Recent advances in transition-metal-free arylation reactions involving hypervalent iodine salts

• Ritu Mamgain,
• Kokila Sakthivel and
• Fateh V. Singh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2891–2920, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.243

• , diaryliodonium salts (DAIS), a versatile category of hypervalent iodine compounds, have seen significant progress in hypervalent iodine chemistry. Their efficiency and environmentally friendly characteristics have positioned DAIS as next-generation arylation reagents [29][30]. Other than aromatic electrophiles

Synthesis of tricarbonylated propargylamine and conversion to 2,5-disubstituted oxazole-4-carboxylates

• Kento Iwai,
• Akari Hikasa,
• Kotaro Yoshioka,
• Shinki Tani,
• Kazuto Umezu and
• Nagatoshi Nishiwaki

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2827–2833, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.238

• ] because of their easily modifiable dipeptide frameworks. Several methods exist for accessing PCPAs, such as the amination of 1-halo-1-alkynes [16][17], tandem reactions of α-imino esters with nucleophiles and electrophiles [18], and the nucleophilic addition of an acetylide to α-carbonylated N-acylimines

A review of recent advances in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical late-stage functionalization classified by anodic oxidation, cathodic reduction, and paired electrolysis

• Nian Li,
• Ruzal Sitdikov,
• Ajit Prabhakar Kale,
• Joost Steverlynck,
• Bo Li and
• Magnus Rueping

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2500–2566, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.214

Asymmetric organocatalytic synthesis of chiral homoallylic amines

• Nikolay S. Kondratyev and
• Andrei V. Malkov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2349–2377, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.201

• boroxine with dramatically increased reactivity towards C=N electrophiles. Because of the small steric size of the (BO2) group, the reaction is highly selective towards (E)-α-trifluoromethyl homoallylic amine 44, which otherwise is difficult to obtain in a regiospecific manner. It has to be noted though

• release catalyst 78 completing the catalytic cycle (Scheme 17). In a mechanistic probe, the proposed reaction intermediates were used as starting electrophiles under the standard reaction conditions (Scheme 18). In all three cases, identical outcomes were achieved, supporting the proposed catalytic cycle

• /πAr–Ar catalyst [39]. Reactivity of model electrophiles [39]. HBD/πAr–Ar catalyst rational design and optimisation [39]. Scope of the three-component HBD/πAr–Ar-catalysed reaction [39]. Limitations of the HBD/πAr–Ar-catalysed reaction [39]. Asymmetric chloride-directed dearomative allylation of in

Catalysing (organo-)catalysis: Trends in the application of machine learning to enantioselective organocatalysis

• Stefan P. Schmid,
• Leon Schlosser,
• Frank Glorius and
• Kjell Jorner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2280–2304, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.196

• CPA chemical space. Notably, this data-driven technique is not restricted to the reaction chosen by the authors. The UTS, combined with 19 ‘test set’ catalysts, 5 nucleophiles and 5 electrophiles, constitutes a dataset of 1,075 reactions with associated enantioselectivity values (Figure 8). The size

• [107] (Figure 11B). Werth and Sigman [127] investigated multiple nucleophilic additions to nitroalkenes, catalysed by bifunctional hydrogen bond donors, observing good correlations to new bi-functional donors, new nucleophiles, new electrophiles and even similar cascade-type reactions. In the authors

Efficacy of radical reactions of isocyanides with heteroatom radicals in organic synthesis

• Akiya Ogawa and
• Yuki Yamamoto

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2114–2128, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.182

• is a promising synthetic reagent not only as a one-carbon homologation reagent but also as a nitrogen source for nitrogen-containing molecules. Because of their isoelectronic structure with carbon monoxide, isocyanides also react with nucleophiles, electrophiles, carbon radicals, and transition metal

Multicomponent syntheses of pyrazoles via (3 + 2)-cyclocondensation and (3 + 2)-cycloaddition key steps

• Ignaz Betcke,
• Alissa C. Götzinger,
• Maryna M. Kornet and
• Thomas J. J. Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2024–2077, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.178

