A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• material, such as oxidation state, formal charge [8][16][20][23], softness [22], ionization potential [22], and weight percentage of the metal [23]. Furthermore, to include information regarding the particular nanoform, the crystal structure can be included as a categorical descriptor [24] or by using

• its interaction with other substances, as for example using the maximum salt concentration in the medium with no significant coagulation or the rate constant of its oxidation by hydrogen peroxide [68]. It should be noted that the use of experimental descriptors can be exclusive, and there are models

Intermixing of MoS₂ and WS₂ photocatalysts toward methylene blue photodegradation

• Maryam Al Qaydi,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Michael Lejeune,
• Abdellatif Bouchalkha,
• Mimoun El Marssi,
• Steevy Cordette,
• Chaouki Kasmi and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 817–829, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.68

• ascribed to W–O bonding [31]. This suggests the presence of minor oxidation of the flakes. Further quantitative analysis of XPS data indicates the following atomic compositions: Mo: 34.68%, S: 65.32%, W: 33.98%, S: 66.02%, and Mo: 14.06%, W: 23.70, S: 62.24%, respectively for MoS2, WS2, and MoS2/WS2

• Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetics model, expressed by the following equation: The PD reaction rate constant, k, is the slope of Figure 7a. By plotting −ln(Ct/Co) as a function of t, it was observed that the oxidation of MB using the photocatalyst was well-fitted with the pseudo first-order reaction kinetics

Green synthesis of biomass-derived carbon quantum dots for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

• Dalia Chávez-García,
• Mario Guzman,
• Viridiana Sanchez and
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 755–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.63

• ][12][13][14]. Researchers are exploring innovative approaches, such as advanced oxidation processes, nanotechnology-based methods, and biological treatment systems, which show promise in effectively removing pollutants from wastewater [14][15][16]. In this research, we focus on the synthesis of carbon

• (Figure 1b and Figure 1c) present a relatively symmetrical band also centered at 350 nm with a higher intensity for sample M6. Both samples were prepared using an oxidation process with nitric acid prior to the hydrothermal treatment to break the structure of the carbohydrate used. On the other hand

• , samples M5 and M8 exhibit an asymmetric behavior in their absorption band centered around 340 nm. The difference can be associated with the polydispersity of the CQDs due to the absence of acid oxidation processes. In this case, the hydrothermal treatment is solely responsible for the formation of CQDs

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• compared to healthy individuals is related to Parkinson’s disease [4]. The oxidation of HYP yields xanthine, which can be further oxidized to URI. Meat from shrimp, fish, and some other animals contain large amounts of HYP. High consumption of these foods has been considered to result in elevated levels of

• voltammetric (CV) behaviors of different electrodes are presented in Figure 5a. The CV curve of the bare GCE shows broad and weak anodic peaks of URI and HYP oxidation. The electrochemical signals are significantly enhanced when the electrode is modified with TiO2/GQDs. A well-defined oxidation peak appears at

• 0.45 V for URI and at 1.26 V for HYP at the TiO2/GQDs-GCE. It is notable that the electrochemical response is a function of the TiO2/GQDs composition (Figure 5b). The oxidation peak currents of URI and HYP increase with increasing amount of GQDs in TiO2/GQDs. However, the peak current of URI reaches

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• colourless. This is due to the change in the oxidation state of gold ions. Finally, 25 μL of the seeds prepared in Step 1 was added to their respective surfactant growth solutions and was left undisturbed for 15 min. The colour of the samples appeared blue indicating the formation of anisotropic gold

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• accessibility and, thereby, slowing down oxidation, providing conductivity via carbon shells, or providing steric stability against aggregation. Regardless of the liquid medium, the LSPC variants have process-specific characteristics, mainly classified by the product but also by the starting material. LAL, LFL

• nuclear reactions such as the (alpha) decay of uranium in the proximity of Au nanoparticles [40][41]. This LSPC process variant has also been called pulsed laser photoreduction/-oxidation in liquids (LPL) [42], and LRL has recently been reviewed by the Tibbetts group emphasizing the involved redox

