Pathoblockers or antivirulence drugs as a new option for the treatment of bacterial infections

• Matthew B. Calvert,
• Varsha R. Jumde and
• Alexander Titz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2607–2617, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.239

• plasma and liver microsomes, absence of cytotoxicity, and excellent oral bioavailability in mice. 4. Direct toxin inhibition Numerous bacteria secrete toxins that are responsible for acute virulence. Various small molecule and antibody approaches target the inhibition of bacterial toxins in order to

Synthesis of 3-aminocoumarin-N-benzylpyridinium conjugates with nanomolar inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase

• Nisachon Khunnawutmanotham,
• Cherdchai Laongthipparos,
• Patchreenart Saparpakorn,
• Nitirat Chimnoi and
• Supanna Techasakul

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2545–2552, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.231

• was inactive against MRC-5 normal embryonic lung cell (0% cytotoxicity at concentration of 50 μg/mL). Molecular docking studies Molecular docking studies [15] were performed to study the binding mode and interactions of the synthesized compounds with AChE. A crystal structure of recombinant human

Comparative cell biological study of in vitro antitumor and antimetastatic activity on melanoma cells of GnRH-III-containing conjugates modified with short-chain fatty acids

• Eszter Lajkó,
• Sarah Spring,
• Rózsa Hegedüs,
• Beáta Biri-Kovács,
• Sven Ingebrandt,
• Gábor Mező and
• László Kőhidai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2495–2509, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.226

• melanoma cells was increased by [4Lys(Ac)]-GnRH-III(Dau=Aoa), while the GnRH-III(Dau=Aoa) and [4Lys(Bu)]-GnRH-III(Dau=Aoa) decreased this activity. Conclusion: Internalization and cytotoxicity of the conjugates showed that GnRH-III peptides could guard Dau to melanoma cells and promote antitumor activity

• . [4Lys(Bu)]-GnRH-III(Dau=Aoa) possessing the butyryl side chain acting as a “second drug” proved to be the best candidate for targeted tumor therapy due to its cytotoxicity and immobilizing effect on tumor cell spreading. The applicability of impedimetry and holographic phase imaging for characterizing

• electrode surface, makes this impedimetric assay sensitive enough for cytotoxicity experiments [36]. In the event of a cytotoxic compound, the cells detach from the electrode surface and a drop in the impedance – given as Cell index values – could be observed. According to the time-course study, the

Correction: Varioloid A, a new indolyl-6,10b-dihydro-5aH-[1]benzofuro[2,3-b]indole derivative from the marine alga-derived endophytic fungus Paecilomyces variotii EN-291

• Peng Zhang,
• Xiao-Ming Li,
• Xin-Xin Mao,
• Attila Mándi,
• Tibor Kurtán and
• Bin-Gui Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2394–2395, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.215

• benzenoid derivatives; cytotoxicity; marine alga-derived fungus; Paecilomyces variotii; TDDFT-ECD calculation; The authors wish to rename compounds 1 and 2 (shown in Figure 1 of the original article [1]) as varioloids C and D, respectively (Figure 1), as the synonyms varioloids A and B have already been

Stereoselective total synthesis and structural revision of the diacetylenic diol natural products strongylodiols H and I

• Pamarthi Gangadhar,
• Sayini Ramakrishna,
• Ponneri Venkateswarlu and
• Pabbaraja Srihari

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2313–2320, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.206

• )- and (S)-methoxy(2-naphthyl)acetic acid) derivatives. Though petrosiols A, D and E along with strongylodiols C and D were found to display neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells in a dose-dependent manner and induce neuronal outgrowth, strongylodiols C and D also displayed cytotoxicity at higher

Natural and redesigned wasp venom peptides with selective antitumoral activity

• Marcelo D. T. Torres,
• Gislaine P. Andrade,
• Roseli H. Sato,
• Cibele N. Pedron,
• Tania M. Manieri,
• Giselle Cerchiaro,
• Anderson O. Ribeiro,
• Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez and
• Vani X. Oliveira Jr.