• . An advantage of this method for preparing 1,3,5-substituted pyrazoles is its tolerance towards a wide range of substituents. Trimethyl phosphite can be added to acetylene dicarboxylates 95 to generate a zwitterion that readily reacts with electrophiles. This zwitterion undergoes a rearrangement

• with electrophiles, such as deuteration or electrophilic chlorination using N-chlorosuccinimide, in this consecutive three-component synthesis to give persubstituted pyrazoles 165 (Scheme 55) [162]. (3 + 2)-Cycloaddition – C2 building blocks as substrates 1,3-Dipolar cycloadditions are important

Harnessing the versatility of hydrazones through electrosynthetic oxidative transformations

• Aurélie Claraz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1988–2004, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.175

• asymmetric preparation of chiral amines through the addition of nucleophilic partners [21][22] while the azaenamine character of some aldehyde-derived hydrazones has been demonstrated in the coupling with suitable electrophiles such as Michael acceptors [23][24]. Last but not least, the C=N bond of

Radical reactivity of antiaromatic Ni(II) norcorroles with azo radical initiators

• Siham Asyiqin Shafie,
• Ryo Nozawa,
• Hideaki Takano and
• Hiroshi Shinokubo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1967–1972, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.172

• LUMO (Figure 1) [11]. Reactions with nucleophiles (Nu) proceed with perfect regioselectivity at the distal β-position relative to the meso-position [12][13][14][15]. On the other hand, reactions with electrophiles (El) also occur preferentially at the β-positions, but the regioselectivity depends on

Towards an asymmetric β-selective addition of azlactones to allenoates

• Behzad Nasiri,
• Ghaffar Pasdar,
• Paul Zebrowski,
• Katharina Röser,
• David Naderer and
• Mario Waser

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1504–1509, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.134

• -functionalizations by reacting them with suited C- or heteroatom electrophiles. α-Amino acid-derived azlactones 1 are amongst the most commonly utilized starting materials to access more diverse chiral α,α-disubstituted amino acids (Scheme 1A) [20][21][22]. More specifically, these compounds can be engaged in a

Rapid construction of tricyclic tetrahydrocyclopenta[4,5]pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine via isocyanide-based multicomponent reaction

• Xiu-Yu Chen,
• Ying Han,
• Jing Sun and
• Chao-Guo Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1436–1443, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.126

• generated by addition reaction of isocyanides to electron-deficient alkynes, which were sequentially trapped by various electrophiles and nucleophiles to give versatile acyclic and heterocyclic compounds [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. In recent years, many multicomponent reactions based

Computation-guided scaffold exploration of 2E,6E-1,10-trans/cis-eunicellanes

• Zining Li,
• Sana Jindani,
• Volga Kojasoy,
• Teresa Ortega,
• Erin M. Marshall,
• Khalil A. Abboud,
• Sandra Loesgen,
• Dean J. Tantillo and
• Jeffrey D. Rudolf

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1320–1326, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.115

• from liverwort [25], possess a similar 6/6/6-skeleton and likely originate from a cis-eunicellane skeleton. We first independently tested 2 with halogen electrophiles NCS and NBS (1.2 equivalents). NCS and NBS provided the C6-monohalogenated 6/6/6-tricyclic products 14 and 15 in 78% and 74% yields

Domino reactions of chromones with activated carbonyl compounds

• Peter Langer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1256–1269, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.108

• ][11][12]. For example, 2 can be transformed to its dianion 7 by action of two equivalents of LDA or by sequential addition of sodium hydride and n-butyllithium (Scheme 1). In contrast to 2, dianion 7 reacts with electrophiles at its terminal carbon atom. 1,3-Bis(silyloxy)-1,3-butadienes, containing

Direct synthesis of acyl fluorides from carboxylic acids using benzothiazolium reagents

• Lilian M. Maas,
• Alex Haswell,
• Rory Hughes and
• Matthew N. Hopkinson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 921–930, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.82