• [36]. Depending on the process, gas formation can be attributed to different redox reactions that contribute to nanoparticle formation. For the laser ablation, fragmentation, and melting processes, the nanoparticles are found to be at least partially oxidized, ranging from a surface oxidation of 5–10

Exfoliation of titanium nitride using a non-thermal plasma process

• Priscila Jussiane Zambiazi,
• Dolores Ribeiro Ricci Lazar,
• Larissa Otubo,
• Rodrigo Fernando Brambilla de Souza,
• Almir Oliveira Neto and
• Cecilia Chaves Guedes-Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 631–637, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.53

• , possibly due to surface oxidation of the powder. This observation can explain the presence of the 340 cm−1 peak, indicative of anatase formation. Additionally, the Raman spectra reveal vibrations resulting from nitrogen and titanium deficiencies within the TiN structure. Specifically, the peak at 253 cm−1

Electron-induced deposition using Fe(CO)₄MA and Fe(CO)₅ – effect of MA ligand and process conditions

• Hannah Boeckers,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Petra Martinović,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 500–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.45

• fabrication of iron nanostructures with optimum performance. Post-deposition purification approaches relying on O2 or H2O are not appropriate for iron deposits because they lead to oxidation [8]. The further improvement of iron deposition can, however, be tackled by rational design of the precursor molecules

• -induced crosslinking reactions that have previously been observed for the closely related compound methyl methacrylate (MMA) [50]. Alternatively, the electron-induced fragmentation of MA may yield small and volatile products, including atomic H that, in turn, could potentially counteract oxidation of the

• ligand is decomposed at a slower rate as compared to the cleavage of CO from the complex. Again, the lack of m/z 55 and 56 in ESD shows that MA or the precursor itself do not desorb, while the negligible m/z 44 signal also rules out formation and immediate desorption of CO2 as an oxidation product of CO

Aero-ZnS prepared by physical vapor transport on three-dimensional networks of sacrificial ZnO microtetrapods

• Veaceslav Ursaki,
• Tudor Braniste,
• Victor Zalamai,
• Emil Rusu,
• Vladimir Ciobanu,
• Vadim Morari,
• Daniel Podgornii,
• Pier Carlo Ricci,
• Rainer Adelung and
• Ion Tiginyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 490–499, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.44

• in vacuum, as shown in Figure 5b. As it has been shown previously, the oxygen vacancy defects in nanocomposite materials can act as active centers during photocatalytic oxidation processes by capturing photoinduced electrons, thus contributing to a substantial improvement of photocatalytic activity

Superconducting spin valve effect in Co/Pb/Co heterostructures with insulating interlayers

• Andrey A. Kamashev,
• Nadir N. Garif’yanov,
• Aidar A. Validov,
• Vladislav Kataev,
• Alexander S. Osin,
• Yakov V. Fominov and
• Ilgiz A. Garifullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 457–464, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.41

• insulating interlayers. The main specific feature of these structures is the intentional oxidation of both superconductor/ferromagnet (S/F) interfaces. We study the variation of the critical temperature of our systems due to switching between parallel and antiparallel configurations of the magnetizations of

• demonstrated by Deutscher and Meunier in 1969 [40]. The idea behind the oxidation of the FeNi and Ni layers was to slightly weaken the S/F proximity effect such that the superconductivity in the In layer could not be completely destroyed by the exchange field of the F layers. The authors noted that the thin

• for 60 s. It was shown in [43] that significant partial oxidation of a few nanometers thin metallic Co layer can be achieved by exposing it to the ambient atmospheric environment, implying that lowering the atmospheric pressure by five orders of magnitude enables one to oxidize only the surface

