A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• ][27], improving patient acceptance [28]. The pH value is also capable of inducing changes in stability and chemical phenomena, such as deterioration and oxidation of compounds and bacterial growth, and is a precise and specific measure for quality control of the formulation. The pH found for M7-EOCF

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• stability and give greater resistance against enzymatic hydrolysis [129]. Moreover, it promotes the formation of more hydrogen linkages that give greater biostability to PU-based biomaterials [130]. Polyether- and polyester-based PUs are prone to oxidation and hydrolysis, while polycarbonate-based PUs show

• [143]. Three mechanisms, namely, hydrolysis, enzymatic degradation, and oxidation, are primarily responsible for the extracellular breakdown of synthetic biodegradable polymeric materials in living organisms. Certain aliphatic polyesters are undeniably biodegradable and biocompatible polymers. It is

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• shifted toward lower binding energy. This shift can be attributed to the formation of VO defects, resulting in reduced oxidation of the Cd atom, as reflected in the observed binding energy change. Figure 5b presents Zn 2p3/2 peaks for the three thin films. The Zn 2p3/2 peak is located at 1021.2 eV

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• the scan rate (Figure 6), suggesting that the reduction and oxidation of the complex [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− is a diffusion-controlled process. The performance of mouse monoclonal influenza A H1N1 hemagglutinin antibodies was tested using sandwich ELISA. They were selected as biorecognition element in our

Water in nanoporous hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets: a first-principles study

• Juliana A. Gonçalves,
• Ronaldo J. C. Batista and
• Marcia C. Barbosa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 510–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.39

• , and high mechanical strength [20][21]. Additionally, it possesses unique properties compared to graphene, such as a wide bandgap, electrical insulation, and chemical inertness. Because of its remarkable mechanical properties and resistance to oxidation during the desalination process, h-BN can be used

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• oxidation; 2) 2–6 min of laser irradiation: particle formation and crystal growth reaction; 3) 6–26 min of laser irradiation: continuous reduction and particle size reduction by laser fragmentation in liquid. Therefore, this means that all reactions are complete after 26 min of laser irradiation in the

• atoms by oxidation, we speculated that it would also be possible to synthesize base metal nanoparticles, which had been difficult by LRL in aqueous solutions. We, therefore, tried to synthesize Co nanoparticles (standard electrode potential: E0 = −0.28 V [33]). Figure 7a and Figure 7b show the features

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• . The 23 eV gap between two binding energies suggests that the Zn element is in a +2 oxidation state. The 1s orbital spectra of oxygen in Ag–ZnO samples are shown in Figure 7c, revealing a peak with a binding energy of 528 eV. The oxygen peak can be resolved into two distinct peaks, which indicates two

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• materials is intended to clarify the effect of the donut-shaped beam on NP size and to approve whether factors such as phase and composition can be disregarded. For example, the inertness of gold minimizes its oxidation by laser irradiation, whereas the HEA is composed of elements prone to oxidation

• and have a relatively low degree of crystallinity compared to the original target (Figure S4, Supporting Information File 1). The crystalline to amorphous transition is likely due to the development of stresses induced by ultrafast heating and cooling during PLAL [53]. However, both oxidation and

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• structure of materials under reaction conditions. We demonstrate this by imaging a Pd(100) single crystal at 450 K with combined AFM/STM. The surface is compared under ultrahigh vacuum and under 0.5 bar O2 pressure showing a notable increase in RMS current, which we attribute to oxidation. Also, we study

• AFM/STM integrated in a high-pressure gas flow reactor. The combined technique is based on the state-of-the-art tuning fork sensor in a qPlus configuration with three contacts, two for AFM and one for STM [17]. In order to illustrate the applicability of the technique, operando oxidation of Pd(100

• show operando combined AFM/STM images of a clean Pd(100) single crystal that undergoes oxidation of the surface. The oxidation happens at 450 K under 0.5 bar of oxygen atmosphere. The second experiment is a FTS experiment, where we show AFM images of catalytic cobalt nanoparticles. The nanoparticles

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• , rapid, scalable, acid-free process to make carbon fiber paper hydrophilic without destroying the carbon network, as other carbon fiber paper oxidation methods do [22], evident from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging (Figure 2A). Hydrophilicity was achieved by graphitic edge carbon oxygenation