• to acyl fluorides are inspiring greater interest in these compounds. Various synthetic approaches have been investigated with two main strategies being pursued: fluorine-transfer to acyl radicals and nucleophilic fluorination of acyl electrophiles [15]. The latter approach is the most intensively

Skeletal rearrangement of 6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-4-ols promoted by thionyl chloride or Appel conditions

• Martyn Jevric,
• Julian Klepp,
• Johannes Puschnig,
• Oscar Lamb,
• Christopher J. Sumby and
• Ben W. Greatrex

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 823–829, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.74

• small amounts of the C2 epimers. Oxidation of the hemiacetal 12a gave a moderate and unoptimised yield of 40% for lactone 24. The probable mechanism for the transformation with SOCl2 and under Appel conditions is shown in Figure 2. The reaction of alcohol 10 with the electrophiles gives the

Mechanisms for radical reactions initiating from N-hydroxyphthalimide esters

• Carlos R. Azpilcueta-Nicolas and
• Jean-Philip Lumb

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 346–378, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.35

• catalytic cycle. Finally, the corresponding NiII complex 129 is reduced back to the corresponding Ni0 species by the stoichiometric reductant, initiating a new catalytic cycle. Weix and co-workers have developed a series of Ni-catalyzed couplings of NHPI esters with different electrophiles, including aryl

Nucleophilic functionalization of thianthrenium salts under basic conditions

• Xinting Fan,
• Duo Zhang,
• Xiangchuan Xiu,
• Bin Xu,
• Yu Yuan,
• Feng Chen and
• Pan Gao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 257–263, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.26

• . Therefore, developing a green method to functionalize alkylthianthrenium salts is still highly desirable. Considering the highly polarized C(sp3)–S bond in alkylthianthrenium salts, alkylthianthrenium salts have the potential to serve as alkyl electrophiles to react with nucleophiles directly in the absence

• % yield (Scheme 4). This operationally simple protocol enables the rapid development of novel thioetherification reactions using bench-stable alkylthianthrenium salts as the electrophiles. As is well known, alkyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (alkyl-OTf), serving as a potent electrophilic reagent, can also

Catalytic multi-step domino and one-pot reactions

• Svetlana B. Tsogoeva

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 254–256, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.25

• stereocenters [7]. In the Review paper by Kisszékelyi and Šebesta, the diverse variety of chiral metal enolates obtained by asymmetric conjugate additions of organometallic reagents and the possibilities to engage metal enolates in tandem reactions with new electrophiles are presented [8]. A Perspective from X

Perspectives on push–pull chromophores derived from click-type [2 + 2] cycloaddition–retroelectrocyclization reactions of electron-rich alkynes and electron-deficient alkenes

• Michio Yamada

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 125–154, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.13

• -order kinetics, indicating a bimolecular process. Furthermore, their findings elucidated a compelling linear free-energy relationship between the rate constants and electronic characteristics of the para-substituents of the DCV electrophiles, implying a dipolar, zwitterionic mechanism. The researchers

• generalizing the elucidated reaction mechanism to other [2 + 2] CA–RE reactions involving TCNE and TCNQ as electrophiles might be difficult. They emphasized the significance of considering a pre-equilibrium state of the charge-transfer complexes between the alkynes and alkenes and mentioned that the

• positioning of the [2 + 2] CA or RE step as the rate-determining step may depend upon the structural attributes of the electrophiles and nucleophiles. In 2023, Nielsen et al. conducted an exhaustive kinetic analysis of the [2 + 2] CA–RE reaction involving 4-trimethylsilylethynylaniline and TCNE by leveraging

Multi-redox indenofluorene chromophores incorporating dithiafulvene donor and ene/enediyne acceptor units

• Christina Schøttler,
• Kasper Lund-Rasmussen,
• Line Broløs,
• Philip Vinterberg,
• Ema Bazikova,
• Viktor B. R. Pedersen and
• Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 59–73, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.8

