Recent advances in synthetic approaches for bioactive cinnamic acid derivatives

• Betty A. Kustiana,
• Galuh Widiyarti and
• Teni Ernawati

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1031–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.85

• -branched (L/B) selectivity of >20:1. The reaction involves the formation of palladium hydride (Pd–H) 270 as the key species followed by alkyne and CO insertion reactions via 271 and 272 (Scheme 68A) [116]. On the one hand, Jia and co-workers (2021) utilized environmentally benign water as the hydrogen

• CO insertion (295) and transmetalation with palladium hydride to afford the acylpalladium species 296 (Scheme 71B) [122]. Utilizing a non-precious transition metal as an alternative for Pd, Yoshikai and co-workers (2020) reported the cooperative cobalt/Lewis acidic AlMe3-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation

• bond of cyclopropenone to give a cyclic intermediate 316 (Scheme 74A) [125]. On the other hand, Wu and co-workers (2022) developed a Pd-catalyzed selective ring-opening of cyclopropenones and vinyl epoxide 318 to give the corresponding esters 319–321 in good yields via a π–allyl palladium intermediate

Pd-Catalyzed asymmetric allylic amination with isatin using a P,olefin-type chiral ligand with C–N bond axial chirality

• Natsume Akimoto,
• Kaho Takaya,
• Yoshio Kasashima,
• Kohei Watanabe,
• Yasushi Yoshida and
• Takashi Mino

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1018–1023, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.83

• the resulting product (S)-13a in the presence of FeCl3 as the catalyst, the corresponding malononitrile derivative (S)-16 was obtained without any loss in optical purity. Keywords: asymmetric allylic amination; axial chirality; isatin; palladium catalysis; P,olefin-type chiral ligand; Introduction

• palladium catalysts with amines as nucleophiles have been reported [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], there have been only a few reports on the N-substitution of isatin using asymmetric methods. Recently, Wolf’s group reported a transition-metal-catalyzed (Pd-catalyzed) asymmetric allylic

• enantioselectivity as the 0.1 mmol scale reaction (entry 14). Next, we investigated the substrate scope of the palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic amination of 1,3-diphenyl-2-propenyl acetate (12) with isatin derivatives 11 as nucleophiles under the optimized conditions using (aR)-(−)-6 as the ligand and Na3PO4

Recent total synthesis of natural products leveraging a strategy of enamide cyclization

• Chun-Yu Mi,
• Jia-Yuan Zhai and
• Xiao-Ming Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 999–1009, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.81

• the terminal alkene and the conformational strain of forming a bridge[3.2.1]bicycle might be responsible for a selective 6-exo-trig cyclization. From tricyclic compound 4, anti-Markovnikov oxidation catalyzed by palladium led to the formation of aldehyde 5. When treated with p-TsOH, the intramolecular

A convergent synthetic approach to the tetracyclic core framework of khayanolide-type limonoids

• Zhiyang Zhang,
• Jialei Hu,
• Hanfeng Ding,
• Li Zhang and
• Peirong Rao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 926–934, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.75

• followed by interception of the lithium enolate with PhNTf2 to give enol triflate 25 in 59% overall yield. The following palladium-catalyzed methoxycarbonylation produced methyl ester 26 in a satisfactory yield of 84%. TIPS-protected allylic alcohol 28 was selected as the appropriate precursor for the α,β

Recent advances in controllable/divergent synthesis

• Jilei Cao,
• Leiyang Bai and
• Xuefeng Jiang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 890–914, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.73

• , thereby offering unprecedented control over chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity parameters in catalytic manifolds. In 2015, the Jiang group developed a palladium-catalyzed regioselective three-component C1 insertion reaction (Scheme 1) [19]. In this reaction, an o-iodoaniline 1, phenylacetylene, and

• , tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI), and water significantly accelerated aryne generation, thereby increasing its local concentration. This favored aryne coordination to the palladium center, followed by CO insertion and reductive elimination to furnish phenanthridinones. In contrast, when dppm was introduced

