Configuration–packing synergy enabling integrated crystalline-state RTP and amorphous-state TADF

• Ruiyan Wang and
• Yunan Wu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 224–236, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.16

• activation of either RTP or TADF channels in different phases, thus contributing to both fundamental mechanistic studies and the expansion of device applications. In this work, phthalimide (imide) was selected as the acceptor fragment, carbazole as the donor, and a phenylene bridge was introduced to

Total synthesis of natural products based on hydrogenation of aromatic rings

• Haoxiang Wu and
• Xiangbing Qi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 88–122, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.4

• piperidine 17 (Scheme 3) [43][44]. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the nitrogen atoms present in both pyridine and piperidine complexed with the triarylborane, cleaving the H–H bond and reducing the pyridine. In 2022, Xiao and co-workers reported a study on the conversion of isolated pyridinium salts

• hydrogenation reaction (Scheme 7) [60]. Using an acid-assisted dynamic kinetic resolution method, they obtained a series of chiral indolines 56 containing exocyclic stereocenters in high yields and excellent enantioselectivity. Mechanistic studies of the reaction revealed that the dynamic kinetic resolution

Advances in Zr-mediated radical transformations and applications to total synthesis

• Hiroshige Ogawa and
• Hugh Nakamura

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 71–87, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.3

• radical species. Radical dimerization subsequently affords the desired product 61a. Mechanistic studies also revealed that ZnCl2, a byproduct of the catalytic cycle, exerts a detrimental effect on the reaction. Specifically, ZnCl2 coordinates with the two Boc groups of the substrate, raising the reduction

• radical homo coupling of alkyl chlorides. Zr-catalyzed fluorine atom transfer. Zr-catalyzed C–O bond cleavage. aYield without the use of P(OEt)3. Application to the total synthesis of halichondrins. Zr-catalyzed C3 dimerization of 3-bromotryptophan derivatives. aCp2ZrCl2 was used. Mechanistic studies

Visible-light-driven NHC and organophotoredox dual catalysis for the synthesis of carbonyl compounds

• Vasudevan Dhayalan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2584–2603, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.200

• oxidants, and proceeds in an atom-economical manner. This photochemical reaction displays a wide substrate scope, tolerating a broad range of aryl and aliphatic aldehydes with good functional group compatibility. Mechanistic studies revealed that the photochemical reaction proceeds via radical–radical

• -rich and electron-poor substituents. This reaction was carried out between arylcyclopropanes 5 and acyl fluoride 4 in the presence of NHC (10 mol %) and 4CzIPN (5 mol %). Mechanistic studies showed that the cascade proceeds via nucleophilic ring-opening of a cyclopropyl radical cation D with subsequent

• cleavage and the new C–O bond formation process were achieved using NHC (10 mol %), a photocatalyst (2 mol %), and DABCO (1.5 equiv), providing the corresponding aryl salicylates 27 in moderate to good yields. Mechanistic studies support the oxidation of the Breslow intermediate by oxygen in the presence

Palladium-catalyzed regioselective C1-selective nitration of carbazoles

• Vikash Kumar,
• Jyothis Dharaniyedath,
• Aiswarya T P,
• Sk Ariyan,
• Chitrothu Venkatesh and
• Parthasarathy Gandeepan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2479–2488, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.190

• , compound 2a was successfully reduced to the corresponding amine 4 in 85% yield. Similarly, the nitro group of compound 3 was also reduced under the NiCl2/NaBH4-promoted conditions, affording 9H-carbazol-1-amine (5) in 90% yield. Mechanistic studies Next, we sought to gain mechanistic insights into the

• of our method. Key mechanistic studies. Optimization studies.a Supporting Information Supporting Information File 9: Experiment details, characterization data, copy of NMR spectra of synthesized compounds, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. Supporting Information File 10: CIF file for 2a

Conformational effects on iodide binding: a comparative study of flexible and rigid carbazole macrocyclic analogs

• Guang-Wei Zhang,
• Yong Zhang,
• Le Shi,
• Chuang Gao,
• Hong-Yu Li and
• Lei Xue

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2369–2375, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.181