• could potentially after deprotonation be reacted with electrophiles as previously established [29] for the parent structure [30] without tert-butyl substituents. UV–vis absorption spectroscopy UV–vis absorption spectra of the known compound 4 [14] and new compounds 9–12 and 15 are depicted in Figure 3

Controlling the reactivity of La@C₈₂ by reduction: reaction of the La@C₈₂ anion with alkyl halide with high regioselectivity

• Yutaka Maeda,
• Saeka Akita,
• Mitsuaki Suzuki,
• Michio Yamada,
• Takeshi Akasaka,
• Kaoru Kobayashi and
• Shigeru Nagase

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1858–1866, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.138

• produced chemically or electrochemically. C602− is a strong electron donor and potential nucleophile that reacts with electrophiles [6][7][8][9][10][11]. The mechanism for the reaction of C602− with alkyl halides has been studied in detail by Fukuzumi et al., who found that the reaction occurs via electron

N-Sulfenylsuccinimide/phthalimide: an alternative sulfenylating reagent in organic transformations

• Fatemeh Doraghi,
• Seyedeh Pegah Aledavoud,
• Mehdi Ghanbarlou,
• Bagher Larijani and
• Mohammad Mahdavi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1471–1502, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.106

• construction of 4-chalcogenylated pyrazoles 57 and 59 was carried out starting from α,β-alkynic hydrazones 55 (Scheme 24) [60]. In the procedure, α,β-alkynic hydrazones were subjected to S- or Se-electrophiles 56 and cyclization reaction. Additionally, NCS and ArSH produced the S-electrophile for the

α-(Aminomethyl)acrylates as acceptors in radical–polar crossover 1,4-additions of dialkylzincs: insights into enolate formation and trapping

• Angel Palillero-Cisneros,
• Paola G. Gordillo-Guerra,
• Fernando García-Alvarez,
• Olivier Jackowski,
• Franck Ferreira,
• Fabrice Chemla,
• Joel L. Terán and
• Alejandro Perez-Luna

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1443–1451, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.103

• atom to zinc enables this SH2 process which represents a rare example of alkylzinc-group transfer to a tertiary α-carbonyl radical. The zinc enolate thus formed readily undergoes β-fragmentation unless it is trapped by electrophiles in situ. Enolates of substrates having free N–H bonds undergo

• enolate with electrophiles in protocols wherein all the reactive partners can be introduced from the start, given that dialkylzinc reagents offer a large functional group tolerance; and 3) the radical character of the process allows for the use of alkyl iodides as alkyl source in multicomponent reactions

• interesting to note that the levels of induction for the 1,4-addition–aldol condensations are somewhat higher than those obtained for the 1,4-additions. Aldehydes also proved competent terminal electrophiles for the tandem sequence. Illustratively, adducts 23 and 24 were obtained from α-(aminomethyl)acrylates

Consecutive four-component synthesis of trisubstituted 3-iodoindoles by an alkynylation–cyclization–iodination–alkylation sequence

• Nadia Ledermann,
• Alae-Eddine Moubsit and
• Thomas J. J. Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1379–1385, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.99

• summary the indole anion intermediate resulting from a one-pot alkynylation–cyclization sequence, which has been previously shown to be efficiently trapped by carbon electrophiles to give N-substituted indoles in a consecutive three-component synthesis, can be selectively iodinated in the 3-position with

Visible-light-induced nickel-catalyzed α-hydroxytrifluoroethylation of alkyl carboxylic acids: Access to trifluoromethyl alkyl acyloins

• Feng Chen,
• Xiu-Hua Xu,
• Zeng-Hao Chen,
• Yue Chen and
• Feng-Ling Qing

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1372–1378, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.98

• nickel-catalyzed coupling of aryl bromides with an α-hydroxytrifluoroethyl radical for the synthesis of trifluoromethyl aryl alcohols [39]. Encouraged by this work, we envisioned that the nickel-catalyzed coupling of carboxylic acids-derived acyl electrophiles with an α-hydroxytrifluoroethyl radical