• , oxidative addition of the C–I bond to palladium formed the four-membered aryl–palladium complex Int-5. Steric hindrance from the bulky dppm ligand, combined with slower aryne release (using KF as the fluoride source), attenuated aryne coordination. Under these electron-deficient conditions, CO

Recent advances in the electrochemical synthesis of organophosphorus compounds

• Babak Kaboudin,
• Milad Behroozi,
• Sepideh Sadighi and
• Fatemeh Asgharzadeh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 770–797, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.61

• reaction proceeded via an oxidative addition and reductive elimination processed in the presence of Ni(0), which was produced in situ from NiBr2 in the cathode. Palladium is one of the most important metals used as a catalyst in non-electrochemical reactions. In 2020, Budnikova et al. [58] reported a

• coupling reaction of phenylpyridine with dialkylphosphonate in the presence of palladium. It should be noted that the presence of palladium is an essential factor, and the results showed that the coupling reaction failed in the absence of palladium. Under pyridine-mediated conditions, the reaction follows

• a mononuclear palladacycle pathway, where a high electrolysis potential facilitates the formation of the ortho-phosphonate product with a favorable yield. On the other hand, when acid was used, forming a tetranuclear palladium intermediate led to the creation of a C−O−P bond. This reaction was

Copper-catalyzed domino cyclization of anilines and cyclobutanone oxime: a scalable and versatile route to spirotetrahydroquinoline derivatives

• Qingqing Jiang,
• Xinyi Lei,
• Pan Gao and
• Yu Yuan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 749–754, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.58

•  1, entry 3). When iron(II) sulfate (FeSO4) and iron trifluoromethanesulfonate (Fe(OTf)2) were used as the catalyst instead of copper(II) trifluoroacetate (Cu(TFA)2), the yields of the product were decreased (Table 1, entries 4 and 5). Using palladium(II) acetate (Pd(OAc)2) as the catalyst provided a

Synthesis of HBC fluorophores with an electrophilic handle for covalent attachment to Pepper RNA

• Raphael Bereiter and
• Ronald Micura

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 727–735, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.56

• provide fluorophore 19. Subsequent palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling with tributyl(vinyl)tin resulted in the installation of the vinyl group (compound 20). Finally, cleavage of the silyl ether gave the free alcohol 21, which was converted into the corresponding mesyloxypropyl HBC ligand 22. The

Photochemically assisted synthesis of phenacenes fluorinated at the terminal benzene rings and their electronic spectra

• Yuuki Ishii,
• Minoru Yamaji,
• Fumito Tani,
• Kenta Goto,
• Yoshihiro Kubozono and
• Hideki Okamoto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 670–679, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.53

• was obtained by a Migita–Kosugi–Stille coupling between bromophenanthrene 15 and (E)-1,2-bis(tributylstannyl)ethene to afford diarylethene 18 followed by Mallory photoreaction. The obtained intermediate 18 contained residual palladium and isolation was not successful due to its poor solubility in

Recent advances in allylation of chiral secondary alkylcopper species

• Minjae Kim,
• Gwanggyun Kim,
• Doyoon Kim,
• Jun Hee Lee and
• Seung Hwan Cho

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 639–658, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.51

• inception (Scheme 1). Early studies were mainly focused on palladium catalysts [5][6][7][8], as demonstrated by the independent pioneering works of Tsuji and Trost in the 1960s and 1970s, respectively. While palladium catalysts demonstrated excellent reactivity with soft stabilized nucleophiles in the

• substitution reactions began to develop with the groundbreaking work of Takeuchi and Kashio, and subsequent research has revealed that iridium catalysts behave quite differently from their palladium counterparts [18]. The most notable distinction lies in their contrasting regioselectivity patterns. Palladium

Synthesis of N-acetyl diazocine derivatives via cross-coupling reaction

• Thomas Brandt,
• Pascal Lentes,
• Jeremy Rudtke,
• Michael Hösgen,
• Christian Näther and
• Rainer Herges

