Vinylogous functionalization of 4-alkylidene-5-aminopyrazoles with methyl trifluoropyruvates

• Judit Hostalet-Romero,
• Laura Carceller-Ferrer,
• Gonzalo Blay,
• Amparo Sanz-Marco,
• José R. Pedro and
• Carlos Vila

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 533–540, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.41

• for the synthesis of tertiary trifluoromethyl carbinols [6][7]. In this context, trifluoromethyl carbinols constitute a key structural motif present in a wide range of molecules with important biological activities (Figure 1) [8][9][10], on account of the distinctive properties of organofluorine

• compounds that generally enhance the bioactivity of agrochemical and pharmaceutical substrates. On the other hand, 5-aminopyrazole [11][12] is a nitrogen heterocycle that has attracted significant interest to pharmaceutical and medicinal chemists due to the presence of this nitrogen heterocycle in various

Visible-light-promoted radical cyclisation of unactivated alkenes in benzimidazoles: synthesis of difluoromethyl- and aryldifluoromethyl-substituted polycyclic imidazoles

• Yujun Pang,
• Jinglan Yan,
• Nawaf Al-Maharik,
• Qian Zhang,
• Zeguo Fang and
• Dong Li

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 234–241, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.15

• target products in good to excellent yields. Mechanistic studies revealed that the reaction proceeds via a radical pathway. Keywords: cyclization; difluoromethylation; hypervalent iodine; polycyclic imidazole; visible light; Introduction Organofluorine compounds continue to play important roles in

Mechanochemical difluoromethylations of ketones

• Jinbo Ke,
• Pit van Bonn and
• Carsten Bolm

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2799–2805, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.235

• the gas phase than in solution [32][33], it has remained a challenge to control such reactions. Our group has recently reported a mechanochemical difluoromethylation of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols [34], yielding products with difluoromethoxy groups, which are promising organofluorine

• compounds [35][36][37][38]. Notably, also sterically hindered alcohols, which are typically less reactive in solution, could be applied under solvent-free conditions in a ball mill [39], which was attributed to a better accessibility of the difluorocarbene in the mechanochemical environment [40]. Motivated

gem-Difluorination of carbon–carbon triple bonds using Brønsted acid/Bu₄NBF₄ or electrogenerated acid

• Mizuki Yamaguchi,
• Hiroki Shimao,
• Kengo Hamasaki,
• Keiji Nishiwaki,
• Shigenori Kashimura and
• Kouichi Matsumoto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2261–2269, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.194

• Organofluorine compounds have attracted great attention in various fields, such as organic materials and pharmaceuticals [1][2][3], because fluorinated compounds sometimes show specific properties [4]. So far, several methods have been developed for the synthesis of fluorinated compounds. Using nucleophilic

(E,Z)-1,1,1,4,4,4-Hexafluorobut-2-enes: hydrofluoroolefins halogenation/dehydrohalogenation cascade to reach new fluorinated allene

• Nataliia V. Kirij,
• Andrey A. Filatov,
• Yurii L. Yagupolskii,
• Sheng Peng and
• Lee Sprague

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 452–459, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.40

• important synthons, which are widely used in agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and other fields [24][25][26]. Fluoroorganic lithium and Grignard reagents have been obtained by the metalation reactions of organofluorine compounds containing bromine and iodine atoms with alkyllithium and Grignard reagents

Trifluoromethylated hydrazones and acylhydrazones as potent nitrogen-containing fluorinated building blocks

• Zhang Dongxu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1741–1754, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.127

• in various pharmaceutical and agrochemical products. This review focuses on the reactivity, synthesis, and applications of fluoromethylated hydrazones and acylhydrazones. It summarizes recent methodologies that have been used for the synthesis of various nitrogen-containing organofluorine compounds

• organofluorine compounds has become a major research focus. The use of difluoromethylating and trifluoromethylating reagents is a popular approach applied to prepare di/trifluoromethyl-containing molecules [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Also the reaction of diverse di/trifluoromethyl-containing

Cathodic generation of reactive (phenylthio)difluoromethyl species and its reactions: mechanistic aspects and synthetic applications

• Sadanobu Iwase,
• Shinsuke Inagi and
• Toshio Fuchigami

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 872–880, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.88