• constant (K = 1.387 × 105 M−¹) compared to the rigid WDG (K = 6.089 × 10³ M−¹), highlighting the critical role of conformational adaptability in anion recognition. Mechanistic studies revealed that PBG may operate through an induced-fit mechanism, dynamically adjusting its cavity to optimize I− binding

Pathway economy in cyclization of 1,n-enynes

• Hezhen Han,
• Wenjie Mao,
• Bin Lin,
• Maosheng Cheng,
• Lu Yang and
• Yongxiang Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2260–2282, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.173

• cyclization, and hydrolysis, exclusively producing cis-tetrahydropyridin-4-one derivatives 77 (Scheme 16, path b). Mechanistic studies revealed that intermediate 74 could be stabilized by NHC ligands to facilitate 1,5-acyl migration, whereas phosphine ligands could accelerate proton dissociation in

Photochemical reduction of acylimidazolium salts

• Michael Jakob,
• Nick Bechler,
• Hassan Abdelwahab,
• Fabian Weber,
• Janos Wasternack,
• Leonardo Kleebauer,
• Jan P. Götze and
• Matthew N. Hopkinson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1973–1983, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.153

• reduction process. Further mechanistic studies will be required, however, to fully elucidate the active pathways occurring in this system. Finally, treatment of crude 5 with CsF (1.5 equiv) in MeCN-d3 at rt led to efficient desilylation and elimination of the NHC, affording benzaldehyde (10) in 56% 1H NMR

Continuous-flow-enabled intensification in nitration processes: a review of technological developments and practical applications over the past decade

• Feng Zhou,
• Chuansong Duanmu,
• Yanxing Li,
• Jin Li,
• Haiqing Xu,
• Pan Wang and
• Kai Zhu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1678–1699, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.132

• selective mono- or di-nitration and facilitates late-stage C–H nitration of biorelevant molecules, with DFT/mechanistic studies revealing synergistic 'nitro effect' and 'methyl effect' underlying the reactivity [7]. Jia et al. developed dinitro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DNDMH) as an efficient arene nitration

• systems. A well-established framework has emerged for modeling nitration kinetics in homogeneous systems, with the following generalized methodology currently adopted across mechanistic studies. Reaction kinetics in homogeneous systems: The model reaction for the homogeneous nitration reaction by nitric

General method for the synthesis of enaminones via photocatalysis

• Paula Pérez-Ramos,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Humberto Rodríguez-Solla

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1535–1543, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.116

• -bromochromones via a Michael reaction of an amine with an electron-deficient alkene moiety and subsequent photocatalyzed debromination. With this dual catalytic system, a range of structurally diverse enaminone derivatives have been achieved in good yields with total trans selectivity. Mechanistic studies

• photocatalytic protocol for the direct formation of enaminones from 3-bromochromones is reported. The process involves a Ni(II)-catalyzed hydroamination, followed by photocatalytic reductive debromination. Mechanistic studies suggest that the key step of this transformation is the complexation of the starting 3

• photocatalyst. Examples of compounds with medicinal effects containing an enaminone structural moiety. Synthesis of enaminones. Substrate scope. Scale-up synthesis of enaminone 9a. Mechanistic studies. Proposed mechanism. Optimization of reaction conditions. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 6

Oxetanes: formation, reactivity and total syntheses of natural products

• Peter Gabko,
• Martin Kalník and
• Maroš Bella

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1324–1373, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.101

• could be further aromatized to quinolines upon treatment with ethanolic sodium hydroxide at 100 °C. Subsequent mechanistic studies showed an initial oxetane opening by the sulphonamide nitrogen as the most probable pathway. Seven months later, the same research group published another indium triflate

Recent advances in oxidative radical difunctionalization of N-arylacrylamides enabled by carbon radical reagents

• Jiangfei Chen,
• Yi-Lin Qu,
• Ming Yuan,
• Xiang-Mei Wu,
• Heng-Pei Jiang,
• Ying Fu and
• Shengrong Guo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1207–1271, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.98

• -withdrawing or electron-donating, and polysubstituted substrates, showed good tolerance under the standard conditions (50d–f). When an N-acryloyl-N-methylbenzamide was employed as substrate, the desired compound 50g was obtained in 80% yield. Through control experiments and mechanistic studies, a plausible