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 490–499, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.36

• [23]. Nevertheless, the arylation of monohalogenated N-acetyl diazocines via Stille coupling in our case gave unsatisfying results (Table 2). Reactions with tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) as catalyst resulted in no product 7 formation. Bis(tri-tert-butylphosphine)palladium(0) as catalyst

• -acetyl diazocine 22 under the conditions described by Hugenbusch et al. [37] showed no product formation and only starting material was isolated (Scheme 2). The palladium-catalyzed introduction of cyano groups under mild conditions in analogy to Iqbal et al. [38] gave the cyano-substituted N-acetyl

• of amino-N-acetyl diazocine by deprotection of the carbamate. Reaction conditions for the attempted Ullmann-type reaction with sodium azide. Reaction conditions for the palladium-catalyzed introduction of a nitrile functionality. Quantum yields of N-acetyl diazocine 1 in organic and aqueous media

Organocatalytic kinetic resolution of 1,5-dicarbonyl compounds through a retro-Michael reaction

• James Guevara-Pulido,
• Fernando González-Pérez,
• José M. Andrés and
• Rafael Pedrosa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 473–482, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.34

• yields [27]. These reactions have been utilized in the enantioselective synthesis of aryl sulfoxides through the arylation of sulfonate anions in the presence of palladium catalysts [28][29]. They have also been used in the synthesis of the neuraminidase inhibitor (−)-oseltamivir [30] and the

Red light excitation: illuminating photocatalysis in a new spectrum

• Lucas Fortier,
• Corentin Lefebvre and
• Norbert Hoffmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 296–326, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.22

• [Os(tpy)2]2+/red-light irradiation system well-suited for large-scale manufacturing. In this way, the authors have also tested different osmium complexes in various well-established photocatalyzed reactions such as copper, palladium, cobalt, and nickel metallophotoredox couplings using red light

• . While transition metals such as copper, palladium, cobalt, and nickel are well-established in catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, J. Cornella et al. have highlighted the reactivity of main-group elements like bismuth, which can mimic transition-metal behavior through oxidative addition. In their recent

• , which exploits the properties of red-light excitation while addressing the energy constraints posed by low-energy photons. Whereas multiple works addressing the upconversion phenomenon involving heavy metals like palladium, platinum [23][24] or osmium [25], grafted ruthenium complexes over ytterbium and

Recent advances in electrochemical copper catalysis for modern organic synthesis

• Yemin Kim and
• Won Jun Jang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 155–178, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.9

• ], however, no comprehensive review focusing on Cu-catalyzed electrochemistry has been reported to date. Copper catalysts are potential candidates for pharmaceutical applications owing to their abundance, low cost, and lower toxicity compared with noble transition metals such as palladium [39]. In terms of

Nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of 2-fluorobenzofurans with arylboronic acids via aromatic C–F bond activation

• Takeshi Fujita,
• Haruna Yabuki,
• Ryutaro Morioka,
• Kohei Fuchibe and
• Junji Ichikawa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 146–154, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.8

• are generated by treating 1,1-difluoroethylenes with a zirconocene equivalent (ZrCp2, Scheme 1a) [8]. The resulting 1-fluorovinylzirconocenes B then undergo palladium-catalyzed coupling with aryl iodides to produce arylated fluoroethylenes. Additionally, (ii) we observed that electron-deficient 2

• distinct aryl groups onto a benzofuran ring through orthogonal coupling reactions, exploiting the reactivity difference between C–F and C–Br bonds (Scheme 4). Using a palladium catalyst, 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzofuran (1e) was coupled with [4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]boronic acid (2g). In this reaction, only

Emerging trends in the optimization of organic synthesis through high-throughput tools and machine learning

• Pablo Quijano Velasco,
• Kedar Hippalgaonkar and
• Balamurugan Ramalingam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 10–38, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.3

Synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties of novel 9‑phenyl-9-phosphafluorene oxide derivatives

