Primary amine-catalyzed enantioselective 1,4-Michael addition reaction of pyrazolin-5-ones to α,β-unsaturated ketones

• Pooja Goyal,
• Akhil K. Dubey,
• Raghunath Chowdhury and
• Amey Wadawale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1518–1526, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.136

• 10.3762/bjoc.20.136 Abstract The enantioselective 1,4-addition reaction of pyrazolin-5-ones to α,β-unsaturated ketones catalyzed by a cinchona alkaloid-derived primary amine–Brønsted acid composite is reported. Both enantiomers of the anticipated pyrazole derivatives were obtained in good to excellent

• disclosed organocatalyzed [5 + 1] double Michael additions between pyrazolones and dienones (Scheme 1b) [23]. Very recently, the Chimni group reported a cinchona-derived squaramide-catalyzed 1,4-Michael addition reaction of pyrazolin-5-ones with 2-enoylpyridines (Scheme 1c) [24]. Recently, we developed an

Tetrabutylammonium iodide-catalyzed oxidative α-azidation of β-ketocarbonyl compounds using sodium azide

• Christopher Mairhofer,
• David Naderer and
• Mario Waser

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1510–1517, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.135

• peroxide catalyzed by tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI). By utilizing these readily available bulk chemicals a variety of cyclic β-ketocarbonyl derivatives can be efficiently α-azidated under operationally simple conditions. Control experiments support a mechanistic scenario involving in situ formation of

• an ammonium hypoiodite species which first facilitates the α-iodination of the pronucleophile, followed by a phase-transfer-catalyzed nucleophilic substitution by the azide. Furthermore, we also show that an analogous α-nitration by using NaNO2 under otherwise identical conditions is possible as well

• conditions are best-suited. We have recently established the use of dibenzoyl peroxide (DBPO) as a very powerful oxidant for oxidative heterofunctionalization reactions using simple nucleophilic inorganic salts as heteroatom transfer reagents [39][41]. This was successfully demonstrated for the non-catalyzed

Towards an asymmetric β-selective addition of azlactones to allenoates

• Behzad Nasiri,
• Ghaffar Pasdar,
• Paul Zebrowski,
• Katharina Röser,
• David Naderer and
• Mario Waser

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1504–1509, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.134

• thus wondering if we could extend this ammonium salt-catalyzed β-selective allenoate functionalization strategy to other amino acid classes. Azlactones 1 have previously been used for γ-selective additions to allenoates under chiral phosphine catalysis [28]. In addition, glycine Schiff base derivatives

• transformation under asymmetric ammonium salt catalysis [35][36][37][38] and the results of these investigations are outlined in this contribution (Scheme 1C). Results and Discussion We started our investigations by testing the quaternary ammonium salt-catalyzed addition of azlactone 1a to allenoate 3a (Table 1

• ammonium salt-catalyzed β-selective addition of compounds 2 to allenoates 3 (B), and the herein investigated β-selective addition of azlactones 1 to allenoates 3 (C). Application scope (conditions as detailed in Table 1, entry 13). Azlactone opening reactions. Optimization of the addition of azlactone 1a

Electrophotochemical metal-catalyzed synthesis of alkylnitriles from simple aliphatic carboxylic acids

• Yukang Wang,
• Yan Yao and
• Niankai Fu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1497–1503, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.133

• .20.133 Abstract We report a practical and sustainable electrophotochemical metal-catalyzed protocol for decarboxylative cyanation of simple aliphatic carboxylic acids. This environmentally friendly method features easy availability of substrates, broad functional group compatibility, and directly

• decarboxylative cyanation of arylacetic acids [35][36][37]. Considering the widespread availability of aliphatic carboxylic acids and the significant synthetic and medicinal importance of alkylnitriles, we envisioned that the electrophotochemical Ce-catalyzed radical decarboxylation of alkyl carboxylic acids in

• combination with electrochemical copper catalysis might allow rapid access to alkylnitriles in a generic fashion (Figure 1C). Herein, we disclose the successful implementation of this strategy and present a mild, practical, and broadly applicable electrophotochemical metal-catalyzed protocol for the direct

Photoswitchable glycoligands targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa LecA