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• employ the properties of transition metals and metal oxides (e.g., cobalt, iron, cerium, and gold), which can generate a cycle of reduction and oxidation stages [20][21][22][23]. Among these metal oxides, cerium oxide-based nanomaterials have been deeply studied with regard to the mechanisms of CAT

• Gao’s group [37]. The Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) and maximum initial velocity (Vmax) values showed that copper-doped hollow carbon spheres had an eightfold higher CAT-like activity than pure carbon nanozymes. The oxidation state of copper may play a more important role regarding CAT-like activity

• , H2O2 and O2•–. Chain-breaking metal-based nanoantioxidants Chain-breaking antioxidants slow down or stop oxidation reactions after they begin. Chain-breaking antioxidants can directly trap, scavenge, or convert ROS into more stable and nonradical products and, thus, compete with the propagation

Controllable physicochemical properties of WO_x thin films grown under glancing angle

• Rupam Mandal,
• Aparajita Mandal,
• Alapan Dutta,
• Rengasamy Sivakumar,
• Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 350–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.31

• , bandgap, and electrical conductivity, to a large extent by controlling the cationic oxidation state and the film stoichiometry [2]. As a matter of fact, adjustments in the film stoichiometry and microstructure are experimentally viable by the choice of a suitable growth technique [9][10][11]. As a result

• at 34.78 and 36.92 eV can be designated to 4f7/2 and 4f5/2 levels of the W5+ oxidation state [40]. Similarly, the presence of W6+ and W5+ is observed in the annealed WOx films, where the W 4f7/2 and W 4f5/2 peaks corresponding to the W6+ state are found at slightly smaller binding energies (35.82 and

Exploring the relationships between physiochemical properties of nanoparticles and cell damage to combat cancer growth using simple periodic table-based descriptors

• Joyita Roy and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 297–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.27

• ability of the developed model as it passes various statistical criteria [34]. The descriptors depicted in the model also interpret the influence of the zeta potential as discussed below. The descriptor “χox” pertains to the oxidation number of the metal, which represents the hypothetical charges within

• an atom. The zeta potential decreases as the oxidation number increases, as indicated by the negative coefficient of the descriptor. A lower (negative) oxidation number indicates a higher electronegativity of the metal, which determines the electron distribution in a molecule. The metal’s

• stability based on the aggregation phenomenon. This is well observed in MeOx NPs, where an increase in the oxidation number (χox) decreases the zeta potential. In WO3 NPs, the χox value is 6 and the zeta potential value is −23 mV; for NiO NPs, the χox value is 2, and the zeta potential value is 34.4 mV. The

In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide

• Aleksandrs Dutovs,
• Raimonds Popļausks,
• Oskars Putāns,
• Vladislavs Perkanuks,
• Aušrinė Jurkevičiūtė,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Uldis Malinovskis,
• Iryna Olyshevets,
• Donats Erts and
• Juris Prikulis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 126–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.12

• of science and engineering. However, production of ultrathin PAAO membranes with precise thickness in the optical sub-wavelength range remains challenging because of difficulties regarding process control at the initial stage of anodic oxidation. In this study, we demonstrate a technique for

Development and characterization of potential larvicidal nanoemulsions against Aedes aegypti

• Jonatas L. Duarte,
• Leonardo Delello Di Filippo,
• Anna Eliza Maciel de Faria Mota Oliveira,
• Rafael Miguel Sábio,
• Gabriel Davi Marena,
• Tais Maria Bauab,
• Cristiane Duque,
• Vincent Corbel and
• Marlus Chorilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 104–114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.10

• constituents from oxidation, in addition to promoting better sensorial properties [13]. Moreover, the development of aqueous nanoemulsions would enable a better dispersion of vector control agents, inducing a controlled release and a possibly higher effectiveness in eliminating immature stages of mosquitoes

New application of bimetallic Ag/Pt nanoplates in a colorimetric biosensor for specific detection of E. coli in water

• Azam Bagheri Pebdeni,
• Mohammad N. AL-Baiati and
• Morteza Hosseini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 95–103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.9