• Shuxian Qiu,
• Duan Dong,
• Jiahui Li,
• Huiting Wen,
• Jinpeng Li,
• Yu Yang,
• Shengxian Zhai and
• Xingyuan Gao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3299–3305, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.274

• , TADF emitters containing the PhFlOP unit as an electron acceptor are still scarce. Meanwhile, the syntheses of the TADF emitters by the groups of Nishida and Wu both utilized palladium noble metal as a catalyst [31][32][33]. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop cost-effective synthetic

Efficient synthesis of fluorinated triphenylenes with enhanced arene–perfluoroarene interactions in columnar mesophases

• Yang Chen,
• Jiao He,
• Hang Lin,
• Hai-Feng Wang,
• Ping Hu,
• Bi-Qin Wang,
• Ke-Qing Zhao and
• Bertrand Donnio

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3263–3273, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.270

• been studied in various solutions and thin film: G66 emitted green light in solution with an absolute photoluminescent quantum yield of ca. 33%. Results and Discussion Synthesis and characterization We have recently generalized a very efficient “palladium-free” synthesis for the preparation of a

• reaction. This “palladium-free” reaction between 2Li-BPn and C6F5–C6F5 possesses several advantages: easily available starting chemicals, low cost, efficient, and versatile, displaying the potential to synthesize more complicated fluoroarene molecules and polymers. These fluorine-containing triphenylenes

Intramolecular C–H arylation of pyridine derivatives with a palladium catalyst for the synthesis of multiply fused heteroaromatic compounds

• Yuki Nakanishi,
• Shoichi Sugita,
• Kentaro Okano and
• Atsunori Mori

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3256–3262, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.269

• Abstract The C–H arylation of 2-quinolinecarboxyamide bearing a C–Br bond at the N-aryl moiety is carried out with a palladium catalyst. The reaction proceeds at the C–H bond on the pyridine ring adjacent to the amide group in the presence of 10 mol % Pd(OAc)2 at 110 °C to afford the cyclized product in 42

• % yield. The yield is improved to 94% when the reaction is performed with PPh3 as a ligand of palladium. The reaction is examined with amides derived from unsubstituted picoline, 6-methylpicoline, and 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid in a similar manner to afford the cyclized products in 70%, 77%, and 87

• % yield, respectively. The related reaction is also carried out with amides of non-pyridine derivatives terephthal- and benzamides to afford multiply fused heterocyclic compounds in 81% and 89% yields, respectively. Keywords: intramolecular C–H arylation; multiply fused heterocycles; palladium acetate

Non-covalent organocatalyzed enantioselective cyclization reactions of α,β-unsaturated imines

• Sergio Torres-Oya and
• Mercedes Zurro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3221–3255, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.268

• cyclic derivatives. Conjugated imines are usually synthesized from the corresponding carbonyl precursors by reaction with a sulfonamide in the presence of Lewis acids and a dehydrating agent such as molecular sieves [3]. Also, recently a palladium-catalyzed dehydrogenation of aliphatic imines was

• ). Firstly, hydrogenation with palladium on carbon led to the formation of 55 in a good yield. Secondly, an alkylation of the NH of the indole followed by intramolecular cyclization led to tetracyclic derivative 56 in an 80% yield. Next, a deprotection of the azo nitrogen atom led to derivative 57 in a 92

• palladium on carbon led to free alcohol derivative 72 in a 98% yield. Next, a urea 73 and various thioureas 74–77 were obtained in good yields and with retention of the enantioselectivity, demonstrating the usefulness of the novel methodology for the synthesis of new organocatalysts. In April 2023, Huang

Hypervalent iodine-mediated intramolecular alkene halocyclisation

• Charu Bansal,
• Oliver Ruggles,
• Albert C. Rowett and
• Alastair J. J. Lennox

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3113–3133, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.258