Synthesis of β-ketophosphonates through aerobic copper(II)-mediated phosphorylation of enol acetates

• Alexander S. Budnikov,
• Igor B. Krylov,
• Fedor K. Monin,
• Valentina M. Merkulova,
• Alexey I. Ilovaisky,
• Liu Yan,
• Bing Yu and
• Alexander O. Terent’ev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1192–1200, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.96

• tolerance and can be applied for the gram-scale synthesis of target compounds. Conducted mechanistic studies revealed that the discovered transformation proceeds via the formation of P-centered radicals produced by the oxidation of the corresponding phosphorous precursors by copper(II)-containing species

Enhancing chemical synthesis planning: automated quantum mechanics-based regioselectivity prediction for C–H activation with directing groups

• Julius Seumer,
• Nicolai Ree and
• Jan H. Jensen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1171–1182, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.94

• , thereby dictating the site of C–H activation. Common DGs include unsaturated heteroatoms and alkenyl groups, which have proven effective in guiding the regioselectivity of these reactions [4]. Mechanistic studies with palladium(II) acetate (Pd(OAc)2) as catalyst support the following mechanism of C–H

Light-enabled intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition via photoactivation of simple alkenylboronic esters

• Lewis McGhie,
• Hannah M. Kortman,
• Jenna Rumpf,
• Peter H. Seeberger and
• John J. Molloy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 854–863, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.69

• identify a suitable catalyst and boron residue, while control reactions and mechanistic studies support the proposed sensitization. The platform enables direct access to mono- and vicinal cyclobutylboronic esters that could be effectively derivatized to demonstrate their potential in synthesis. Results and

Recent advances in the electrochemical synthesis of organophosphorus compounds

• Babak Kaboudin,
• Milad Behroozi,
• Sepideh Sadighi and
• Fatemeh Asgharzadeh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 770–797, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.61

• yield was observed with increased reaction temperature. 2-Isocyanobiaryl compounds showed better reactivity when they contained electron-withdrawing groups. Diarylphosphine oxides containing a methyl group reacted well under standard conditions, regardless of their position. Mechanistic studies showed

• , or phenyl groups at the α-position. The researchers noted that the lower yields were due to substrate decomposition or poor conversion rather than regioselectivity issues. Additionally, this method was also suitable for the phosphorylation of ferrocenes. For mechanistic studies, the reaction was

• products, which also exhibit enhanced anticancer activity. The reaction was carried out in an undivided cell where the anode was reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC), and the cathode was platinum. Mechanistic studies revealed that Cp2Fe plays the main role in the reaction, and the reaction did not proceed

Development and mechanistic studies of calcium–BINOL phosphate-catalyzed hydrocyanation of hydrazones

• Carola Tortora,
• Christian A. Fischer,
• Sascha Kohlbauer,
• Alexandru Zamfir,
• Gerd M. Ballmann,
• Jürgen Pahl,
• Sjoerd Harder and
• Svetlana B. Tsogoeva

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 755–765, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.59

Copper-catalyzed domino cyclization of anilines and cyclobutanone oxime: a scalable and versatile route to spirotetrahydroquinoline derivatives

• Qingqing Jiang,
• Xinyi Lei,
• Pan Gao and
• Yu Yuan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 749–754, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.58

• conditions were optimized for the effective formation of tetrahydroquinoline derivatives with varying substituents, showing high yields under mild conditions. Mechanistic studies suggest a catalytic cycle involving nucleophilic attack by the aniline on the cyclobutanone oxime, followed by cyclization to form

• group tolerance. The optimized reaction conditions, utilizing copper(II) trifluoroacetate as the catalyst and hexane as the solvent, enabled the synthesis of the target products in good to excellent yields. Mechanistic studies suggest a catalytic cycle involving the formation of imine and enamine

Recent advances in allylation of chiral secondary alkylcopper species

• Minjae Kim,
• Gwanggyun Kim,
• Doyoon Kim,
• Jun Hee Lee and
• Seung Hwan Cho

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 639–658, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.51