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.144

• rather than Arg due to its superior flexibility, lower propensity in potentially toxic cell-penetrating peptides [29], and decreased hydrophobic side chain, which is associated with cytotoxicity [30]. Moreover, Lys residues are more frequent than Arg residues in naturally occurring wasp venom peptides

• . Furthermore, Dec-NH2 and its analogs were hemolytic at concentrations above their MIC values for the different microorganisms studied [9][10]. MTT cytotoxicity assays MTT assays were performed to determine the toxicity of designer peptides against MCF-7 cancer cells and MCF-10A normal cells. MCF-10A cells

• -Dec-NH2 behaves similarly to the template molecule, achieving >50% of cancer cell lysis at 25 μmol L−1 after 2 h of exposure and at 12.5 μmol L−1 after 24 h. Their cytotoxicity levels were similar when tested against MCF-10A normal cells (Figure 3), showing no significant cytotoxicity even at higher

β-Hydroxy sulfides and their syntheses

• Mokgethwa B. Marakalala,
• Edwin M. Mmutlane and
• Henok H. Kinfe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1668–1692, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.143

• Brevibacillus sp. collected off the coast of Japan [7]; and brocazine G (6), a bisthiodiketopiperazine which displayed potent cytotoxicity to sensitive and cisplatin resistant human tumor cell lines (HTCLs) and strong activity against S. aureus [8]. Further examples illustrating the structural diversity and

Drug targeting to decrease cardiotoxicity – determination of the cytotoxic effect of GnRH-based conjugates containing doxorubicin, daunorubicin and methotrexate on human cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells

• Livia Polgár,
• Eszter Lajkó,
• Pál Soós,
• Orsolya Láng,
• Marilena Manea,
• Béla Merkely,
• Gábor Mező and
• László Kőhidai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1583–1594, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.136

• -conjugates containing doxorubicin, daunorubicin and methotrexate were investigated in this study. Their cytotoxicity was determined on primary human cardiac myocytes (HCM) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) using the xCELLigence SP system, which measures impedance changes caused by adhering

• cells on golden electrode arrays placed at the bottom of the wells. Slopes of impedance–time curves were calculated and for the quantitative determination of cytotoxicity, the difference to the control was analysed. Results: Doxorubicin and daunorubicin exhibited a cytotoxic effect on both cell types

• cytotoxic effect on cardiomyocytes were identified. In the future, these compounds could provide a more targeted antitumor therapy with no cardiotoxic adverse effects. Moreover, impedimetric cytotoxicity analysis could be a valuable technique to determine the effect of drugs on cardiomyocytes. Keywords

Lanyamycin, a macrolide antibiotic from Sorangium cellulosum, strain Soce 481 (Myxobacteria)

• Lucky S. Mulwa,
• Rolf Jansen,
• Dimas F. Praditya,
• Kathrin I. Mohr,
• Patrick W. Okanya,
• Joachim Wink,
• Eike Steinmann and
• Marc Stadler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1554–1562, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.132

• of which were found to exert anti-HIV activity while sorazolones, argyrins and tubulysins showed antitumor activity or cytotoxicity [4][5][6][7][8]. In our studies on the secondary metabolites of Sorangium cellulosum (strain Soce 481), we observed strong antifungal activity in the raw extract. On RP

• activity against bacteria and fungi and showed moderate antifungal activity in addition to a good inhibition of Micrococcus luteus (Table 3). When lanyamycin (1/2) was evaluated for cytotoxicity against growing primary cell lines, mouse fibroblasts (L929), and human cancer cell lines, nasopharyngeal cells

• IC50 values ≤10 µM) [16] (Table 4). Lanyamycin (1/2) showed an inhibition of HCV infection with an IC50 value of 11.8 µM, without any cytotoxicity of the human liver cells, which was simultaneously determined (see Figure 5 and for viability assay, Supporting Information File 1, Figures S9 and S10). The

Two new 2-alkylquinolones, inhibitory to the fish skin ulcer pathogen Tenacibaculum maritimum, produced by a rhizobacterium of the genus Burkholderia sp.