• products or stabilised by the tosyl group and subsequently attacked to form only the cis product in an SN2 reaction. Liu and co-workers reported a palladium-catalysed intramolecular aminofluorination of unactivated alkenes [27] (Scheme 2) in the presence of PhI(OPiv)2, AgF and MgSO4 as an oxidant, source

• ring A (Scheme 2). The Pd(II) intermediate is oxidised by PhI(OPiv)2/AgF, forming Pd(IV). Formation of the product can occur either by reductive elimination by Pd(IV) or SN2 nucleophilic attack by fluorine with concomitant palladium reduction. Reductive elimination of the Pd(II) intermediate forms the

• palladium catalyst. Aminofluorination of alkenes in the synthesis of enantiomerically pure β-fluorinated piperidines. PMB = para-methoxybenzene, athe ee value was determined after Cbz group was replaced with tosyl group, bthe value in brackets corresponds to the ee value after crystallization. PG

Advances in radical peroxidation with hydroperoxides

• Oleg V. Bityukov,
• Pavel Yu. Serdyuchenko,
• Andrey S. Kirillov,
• Gennady I. Nikishin,
• Vera A. Vil’ and
• Alexander O. Terent’ev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2959–3006, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.249

• aid of the ortho-directing group to give the palladium intermediate B, which undergoes reductive elimination to establish the C−C bond. A Cu-catalyzed difunctionalization of styrenes 211 with TBHP and N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) (212) as sources of O-functional groups was reported (Scheme 66) [135

Recent advances in transition-metal-free arylation reactions involving hypervalent iodine salts

• Ritu Mamgain,
• Kokila Sakthivel and
• Fateh V. Singh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2891–2920, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.243

• to good yields of the corresponding products. The vinyl boronates obtained from the aforementioned reaction were subsequently subjected to a Suzuki coupling with the remaining aryl iodides obtained from 16 in the presence of a palladium catalyst. This step facilitated the formation of functionalized

C–C Coupling in sterically demanding porphyrin environments

• Liam Cribbin,
• Brendan Twamley,
• Nicolae Buga,
• John E. O’ Brien,
• Raphael Bühler,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Mathias O. Senge

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2784–2798, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.234

• acids. We report on palladium-catalyzed coupling attempts on the ortho-, meta-, and para-meso-phenyl position of sterically demanding dodecasubstituted saddle-shaped porphyrins. While para- and meta-substitutions could be achieved, ortho-functionalization in these systems remains elusive. Furthermore

• further substitution directly on the meso- or a meso-phenyl ortho/meta/para positions of a porphyrin, is the introduction of C–C bond forming chemistry. This is typically achieved using palladium and/or another transition-metal catalyst [20]. Sonagashira [21], Suzuki–Miyaura [22], Heck [23], Stille [24

• ). Formation of palladium black was observed but product formation was also indicated by TLC and 1H NMR. For a final attempt at establishing reactivity with boronic acid 15 the temperature was increased to 110 °C and gave the desired anthracenylporphyrin 37 in a 32% yield. In the case of boronic acids with

Synthesis of benzo[f]quinazoline-1,3(2H,4H)-diones

• Ruben Manuel Figueira de Abreu,
• Peter Ehlers and
• Peter Langer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2708–2719, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.228

• Ruben Manuel Figueira de Abreu Peter Ehlers Peter Langer Universität Rostock, Institut für Chemie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany 10.3762/bjoc.20.228 Abstract We report the synthesis of polycyclic uracil derivatives. The method is based on palladium-catalysed Sonogashira–Hagihara

• was studied by UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. Keywords: cross-coupling; cyclization; heterocycles; palladium; Introduction Nucleobases contain the coded information and give DNA and RNA their typical structure. As a nucleobase, uracil is involved in numerous vital processes and is therefore a

• of palladium-catalysed Sonogashira–Hagihara and Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions (Scheme 1). The final cyclisation step is accomplished by an acid-mediated cycloisomerisation. The synthesis of starting materials 4 was carried out by our previously reported protocol [65]. While compounds 4a–f