• (84.4 ± 0.1) eV for Au 4f7/2 and (88.0 ± 0.1) eV for Au 4f5/2 [7]. Additionally, peaks corresponding to the Au3+ oxidation state were observed at (87.0 ± 0.2) eV and (90.5 ± 0.2) eV corresponding to Au 4f7/2 and Au 4f5/2 of Au2O3, a result of oxide formation at the nanoparticle surface upon exposure to

• generated by water oxidation at the anode (2H2O ⇌ O2 + 4H+ + 4e−) [12]. To enable equilibration of bicarbonate anions between the two compartments during electrolysis, we used an anion exchange membrane to separate the cathode from the anode compartment. Although anion exchange membranes are designed to

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• , until a dark brownish precipitate appeared, followed by addition of 1.5 mL of H2O2 (30%) and 100 mL of ice-cold ultrapure water to stop the oxidation reaction and eliminate unreacted KMnO4. The chemistry involved in the chemical exfoliation of graphite is shown in Figure 1. The purified graphitic sheets

• were collected using successive centrifugation steps at 13,000 rpm for 30 min and washing with deionized (DI) water several times, until the hydrolysis of covalent sulfates formed during oxidation [26][27]. The final product of exfoliated GO nanosheets were extracted through freeze-drying. Binding of

• oxide involves chemical exfoliation and oxidation of graphite powder. We employed a method with slight modifications and optimizations to the original documented method by Dimiev et al. [26][27] as shown in Figure 1. The chemical synthesis of highly pure graphene oxide nanosheets depends on several

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• capacity to absorb light and concerns about catalytic stability, photocatalysis outperforms other advanced oxidation processes in multiple aspects. This study focuses on summarizing recent advances in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts. By reviewing the latest

• biodegradation in an aquatic medium [24]. As a result, antibiotics have been found in different water sources from rivers to lakes, streams, and groundwater sources in many regions. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have lately arisen as very effective treatment technology that has proven to remove antibiotics

• more effectively than the previous methods of physical adsorption, flocculation, and chemical oxidation [7][8][25]. AOPs offer several advantages, including simple equipment, straightforward operation, minimal sludge production, and the rapid generation of mineralized products. Additionally, they are

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• formed nanoparticles [1][2][3]. However, the formed nanoparticles also interact with the used liquid during the process; thus, chemical reactions such as oxidation [3][4][5][6] or carbon shell formation [7][8][9] occur depending on the solvent’s properties, allowing for alterations of the structural

• parameters. As such, nanoparticle size [32][33], colloidal stability [33], gas formation [11][34], degree of oxidation [35][36][37], and nanoparticle productivity [11][32][33][34] can be influenced and tailored to specific needs. Although it may be expected that the particles’ reactivity with the solvent and

• states at around 80 °C. While laser-synthesized nanoparticles have been characterized regarding their (surface) oxidation [4][5][7] and carbon shells [7][24] previously, the phase preference of nanoparticles from laser synthesis and processing of colloids in liquid–liquid TMSs is unknown. However, to

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• (i.e., oxidation) of their surface, CNs with optimal hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties and increased dispersibility can be obtained as preconditions for biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. Also, improved electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties as preconditions for (photo)thermal and

• oxidation, the content of functional groups increased because of the increase in the effective surface for functionalization (or decrease in size) and the increase in number of defective sites on the MWCNTs created by the gamma photons. In addition, an exposure of SWCNTs to gamma radiation led to a

• , aggregation behavior, oxidation status, and metal impurities (e.g., iron) in correlation with the cell type and concentration of CNs to which the cells are exposed. The results of the actual study in which the cytotoxicity of blank and TMZ-loaded dual-functionalized CNs was evaluated by the MTT test are

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• oxidation, extraction, and biodegradation [4]. Unfortunately, these methods exhibit inefficiencies due to the generation of secondary pollution and high operational costs. Biological and anaerobic degradation of dyes may yield carcinogenic by-products [4][5], highlighting the significant challenge in

• mode. Powder and paint-applied samples were analyzed by colorimetry, based on the CIEL*a*b* system, using a portable colorimeter (NR60CP – 3NH). The oxidation state and elemental composition of the samples were evaluated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with a PHI Genesis instrument from

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• reduction currents and increased peak oxidation, indicating rapid electron transport at the contacts between the electrolyte and electrode. Pseudo-capacitive behavior was observed in both electrolytes, where ionic conductivity influenced capacitance [17][18]. The addition of dextrose increased the redox