• ; (phenylthio)difluoromethyl radical; Introduction Organofluorine compounds containing a difluoromethylene group have been of much interest from biological aspects since the difluoromethylene group is isopolar and isosteric with an ether oxygen [1][2]. Particularly, organic molecules bearing a (arylthio

• from an aspect of green chemistry [7][8][9][10]. In this context, we have developed various electrochemical methodologies for efficient selective fluorination [11][12] and molecular conversion of organofluorine compounds to date [13][14][15][16][17][18]. We have also achieved the gem-difluorination of

Development of N-F fluorinating agents and their fluorinations: Historical perspective

• Teruo Umemoto,
• Yuhao Yang and
• Gerald B. Hammond

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1752–1813, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.123

• , introduction of fluorine into selective positions of a bioactive compound can produce remarkable changes in efficacy. Fluorine-scan/fluorine editing of a lead molecule is now a routine step in drug discovery [8]. Organofluorine compounds are very rare in nature [9] and therefore without natural compounds

Iodine-catalyzed electrophilic substitution of indoles: Synthesis of (un)symmetrical diindolylmethanes with a quaternary carbon center

• Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar,
• Masoud Sedaghati,
• Andhika B. Mahardhika,
• Lukas L. Wendt and
• Christa E. Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1464–1475, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.102

• -fluorinated analogs [25]. Considering the ever-growing demand for organofluorine compounds, the development of new methodologies that allow the incorporation of fluorine atoms into bioactive molecules is highly desired and will also be addressed herein. Recently, the use of indol-3-ylmethanols as

Biochemistry of fluoroprolines: the prospect of making fluorine a bioelement

• Vladimir Kubyshkin,
• Rebecca Davis and
• Nediljko Budisa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 439–460, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.40

• organofluorine compounds are compatible with biochemical settings [2][3]. In addition, a number of organofluorine compounds occur in the metabolism of some niche organisms [4][5][6][7]. Proteins are key molecular entities acting in cellular processes, and they serve for numerous biochemical functions, such as

• modifications of proline residues occurring in native E. coli. 2 Physicochemical properties of fluoroprolines Organofluorine compounds have become very common in various medicinal chemistry applications due to a number of special features [39][40]. Perhaps, the most notable trait among them is their stability

• Lipophilicity The impact of fluorine substitution on the global polarity of the molecule is another parameter that should be considered. The global polarity can be typically analyzed by measurements of the molecular partitioning, e.g., the lipophilicity index logP. For aliphatic organofluorine compounds, this

Synthesis of trifluoromethyl ketones by nucleophilic trifluoromethylation of esters under a fluoroform/KHMDS/triglyme system

• Yamato Fujihira,
• Yumeng Liang,
• Makoto Ono,
• Kazuki Hirano,
• Takumi Kagawa and
• Norio Shibata

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 431–438, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.39

• their biological properties, bioavailability, and ADME [7][8]. While tremendous methodologies have been developed for the synthesis of organofluorine compounds [9][10], many of the laboratory methods are not always suitable for industrial production in terms of their synthetic complexity, handling, and

¹⁹F NMR as a tool in chemical biology

• Diana Gimenez,
• Aoife Phelan,
• Cormac D. Murphy and
• Steven L. Cobb

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 293–318, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.28

• , but only one could be detected (SF5-catechol) despite the 19F NMR analysis showing the presence of multiple fluorometabolites. Detection and biosynthesis of natural organofluorine compounds As naturally-occurring organofluorine compounds are so rare, it is possible to easily detect them in a crude

Diels–Alder reaction of β-fluoro-β-nitrostyrenes with cyclic dienes

• Savva A. Ponomarev,
• Roman V. Larkovich,
• Alexander S. Aldoshin,
• Andrey A. Tabolin,
• Sema L. Ioffe,
• Jonathan Groß,
• Till Opatz and
• Valentine G. Nenajdenko

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 283–292, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.27

• activation parameters. Furthermore, the synthetic utility of the cycloadducts obtained was demonstrated. Keywords: Diels–Alder reaction; fluorine; nitrostyrene; norbornene; stereochemistry; Introduction Organofluorine compounds play an exceptionally important role in various fields of science and

