garoi and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 354–365, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.29

• measurements the effect of thickness increase on the deposited samples and the oxidation states of each element were evaluated. The properties of the SiO2 thin films were also determined, noting the preservation of the stoichiometry and purity of the preparation technique. The XPS method characterizes the

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• measurements In order to investigate if nickel oxidation had occurred in the Ni@rGO composite during the heat treatment in the study of sensory properties (250 °C), the following model experiment was performed. The original Ni@rGO composite was annealed at a temperature of 250 °C for 2 h. In the following, its

• supported on reduced graphene oxide paves the way for their application as dopant in other metal oxide gas sensors. Experimental Due to the sensitivity of the precursor substances towards moisture and oxidation, all experiments were carried out in a purified argon (grade 99.998 vol %) or nitrogen (grade

• oxidation and thermal reduction process using natural graphite (type KFL 99.5 from AMG Mining AG, former Kropfmühl AG, Passau, Germany) as starting material. Graphite was oxidized according to [67]. Reduction of the graphite oxide was performed at 400 °C. Before using rGO in the nanoparticle synthesis, it