• Dandan Li,
• Naoya Oku,
• Atsumi Hasada,
• Masafumi Shimizu and
• Yasuhiro Igarashi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1446–1451, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.122

• revealed 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity [33], plant-growth promoting activity [32][34], and IGF-dependent cell-specific cytotoxicity [14]. A recent metabolomic analysis using LC–MS verified the presence of more than 50 2-alkyl-4-quinolones [35], most of which remain chemically and biologically

Design and biological characterization of novel cell-penetrating peptides preferentially targeting cell nuclei and subnuclear regions

• Anja Gronewold,
• Mareike Horn and
• Ines Neundorf

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1378–1388, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.116

• ) with selective suborganelle-targeting properties. The nuclear localization sequence N50, as well as the nucleoli-targeting sequence NrTP, respectively, were fused to a shortened version of the cell-penetrating peptide sC18. We examined cellular uptake, subcellular fate and cytotoxicity of these novel

• -sC18* and NrTP-sC18* formed α-helices that showed amphipathic character with a clear hydrophilic and hydrophobic face (Figure 1C). This property might support the interaction with the plasma membrane. Cytotoxic profile of novel CPPs In the next step, the cytotoxicity profiles of the novel peptide

• when co-administered with the novel peptides (Figure 7A and 7B). Since this effect was more intense in MCF-7 cells, these cells were used for a following cytotoxicity assay. Herein, the drug alone (1 μg/mL) or in presence of 10 μM solutions of the peptides sC18*, N50-sC18* and NrTP-sC18*, respectively

Synthesis of chiral 3-substituted 3-amino-2-oxindoles through enantioselective catalytic nucleophilic additions to isatin imines

• Hélène Pellissier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1349–1369, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.114

• corresponding chiral products 26 in moderate to excellent yields (58–99%) and good to high enantioselectivities (81–97% ee), as illustrated in Scheme 8 [40]. A preliminary evaluation on the cytotoxicity of some selected products revealed that two of them exhibited moderate to strong cytotoxicity to A549, 786-0

Novel unit B cryptophycin analogues as payloads for targeted therapy

• Eduard Figueras,
• Adina Borbély,
• Mohamed Ismail,
• Marcel Frese and
• Norbert Sewald

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1281–1286, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.109

• cryptophycin analogues. The O-methyl group of the unit B D-tyrosine analogue was replaced by an O-(allyloxyethyl) moiety, an O-(hydroxyethyl) group, or an O-(((azidoethoxy)ethoxy)ethoyxethyl) substituent. While the former two maintain cytotoxicity in the subnanomolar range, the attachment of the triethylene

• [2][3]. Their high cytotoxicity prompted manifold studies that were initially focussed on the total synthesis and structure–activity relationships [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. This work resulted in the identification of cryptophycin-52, a highly biologically active

• human cervix carcinoma cell line KB-3-1 (Table 1). The cryptophycin analogue 22 showed a dramatic loss of activity compared to cryptophycin-52 (2), while analogues 23 and 24 showed a reduced cytotoxicity although their IC50 values are still in the low nanomolar range. The observed dramatic loss of

An overview of recent advances in duplex DNA recognition by small molecules

• Sayantan Bhaduri,
• Nihar Ranjan and
• Dev P. Arya

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1051–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.93

• affinity, sequence specificity, more cytotoxicity and minimizing the unwanted physiological side effects [43]. It has been observed that drugs with high degree of sequence specific binding affinity and selective alkylation of DNA could inhibit the binding of the regulatory proteins to DNA. Several

• also replaced by various amidine-like groups, such as cyanoamidine, N-methylamidine, N,N-dimethylamidine, and guanidino moieties either to increase the stability, cytotoxicity and enhance solubility at physiological pH. Comparable cytotoxicity was observed in these cases suggesting a general behavior

• anticancer drug due to its improved cytotoxicity/myelotoxicity ratio [47][48]. Brostacillin acts as an effective DNA alkylator only in presence of high levels of cellular thiols such as glutathione [49]. Moreover, it was thirty-fold more active in comparison to TAM in inducing apoptosis in A2780 human

On the design principles of peptide–drug conjugates for targeted drug delivery to the malignant tumor site

• Eirinaios I. Vrettos,
• Gábor Mező and
• Andreas G. Tzakos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 930–954, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.80