• , providing rapid access to highly enantioenriched organometallic and organosilicon compounds. Mechanistic studies using a deuterium-labeled allylic phosphate revealed that the C–C-bond formation occurs through an SN2'-like process, with attack of the organocopper species at the 3-position of the allylic

The effect of neighbouring group participation and possible long range remote group participation in O-glycosylation

• Rituparna Das and
• Balaram Mukhopadhyay

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 369–406, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.27

Synthesis of disulfides and 3-sulfenylchromones from sodium sulfinates catalyzed by TBAI

• Zhenlei Zhang,
• Ying Wang,
• Xingxing Pan,
• Manqi Zhang,
• Wei Zhao,
• Meng Li and
• Hao Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 253–261, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.17

• tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI)/H2SO4 reduction system using sodium sulfinate as key component, thus eliminating the need for thiols and redox reagents commonly used in traditional methods. Various disulfides and 3-sulfenylchromones were obtained in moderate to excellent yields through this methodology. Mechanistic

• studies indicate that thiosulfonates play an important role in the reaction process. Keywords: disulfides; sodium sulfinates; 3-sulfenylchromones; TBAI; thiosulfonates; Introduction Organosulfur compounds containing S–S bonds, often referred to as disulfides, are among the most valuable functional

Visible-light-promoted radical cyclisation of unactivated alkenes in benzimidazoles: synthesis of difluoromethyl- and aryldifluoromethyl-substituted polycyclic imidazoles

• Yujun Pang,
• Jinglan Yan,
• Nawaf Al-Maharik,
• Qian Zhang,
• Zeguo Fang and
• Dong Li

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 234–241, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.15

• target products in good to excellent yields. Mechanistic studies revealed that the reaction proceeds via a radical pathway. Keywords: cyclization; difluoromethylation; hypervalent iodine; polycyclic imidazole; visible light; Introduction Organofluorine compounds continue to play important roles in

Recent advances in electrochemical copper catalysis for modern organic synthesis

• Yemin Kim and
• Won Jun Jang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 155–178, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.9

• , and benzamide, however, no relevant competitive oxidation peak was observed with only Cu(OAc)2. These results indicate that Cu(II) intermediate 5 was generated. Based on the mechanistic studies, the authors suggested plausible reaction mechanisms (Figure 4). First, the Cu(II) catalyst coordinates with

• product 36. Finally, using 1-naphthyl ester and relatively bulkier 2,6-dimethylhydroqunone as starting materials produced chiral 1,6-addition products 37. In mechanistic studies, using quinone 38 instead of hydroquinone 34 in the electrochemical-free process produced the desired product 36, with a similar

• standard Cu-catalyzed electrochemical protocol. Based on mechanistic studies, the proposed mechanism is shown in Figure 9. First, hydroquinone 34 is oxidized at the anode to generate a quinone intermediate 38. Meanwhile, the chiral copper catalyst reacts with the Schiff base 33, generating a nucleophilic

Non-covalent organocatalyzed enantioselective cyclization reactions of α,β-unsaturated imines

• Sergio Torres-Oya and
• Mercedes Zurro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3221–3255, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.268

• excellent enantioselectivities (70–95% ee) when using chiral phosphoric acid XIV (Scheme 16). Mechanistic studies were performed to unveil whether a concerted or stepwise mechanism is taking place, such as trying to trap a possible iminium ion intermediate. The outcome of those experiments pointed towards a

Hypervalent iodine-mediated intramolecular alkene halocyclisation

• Charu Bansal,
• Oliver Ruggles,
• Albert C. Rowett and
• Alastair J. J. Lennox

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3113–3133, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.258

• . The level of this chemoselectivity was dependent on the iodane ligand: OPiv was more selective for aminofluorination than OAc, which was proposed to be due to differences in basicity and nucleophilicity (Scheme 10). Detailed mechanistic studies were carried out using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy

• diastereoselectivity in aminofluorination competing with carboxyfluorination products. Mechanistic studies of the fluoroamination of acyclic substrates showing the competing carboxyfluorination products. AIF = aziridinium ion formation, AIO = aziridinium ion opening, RLC = reductive ligand coupling. Fluorocyclisation