• catalytic oxidation of TMB by H2O2 on a paper-based device. As a result, it is highly suitable for the generation of novel and portable biosensors [13]. The color shift produced by an enzyme-catalyzed substrate reaction is an appealing option for developing colorimetric-based biosensors to detect targets

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• particles dispersed inside the structure of the hydrogel (75–90 mV/dec) (Figure 5c). Depending on the potential applied and the process condition, the water oxidation could be a one to four electron transfer process [57][58]. Tafel slope values in the range of 75–90 mV·dec−1 represent a possible mixed

Measurements of dichroic bow-tie antenna arrays with integrated cold-electron bolometers using YBCO oscillators

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Viktor O. Zbrozhek,
• Andrey V. Samartsev,
• Anastasia N. Orlova,
• Dmitry V. Masterov,
• Alexey E. Parafin,
• Victoria Yu. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Leonid S. Kuzmin,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko,
• Silvia Masi and
• Paolo de Bernardis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 26–36, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.3

• of 1.2 nm of Fe and 30 nm of Al on top; then, 60 nm of aluminum are deposited at an angle of 45°. Thus, we form a superconductor–normal metal (SN) Andreev contact. Subsequently, oxidation is carried out at a relatively high pressure (1–2 Torr) in the working chamber of the sputtering unit. The last

• than we had expected. Mainly because of the high resistance of the DC lines as well as the imperfection of the process of creating a barrier. Therefore, two more designs were created with an expansion of the DC lines in order to reduce the resistance. Also, adjustments were made to the oxidation

• the leakage resistance. We now test various ways to reduce the aluminum roughness. Also, the roughness strongly depends on the deposition rate. The oxidation process affects the barrier properties as well; perhaps with dynamic oxidation [26] (with constant pumping) one can try to achieve better

Fluorescent bioinspired albumin/polydopamine nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli cells

• Eloïse Equy,
• Jordana Hirtzel,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Béatrice Heurtault,
• Eric Mathieu,
• Morgane Rabineau,
• Vincent Ball and
• Lydie Ploux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1208–1224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.100

• ]. These properties can even be controlled by an external signal [17][18][19]. PDA NPs are formed upon oxidation in dopamine (DA) solutions with additives such as surfactants, polyelectrolytes, and proteins [14]. Eumelanin-like NPs with a diameter less than 20 nm have been obtained by this method. The

• oxidation of pristine BSA/PDA NPs (Ox-BSA/PDA NPs) or on labelling with fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate (FITC) or rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RhBITC) fluorescent dyes (FITC-BSA/PDA NPs and RhBITC-BSA/PDA NPs, respectively). According to Ma et al., Ox-BSA/PDA NPs are expected to emit a maximum of fluorescence

• different methods, that is, the oxidation of pristine BSA/PDA NPs (Ox-BSA/PDA NPs) (Figure 2d) or the labelling of BSA with FITC or RhBITC fluorescent dyes (FITC-BSA/PDA NPs and RhBITC-BSA/PDA NPs, respectively) (Figure 2e). All fluorescent BSA/PDA NPs were made from pristine BSA/PDA NPs synthesized with a

Hierarchically patterned polyurethane microgrooves featuring nanopillars or nanoholes for neurite elongation and alignment

• Lester Uy Vinzons,
• Guo-Chung Dong and
• Shu-Ping Lin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1157–1168, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.96

• doses, maybe because of UV oxidation of the films or changes in the shape of the PS-NS caused by residual GBL in the SU-8.) The SU-8 was subjected to a post-exposure bake at 95 °C for 2 min, followed by development in the SU-8 developer for 1 min, rinsing with isopropyl alcohol, and N2 drying (Figure 1A

A multi-resistance wide-range calibration sample for conductive probe atomic force microscopy measurements

• François Piquemal,
• Khaled Kaja,
• Pascal Chrétien,
• José Morán-Meza,
• Frédéric Houzé,
• Christian Ulysse and
• Abdelmounaim Harouri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1141–1148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.94