• receptor-mediated transcytosis after binding to LRP-1 and consequently it is often used as drug delivery vehicle, while paclitaxel bears cytotoxicity against glioblastoma. It has been shown that the brain uptake of ANG1005 was 4.5-fold higher compared to paclitaxel and the cytotoxicity remained higher in

Development of novel cyclic NGR peptide–daunomycin conjugates with dual targeting property

• Andrea Angelo Pierluigi Tripodi,
• Szilárd Tóth,
• Kata Nóra Enyedi,
• Gitta Schlosser,
• Gergely Szakács and
• Gábor Mező

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 911–918, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.78

• The chemostability of cyclic NGR peptide–drug conjugates was studied under the treatment conditions used for the in vitro cytotoxicity experiments. Samples were taken at 0 min, 6 h and 72 h. The deamidation rate was evaluated by HPLC–MS. In contrast to the control conjugate (K) that showed high

• (HPLC), followed by 3 × 15 min centrifugation at 13000 rpm. The last step is the washing with eluent B (HPLC) 1 × 15 min, followed by lyophilization and concentration of the samples. In vitro cytostatic effect and cytotoxicity HT-1080 was maintained in DMEM while HT-29 cells in RPMI (Sigma-Aldrich

• cells. For the measurements of cytostatic effect, drug containing medium was gently removed from the plates after 6 h incubation, fresh medium was added to each wells, and the plates were further incubated for additional 66 h (72 h in total). In the case of cytotoxicity measurements, the drug containing

Recent advances in synthetic approaches for medicinal chemistry of C-nucleosides

• Kartik Temburnikar and
• Katherine L. Seley-Radtke

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 772–785, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.65

• endothelial cells and RSV with low cytotoxicity towards Huh-7, HEp-2 and MT4 cells. Moreover, the triphosphate of 4 selectively inhibits, HCV RdRp and RSV RdRp over human RNA Pol II and DNA polymerases (α, β, γ) [65]. The 2'-Me compound 7 as its triphosphate (TP) shows anti-HCV activity in replicon assays [77

• imparting high potency but also high cytotoxicity [72]. A further modification to the imidazo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine C-nucleoside scaffold was reported by Dang et al., wherein they synthesized a series of 2'-β-Me analogues possessing a 1',2' cyclopentyl ring (Figure 9) [73]. A representative synthesis

Mannich base-connected syntheses mediated by ortho-quinone methides

• Petra Barta,
• Ferenc Fülöp and
• István Szatmári

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 560–575, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.43

• of cytotoxicity, structure–activity relationships and electrochemical behaviour [95]. Derivatives that contain an aromatic amine and salicylaldehyde or 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde moieties were found to be the most active against the HL-60 (promyelocytic leukaemia) cell line. Zhou et al. obtained

Synthesis and biological evaluation of RGD and isoDGR peptidomimetic-α-amanitin conjugates for tumor-targeting

• Lizeth Bodero,
• Paula López Rivas,
• Barbara Korsak,
• Torsten Hechler,
• Andreas Pahl,
• Christoph Müller,
• Daniela Arosio,
• Luca Pignataro,
• Cesare Gennari and
• Umberto Piarulli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 407–415, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.29

• lines, the cyclo[DKP-isoDGR]-α-amanitin conjugates bearing the lysosomally cleavable Val-Ala linker were found to be slightly more potent than α-amanitin. Apparently, for all these α-amanitin conjugates there is no correlation between the cytotoxicity and the expression of αVβ3 integrin. To determine

• whether the increased cytotoxicity of the cyclo[DKP-isoDGR]-α-amanitin conjugates is governed by an integrin-mediated binding and internalization process, competition experiments were carried out in which the conjugates were tested with U87 (αVβ3+, αVβ5+, αVβ6−, α5β1+) and MDA-MB-468 (αVβ3−, αVβ5+, αVβ6

• is responsible for the transcription of DNA to mRNA [1][2]. Despite this strong inhibitory activity, α-amanitin exhibits only a micromolar cytotoxicity and low cellular uptake in most mammalian cells, due to its strong polarity and poor membrane permeability [2]. One notable exception are human

Synthesis of fluoro-functionalized diaryl-λ³-iodonium salts and their cytotoxicity against human lymphoma U937 cells