• Yu Fan,
• Ahmed El Rhaz,
• Stéphane Maisonneuve,
• Emilie Gillon,
• Maha Fatthalla,
• Franck Le Bideau,
• Guillaume Laurent,
• Samir Messaoudi,
• Anne Imberty and
• Juan Xie

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1486–1496, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.132

• the o,o’-bis-substituted derivative failed. For the β-S-galactosyl azobenzene derivatives which are accessible by our previously reported Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling methodology between glycosyl thiols and iodoaryl partners [30][38], the required p-, m- or o-iodo-p’-hydroxyazobenzenes 12, 17, and 21

• were prepared by the diazonium coupling method according to a reported procedure [39][40]. Then the coupling with tetra-O-acetylated β-galactosylthiol 13 catalyzed by Xantphos Pd-G3 [38] as precatalyst followed by post-functionalization furnished the desired β-S-galactosyl azobenzenes 3, 4, and 5 in

Bioinformatic prediction of the stereoselectivity of modular polyketide synthase: an update of the sequence motifs in ketoreductase domain

• Changjun Xiang,
• Shunyu Yao,
• Ruoyu Wang and
• Lihan Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1476–1485, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.131

• either A2- or B2-KRs, but are likely to contain mutations in NADPH binding site [31]. Sequence logo analysis of KRC from γ- and δ-modules In the actinobacterial γ- and δ-modules, the stereochemical outcome of a KR is obscured by further dehydration catalyzed by DH. The dehydration mechanism by DH has

Synthesis of 2-benzyl N-substituted anilines via imine condensation–isoaromatization of (E)-2-arylidene-3-cyclohexenones and primary amines

• Lu Li,
• Na Li,
• Xiao-Tian Mo,
• Ming-Wei Yuan,
• Lin Jiang and
• Ming-Long Yuan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1468–1475, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.130

• are not always readily accessible. Typically, the preparation methods involve SNAr reactions with N-centered nucleophiles [5], nitroarene reduction [6] and transition metal (e.g., Pd, Cu)-catalyzed C–N cross coupling of aryl halides, aryl sulfonates or arylboronic acid reagents with ammonia or NH

• –dehydrogenative aromatization strategy with amines as nucleophiles [11][12]. For instance, the groups of Deng and Li reported the Pd catalyzed oxidative coupling of 2-cyclohexenones with amines [13]. Later, the same group demonstrated the direct amination of phenols by reductive coupling of in situ generated 2

• -cyclohexenones with nucleophilic nitrogen sources like ammonia, amines and hydrazine [14]. The reactions were regarded as via simple nucleophilic addition along with Pd-catalyzed dehydrogenative aromatization in these elegant works (Scheme 1, (1)). The Semmler–Wolff reaction is often implemented in the synthesis

Challenge N- versus O-six-membered annulation: FeCl₃-catalyzed synthesis of heterocyclic N,O-aminals

• Giacomo Mari,
• Lucia De Crescentini,
• Gianfranco Favi,
• Fabio Mantellini,
• Diego Olivieri and
• Stefania Santeusanio

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1412–1420, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.123

• intermediates through selective FeCl3-catalyzed intramolecular N-annulation. Keywords: α-aminoacetals; fused-ring systems; heterocyclic hemiaminals; heterocyclic N,O-aminals; multicomponent reactions; Introduction N-Fused heterocycles are ubiquitous within crucial molecules, including biologically active

• to afford, by a chemospecific Lewis acid-catalyzed ring-closure protocol, valuable heterocyclic N,O-aminals (Scheme 1). Results and Discussion Since the direct functionalization of N-heterocycles offers an attractive entry to important molecular targets that might otherwise require lengthy synthetic

• transformations in a single reactor, reducing the number of steps and the amount of waste with consequent benefits of cost and environmental impact [42][43]. Representative examples of relevant N-fused heterocycles. Different acid-catalyzed six-membered ring cyclizations. Substrate scope for the assembly of

Hypervalent iodine-catalyzed amide and alkene coupling enabled by lithium salt activation

• Akanksha Chhikara,
• Fan Wu,
• Navdeep Kaur,
• Prabagar Baskaran,
• Alex M. Nguyen,
• Zhichang Yin,
• Anthony H. Pham and
• Wei Li

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1405–1411, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.122