• frequency (ω), Y, and n. The obtained results suggest robust electron transfer and enhanced electrocatalytic efficiency in dextrose oxidation [19][20][21] (Figure 5). Antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs The biogenic ZnO NPs presented a good dispersion and exhibited antibacterial activity against both Gram

Heterogeneous reactions in a HFCVD reactor: simulation using a 2D model

• Xochitl Aleyda Morán Martínez,
• José Alberto Luna López,
• Zaira Jocelyn Hernández Simón,
• Gabriel Omar Mendoza Conde,
• José Álvaro David Hernández de Luz and
• Godofredo García Salgado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1627–1638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.128

• and surface hydroxy groups, which leads to deposition. They are also responsible for the incorporation of Si–OH bonds into the silicon oxide matrix. The •H and •OH species attack unsaturated surface species with dangling bonds. Oxidation of surface hydrogens is the predominant reaction for O to

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• amount, which raises questions about their role. The experiment answering this question can be an oxidation process of phenols, which happens at increased temperature (40 °C) [98]. One can suppose that the increase of the temperature within the mucilage envelope in the natural environment can happen

• conditions. The direct consequence of the temperature increase is the oxidation of phenolic molecules and the accumulation at the air–water interface of the mucilage envelope. This process also has an influence on the frictional properties of basil seed mucilage. As our experiments showed, the oxidised

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• –Elvehjem manual homogenizer. The tissue homogenate was then centrifuged for 15 min at 8000g and 4 °C. The resulting supernatant was used to determine liver GPx activity [63]. GPx activity was determined by detecting the accumulation of the pyrogallol oxidation product, purpurogallin, at 420 nm on a UV–vis

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• Fenton-like oxidation or ozonation [10]. These techniques require expensive equipment, specialized operational skills, and extensive sample preparation, making them less practical for on-site testing, frequent monitoring, and remediation. In response to these challenges, recent advancements in

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles derived from algae and their larvicidal properties to control Aedes aegypti

• Matheus Alves Siqueira de Assunção,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Mara Elga Medeiros Braga,
• Severino Alves Junior,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa,
• Herminio José Cipriano de Sousa and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1566–1575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.123

• lead to oxidation and degradation of enzymes and organelles in the intracellular space of cells, affecting cellular physiological processes, leading to large-scale apoptosis and, consequently, larval death. Vinoth, et al. [51] evaluated the larvicidal activity of AgNPs from S. polycystum seaweed

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• Ω and significantly better conductivity [37], to the (Cu)(Fe)BTC@CPE led to reduction to about a third in Rct. This reduction in charge transfer resistance is advantageous for the enhancement of electrochemical oxidation on the electrode surface. Electrochemical behaviour of enrofloxacin on the (Cu

• voltammogram in ENR-free blank solution with no electrochemical response for ENR. In phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing ENR, there is a peak at 0.85 V on all four electrodes, attributed to the oxidation of ENR during the anodic scanning. No reduction peak was observed, revealing that the

• ENR in PBS solution containing 1 µM ENR. These SWVs reveal distinct, well-defined, and sharp peaks corresponding to the electrochemical oxidation of ENR. The peak height recorded on the (Cu)(Fe)BTC-modified electrodes is approximately ten times higher than that on the unmodified electrode, and the

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• transfer from the incident ion to adsorbed precursor molecules. This precursor decomposition step is accompanied by a decrease in the oxidation state of the Pt(II) atoms and, in IBID, represents the elementary reaction step that converts the molecular precursor into an involatile PtX2 species. Upon further

• depositions at elevated temperatures to induce Pt deposition and to remove carbon by hydrogenation to volatile hydrocarbons or oxidation to form H2O, CO, and CO2 as volatile products. In contrast, this precursor results in Pt purities of less than 20% in FEBID [30][31], while FIBID has been shown to provide

• growth, as performed previously [55][57]. The Pt(CO)2Cl2 films were exposed to Ar+ (3.0 kV; 0.2 µA) and He+ (3.0 kV; 1.0 µA) ions, and the Pt(CO)2Br2 films were exposed to Ar+ (3.0 kV; 2.0 µA) and H2+ (3.0 kV; 2.0 µA) ions. XPS was used to monitor changes in the films’ composition and the Pt oxidation

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• oxidation [46]. Interestingly, the centrifuged/as-prepared CTAB-AuNS0.5 (set 3) and AuNS1.0 (set 4) showed no plasmonic change upon the addition of different volumes of NaOH (Figure 4a,b). Also, no significant difference in the color of AuNS was observed (Figure 4a,b). This might be because the amount of