• , repeatability, and exactness [41][42]. The formation of a humidity-induced water meniscus at the tip–sample interface, the presence of surface contamination, and thermal drifts induce significant instabilities in C-AFM measurements [42][43]. Moreover, local overheating and anodic oxidation phenomena are

Properties of tin oxide films grown by atomic layer deposition from tin tetraiodide and ozone

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Tanel Käämbre,
• Aile Tamm and
• Kaupo Kukli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1085–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.89

• drop in the QCM signal during O3 pulses accompanies the release of relatively heavy iodine, and the QCM signal stabilised after the completion of the oxidation step (Figure 2). Figure 3 depicts the change in the oscillation frequency as function of the SnI4 pulse length. The latter tests revealed that

• octahedron and the linking direction of these octahedra. We note that any eventual contribution from SnO (i.e., due to non-complete oxidation at lower deposition temperatures [39][40]) would show a quite different O 1s absorption spectrum with the lowest energy maximum downshifted by ca. 1 eV [28][29][35][36

Recognition mechanisms of hemoglobin particles by monocytes – CD163 may just be one

• Jonathan-Gabriel Nimz,
• Pichayut Rerkshanandana,
• Chiraphat Kloypan,
• Ulrich Kalus,
• Saranya Chaiwaree,
• Axel Pruß,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Yu Xiong and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1028–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.85

• h at room temperature under stirring. After another washing in aqua dest. the MnCO3 matrix was dissolved using 0.25 M EDTA. After 30 min incubation time, 0.2 mg/mL NaBH4 in 0.1 M NaOH was added to prevent oxidation of Hb to met-Hb. Incubation for another 30 min followed. After triplicate washing in

• = dilution factor (2.1); molar mass of Hb (tetrameric) = 64.5; (monomer) molar extinction coefficient (ε) = 6.945). Percentage of functional hemoglobin Each hemoglobin molecule contains an Fe2+ ion on which the ability of Hb to bind oxygen is based. Methemoglobin has undergone an oxidation process. The

Isolation of cubic Si₃P₄ in the form of nanocrystals

• Polina K. Nikiforova,
• Sergei S. Bubenov,
• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Andrey S. Kumskov,
• Nikolay N. Kononov,
• Tatyana A. Kuznetsova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 971–979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.80

• Kα map tends to outline the shape of the NPs, confirming surface hydrolysis and oxidation of the material in air during storage. When the EDX spectra (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1) were normalized to the intensity of the Si Kα line, it was observed that the growth in the relative

• ] (the benefit of the gaseous etching is that the particles remain dry, resulting in a lower oxidation rate [45]). One of the samples had also been pre-annealed in vacuum at 900 °C for 6 h before the etching step to estimate the influence of an amorphous surface layer of the NPs on Si3P4 phase formation

• gradually form on the surface oxide layer to prevent combustion. In an attempt to prevent hydrolysis/oxidation, a quartz ampoule with NPs synthesized at 400 °C was opened inside an evacuated and sealed copper ampoule partially filled with octadecene. Hydrosilylation was carried out for 30 min at 315 °C. In

Upscaling the urea method synthesis of CoAl layered double hydroxides

• Camilo Jaramillo-Hernández,
• Víctor Oestreicher,
• Martín Mizrahi and
• Gonzalo Abellán

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 927–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.76

• demonstrated to be a powerful technique for layered hydroxide characterization, especially in the case of earth-abundant 3d cations where this technique can provide information about coordination environments and oxidation states [50]. The spectrum of reference x1 depicts a main signal at 525 nm containing

• Co atoms are in the same oxidation state (2+), they would be found in different environments, as suggested by PXRD and confirmed by UV–vis spectroscopy. This means the presence of the α-CoII LH impurity. To quantify its fraction, the spectrum of sample x25M was reproduced by using a linear