• catalysis, which often involves the catalytic use of an iodoarene with stoichiometric oxidants such as MCPBA, Selectfluor, etc. [18][19][20]. Earlier and recent hypervalent iodine-catalyzed olefin halofunctionalizations by several groups have predicated on the use of intramolecular olefin substrates

• tethered with a nucleophile to avoid the lack of regiochemical additions (Scheme 1a) [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. Intermolecular hypervalent iodine-catalyzed olefin difunctionalizations have been realized for olefin dihalogenation, dioxygenation and diamination reactions, where often the same type of

• hypervalent iodine catalyst. The cationic hypervalent iodine catalyst could then activate the olefin to allow the addition of bifunctional nucleophiles such as an amide to achieve an overall olefin oxyamination process. We have previously reported a series of iodide-catalyzed processes, in which the

Synthesis of substituted triazole–pyrazole hybrids using triazenylpyrazole precursors

• Simone Gräßle,
• Laura Holzhauer,
• Nicolai Wippert,
• Olaf Fuhr,
• Martin Nieger,
• Nicole Jung and
• Stefan Bräse

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1396–1404, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.121

• the triazole unit via a copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition. The developed methodology was used to synthesize a library of over fifty new multi-substituted pyrazole–triazole hybrids. We also demonstrate a one-pot strategy that renders the isolation of potentially hazardous azides obsolete. In

• cholerae [13], show antimicrobial properties [14], and can act as P2X7 antagonists, a receptor involved in neuroinflammation and depression [15]. Pyrazolyltriazoles are most easily obtained via the copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) from pyrazolyl azides (7 and 8). These are usually

• aromatic and aliphatic alkynes 20a–h in a copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). All attempted reactions could be conducted under standard conditions using copper sulfate and sodium ascorbate in THF/water (depicted in Scheme 3 and Figure 2). For selected derivatives, 21sd and 21vg, crystals

Synthetic applications of the Cannizzaro reaction

• Bhaskar Chatterjee,
• Dhananjoy Mondal and
• Smritilekha Bera

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1376–1395, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.120

• different phase-transfer reagents and catalysts such as benzyltriethylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium bromide and many others have had profound impacts on the Cannizzaro reaction. Entezari and Shameli [27] studied the effect of an ultrasonic wave on the Cannizzaro reaction catalyzed by a phase

• where other methods of oxidation or reduction might be challenging or impractical. The present discussion focuses on some recent synthetic advances and their application in biologically active compounds. Lewis acid-catalyzed intramolecular Cannizzaro reaction Wang et al. [73] depicted a highly

• oxidation of the aryl methyl ketones 5 to the corresponding aryl glyoxal with concomitant rearrangement of the aryl glyoxal to the target α-hydroxycarboxylic acid derivatives 6, catalyzed by Yb(OTf)3. The simple process reflects the generality of the methodology with yields ranging from 78–99% as

Generation of alkyl and acyl radicals by visible-light photoredox catalysis: direct activation of C–O bonds in organic transformations

• Mithu Roy,
• Bitan Sardar,
• Itu Mallick and
• Dipankar Srimani

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1348–1375, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.119

• [28] introduced the photoredox-catalyzed hydroacylation of styrene derivatives via deoxygenation of challenging aliphatic carboxylic acids (Scheme 1). The deoxygenation was promoted by phosphine reagents to form acyl radicals. The acyl radicals reacted with the C=C bond and formed the expected product

• prefunctionalized alcohols that are used under visible-light photoredox conditions to generate alkyl radicals by homolysis of C–O bonds. Thiocarbonyl: In 2014, Ollivier and co-workers [43] demonstrated visible-light-mediated iridium-catalyzed reduction of thiocarbonyl derivatives derived from alcohols. The

• co-workers [46] utilized oxalates as activating groups for alcohols. Alkyl oxalates were effectively converted into useful radicals, catalyzed by an iridium complex under visible-light photoredox conditions (Scheme 9). This new approach does not require any sacrificial use of reductants or oxidants

Rhodium-catalyzed homo-coupling reaction of aryl Grignard reagents and its application for the synthesis of an integrin inhibitor

• Kazuyuki Sato,
• Satoki Teranishi,
• Atsushi Sakaue,
• Yukiko Karuo,
• Atsushi Tarui,
• Kentaro Kawai,
• Hiroyuki Takeda,
• Tatsuo Kinashi and
• Masaaki Omote