Synthesis of tetrafluorinated piperidines from nitrones via a visible-light-promoted annelation reaction

• Vyacheslav I. Supranovich,
• Igor A. Dmitriev and
• Alexander D. Dilman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 3104–3108, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.260

• photocatalyst activated by blue light. The annelation is a result of a radical addition at the nitrone, intramolecular nucleophilic substitution, and reduction of the N–O bond. Keywords: difluoroalkylation; nitrones; organofluorine compounds; photocatalysis; radical addition; Introduction Nitrogen-containing

Conformational preferences of fluorine-containing agrochemicals and their implications for lipophilicity prediction

• Daniela Rodrigues Silva,
• Joyce K. Daré and
• Matheus P. Freitas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2469–2476, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.200

• substituents originated from the rotation of fluorine-containing C–C bonds should affect the polarity and, therefore, the physicochemical and biological properties of organofluorine compounds. However, there is a lack of studies that explain how these well-known conformational effects directly alter

• reinsures the issues with additive methods for predicting lipophilicity of complex structures as those analyzed herein. Nevertheless, a reservation should be considered for small organofluorine compounds, for which well-parameterized models for log P prediction are usually available. Regarding the use of

• calculated molecular dipole moments as a descriptor of lipophilicity for small molecules, a more detailed analysis is required. Accordingly, a series of structurally simpler organofluorine compounds were retrieved (Figure 6), all from the same source [29], and a similar computational routine was carried out

Photoredox-catalyzed silyldifluoromethylation of silyl enol ethers

• Vyacheslav I. Supranovich,
• Vitalij V. Levin and
• Alexander D. Dilman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1550–1553, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.126

• carbon–bromine bond. Keywords: difluoroalkylation; organofluorine compounds; photocatalysis; radical addition; silicon reagents; Findings Fluorinated silicon reagents have found widespread use for the introduction of fluorinated fragments [1][2][3][4][5]. Typically, these reagents work under strongly

Reaction of indoles with aromatic fluoromethyl ketones: an efficient synthesis of trifluoromethyl(indolyl)phenylmethanols using K₂CO₃/n-Bu₄PBr in water

• Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar,
• Masoud Sedaghati and
• Gregor Schnakenburg

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 778–790, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.71

• cruciferous vegetables [15], has a wide range of biomedical applications as an anticancer [16], antioxidant, and antiatherogenic agent [17]. Organofluorine compounds have attracted much attention due to their potential biological applications in medicinal and agricultural sciences. Introducing fluoro groups

Conformational signature of Ishikawa´s reagent using NMR information from diastereotopic fluorines

• Laize A. F. Andrade,
• Lucas A. Zeoly,
• Rodrigo A. Cormanich and
• Matheus P. Freitas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 506–512, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.44

• diastereotopic fluorines. Moreover, the possibility of experiencing both the generalized anomeric and gauche effects makes the Ishikawa´s reagent an ideal choice to study the governing stereoelectronic interactions of the conformational equilibrium of organofluorine compounds. The conformational equilibrium of

• : anomeric effect; gauche effect; NMR spectroscopy; organofluorine compounds; Introduction The active species of Ishikawa´s reagent [N,N-diethyl-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropyl)amine, 1] [1] (Figure 1) has diastereotopic substituents (fluorines), which can be useful to provide conformational insights by using

Practical tetrafluoroethylene fragment installation through a coupling reaction of (1,1,2,2-tetrafluorobut-3-en-1-yl)zinc bromide with various electrophiles

• Ken Tamamoto,
• Shigeyuki Yamada and
• Tsutomu Konno

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2375–2383, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.213

• ][6]. Notably, organofluorine compounds bearing a tetrafluoroethylene (–CF2CF2–) unit have attracted significant interest as a promising framework for various functional molecules. In the medicinal field, for example, Linclau and co-workers reported the first enantioselective synthesis and the

Visible light-mediated difluoroalkylation of electron-deficient alkenes

• Vyacheslav I. Supranovich,
• Vitalij V. Levin,
• Marina I. Struchkova,
• Jinbo Hu and
• Alexander D. Dilman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1637–1641, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.139

• with blue light is described. The reaction involves radical addition of 1,1-difluorinated radicals at the double bond followed by hydrogen atom transfer from sodium cyanoborohydride. Keywords: difluoroalkylation; organofluorine compounds; radical addition; visible light; Introduction Applications of