• Prajwalita Das,
• Etsuko Tokunaga,
• Hidehiko Akiyama,
• Hiroki Doi,
• Norimichi Saito and
• Norio Shibata

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 364–372, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.24

• arylation reactions in synthetic organic chemistry, but their biological properties are not fully understood. Herein, after initially investigating 18 fluoro-functionalized reagents, we discovered that the ortho-fluoro-functionalized diaryliodonium salt reagents showed remarkable cytotoxicity in vitro

• )phenyl)iodonium exhibited the greatest potency in vitro against U937 cells. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of selected phenylaryl-λ3-iodonium salts against AGLCL (a normal human B cell line) was also examined. Keywords: biological activity; diaryliodonium salt; fluorine; hypervalent iodine; lymphoma

• blood monocytes. This cell line was chosen due to the convenience with which it can be handled and its ease of growth [27]. Initially, 19 compounds [20][21][22][59][60][61][62][63][64] were examined for their potential cytotoxicity, and some of them showed potency, in particular ortho-fluoro

5-Aminopyrazole as precursor in design and synthesis of fused pyrazoloazines

• Ranjana Aggarwal and
• Suresh Kumar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 203–242, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.15

• -aminopyrazole (R = H, 16) was condensed with 38. It was attributed to cyclocondensation between 1-NH (5-aminopyrazole) and the carbonyl carbon of the enaminone. The compounds were found to have cytotoxicity against the normal fibroblast (BHK) cell line and antitumor activity against the colon cancer cell line

Recent progress in the racemic and enantioselective synthesis of monofluoroalkene-based dipeptide isosteres

• Myriam Drouin and
• Jean-François Paquin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2637–2658, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.262

• interaction with the NS5A protein. This fluorinated peptide isostere showed activity in the picomolar range against one genotype and did not exhibit any cytotoxicity (Figure 4). Pannecoucke and co-workers synthesized three heptapeptides, Gly-Gly-ψ[(Z)-CF=CH]-Phe-Ser-Phe-Arg-Phe-NH2, Gly-ψ[(Z)-CF=CH]-Gly-Phe

Synthesis of ergostane-type brassinosteroids with modifications in ring A

• Vladimir N. Zhabinskii,
• Darya A. Osiyuk,
• Yuri V. Ermolovich,
• Natalia M. Chaschina,
• Tatsiana S. Dalidovich,
• Miroslav Strnad and
• Vladimir A. Khripach

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2326–2331, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.229

• -keto-22,23-diols was synthesized and assessed for biological activities in non-plant models. Some of the studied compounds showed a marked cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines MCF-7 and LNCaP [11][12][13]. We tested two approaches for the transformation of epicastasterone (1) and

Synthesis and application of trifluoroethoxy-substituted phthalocyanines and subphthalocyanines

• Satoru Mori and
• Norio Shibata

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2273–2296, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.224

• into cancer cells and kills them by reactive oxygen species with cytotoxicity generated by light irradiation [94][95]. In addition to reducing the psychological burden of the patients because this process does not require surgical operation, damage to normal cells can be minimized by irradiating the

• deoxyribonucleoside conjugates. An in vitro investigation showed that cyclodextrin-linked TFEO-Pcs were ideal PDT drugs that exhibits high cytotoxicity under light irradiation while displaying little cytotoxicity in the dark (Table 2). On the other hand, interestingly, the fluorine-free tert-butylated derivative

• showed cytotoxicity even in the dark. This result suggests that the trifluoroethoxy group reduces the cytotoxicity of the phthalocyanine. Subsequently, an in vivo investigation was also conducted. Chicken embryos transplanted with cancer cells were treated with PDT by a cyclodextrin conjugate and proved

New bio-nanocomposites based on iron oxides and polysaccharides applied to oxidation and alkylation reactions

• Daily Rodríguez-Padrón,
• Alina M. Balu,
• Antonio A. Romero and
• Rafael Luque

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1982–1993, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.194

• have been widely reported for the preparation of nanocomposites with a great range of applications, due to their low cytotoxicity and notable biocompatibility and stability [33][34][35][36][37], their catalytic application is still lacking. In addition, these natural products are easily and