• organofluorine compounds in medicinal chemistry and related fields [1][2] have stimulated intensive developments of methods for their synthesis [3][4]. Though the major emphasis has long been placed on trifluoromethylated molecules, compounds bearing the difluoromethylene fragment have attracted increasing

• double bonds is a well-established approach for the synthesis of organofluorine compounds [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. While perfluorinated alkyl iodides and bromides are typically employed, reactions with gem-difluorinated iodides are less elaborated, which is primarily associated with

The selective electrochemical fluorination of S-alkyl benzothioate and its derivatives

• Shunsuke Kuribayashi,
• Tomoyuki Kurioka,
• Shinsuke Inagi,
• Ho-Jung Lu,
• Biing-Jiun Uang and
• Toshio Fuchigami

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 389–396, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.27

• ; electrosynthesis; fluorobenzothiophenone; selective fluorination; Introduction Due to the interesting properties of fluorine atoms and carbon–fluorine bonds, organofluorine compounds are widely used in various fields like pharmaceutical chemistry, agrochemistry, and materials sciences [1][2]. Therefore, the

• selective fluorination of organic compounds is highly useful for the development of novel organofluorine compounds. Although a number of fluorination reagents have been developed so far, they have still some problems, i.e., they are costly, difficult to handle, and explosive [3][4]. On the other hand

Synthesis of fluoro-functionalized diaryl-λ³-iodonium salts and their cytotoxicity against human lymphoma U937 cells

• Prajwalita Das,
• Etsuko Tokunaga,
• Hidehiko Akiyama,
• Hiroki Doi,
• Norimichi Saito and
• Norio Shibata

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 364–372, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.24

• structures of various pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and coatings contain fluorine or fluorinated functional groups [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Therefore, the development of efficient synthetic methodologies for organofluorine compounds has gained much attention [10][11][12][13][14][15]. Our research group has been

• ]. Utilizing these reagents, we have successfully synthesized a wide variety of bioactive organofluorine compounds [24][25][26][27][28][29][30] including fluorinated thalidomide (antitumor) [24], fluorinated donepezil (cholinesterase inhibitor) [25], and fluorinated camptothecin (anticancer) [26]. During our

Nucleophilic fluoroalkylation/cyclization route to fluorinated phthalides

• Masanori Inaba,
• Tatsuya Sakai,
• Shun Shinada,
• Tsuyuka Sugiishi,
• Yuta Nishina,
• Norio Shibata and
• Hideki Amii

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 182–186, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.12

• synthesis of useful bioactive compounds. There is a growing interest in the usefulness of phthalides and their derivatives. Organofluorine compounds often show attractive physical, chemical, and biological properties and are widely used in many fields, such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials

• [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Selective incorporation of fluorine or a fluoroalkyl group into a molecule is a topic of significant interest in organic chemistry. Fluorinated phthalides are considered to be one of the most fascinating organofluorine compounds. However, to our best knowledge, there have

Gram-scale preparation of negative-type liquid crystals with a CF₂CF₂-carbocycle unit via an improved short-step synthetic protocol

• Tatsuya Kumon,
• Shohei Hashishita,
• Takumi Kida,
• Shigeyuki Yamada,
• Takashi Ishihara and
• Tsutomu Konno

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 148–154, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.10

• fascinating molecular properties of organofluorine compounds exerted by the fluorine atom, our research group has devoted sustained effort to the development of novel biologically active fluorinated substances and high-functional fluorinated materials thus far [7][8][9]. Our recent interest inspired by the

Regioselective decarboxylative addition of malonic acid and its mono(thio)esters to 4-trifluoromethylpyrimidin-2(1H)-ones

• Sergii V. Melnykov,
• Andrii S. Pataman,
• Yurii V. Dmytriv,
• Svitlana V. Shishkina,
• Mykhailo V. Vovk and
• Volodymyr A. Sukach

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2617–2625, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.259

• Organofluorine compounds now play an essential role in the development of new materials for solar cells [1][2][3], radiotracers for PET imaging [4], agrochemicals [5][6], sensitive chemical probes for 19F nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of biological experiments [7][8], and are most widely used in the