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1341–1347, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.118

• 10.3762/bjoc.20.118 Abstract A novel Rh-catalyzed one-pot homo-coupling reaction of aryl Grignard reagents was achieved. The reaction with bromobenzenes having an electron-donating group or a halogen substituent gave the corresponding homo-coupling products in good yields, although the reaction using

• benign synthetic applications [14][15][16][17][18]. We have successfully achieved various reactions using a Rh complex easily derived from dialkylzinc (R2Zn) and RhCl(PPh3)3 [19][20]. Additionally, in the related study, we also reported a new Rh-catalyzed C(sp3)–C(sp3) homo-coupling reaction of benzyl

• halides, which involved a rhodium-bis(benzyl) complex (Scheme 2) [21]. Following these outcomes, as part of a research program aimed at a wide range of Rh-catalyzed C–C bond-formation reactions, in this paper, we report a Rh-catalyzed Ullmann-type homo-coupling reaction of aryl Grignard reagents. Results

Transition-metal-catalyst-free electroreductive alkene hydroarylation with aryl halides under visible-light irradiation

• Kosuke Yamamoto,
• Kazuhisa Arita,
• Masami Kuriyama and
• Osamu Onomura

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1327–1333, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.116

• versatile building blocks in organic syntheses. To achieve this transformation with high efficiency and predictable regioselectivity, numerous efforts have been made to develop transition-metal-catalyzed reactions based on a C–H activation strategy [1][2][3][4] or the reductive coupling of aryl halides with

Phenotellurazine redox catalysts: elements of design for radical cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions

• Alina Paffen,
• Christopher Cremer and
• Frederic W. Patureau

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1292–1297, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.112

• the Te(II)-catalyzed benchmark dehydrogenative phenothiazination of phenols, a reaction that we discovered in 2015 [35][36][37], under analogous conditions as previously described [30][31][32]. The results are summarized in Scheme 2. The multistep synthesis and characterization of all Te-based

• , from the standard 10 mol % to only 1 mol %, all other reaction parameters remaining identical. In these considerably more demanding conditions, PTeZ2 still performed admirably well (3aa, 45% at 3 h), significantly better than the non-catalyzed reaction (3aa, 22% after 3 h). Going from 2-methoxy towards

• -substrate interaction. Phenotellurazine-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative couplings. Screening of new Te(II)-catalyst candidates. ODCB: ortho-dichlorobenzene. Phenotellurazine-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative indole dimerization. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 84: Experimental section and

Oxidative hydrolysis of aliphatic bromoalkenes: scope study and reactivity insights

• Amol P. Jadhav and
• Claude Y. Legault

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1286–1291, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.111

• utilizing a hypervalent iodine-catalyzed oxidative hydrolysis reaction. This catalytic process provides both symmetrical and unsymmetrical dialkyl bromoketones with moderate yields across a broad range of bromoalkene substrates. Our studies also reveal the formation of Ritter-type side products by an

• the regioisomeric mixture of Ritter-type amidation side products 3. Conclusion In summary we have developed a hypervalent iodine-catalyzed synthetic method for the oxidative hydrolysis of diverse dialkyl bromoalkenes. The current approach can tolerate both symmetrical as well as unsymmetrical dialkyl

Domino reactions of chromones with activated carbonyl compounds

• Peter Langer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1256–1269, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.108

• benzophenones 22a,b in moderate yields (Scheme 8) [38]. Again, no trend was observed depending on the structure of the chromones. 1,3-Bis(silyloxy)-1,3-butadienes The reaction of 11a–c with 1,3-bis(silyloxy)-1,3-butadienes 6a–h, catalyzed by Me3SiOTf, afforded products 23a–j with excellent diastereoselectivity

• and subsequent acid-catalyzed ring-cleavage and Knoevenagel reaction, similar to the formation of products 21 and 22. The products were formed in 54–84% yields. Again, no systematic trend was observed for the yields. Good yields were observed for dienes containing various substituents located at

Mechanistic investigations of polyaza[7]helicene in photoredox and energy transfer catalysis

• Johannes Rocker,
• Till J. B. Zähringer,
• Matthias Schmitz,
• Till Opatz and
• Christoph Kerzig

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1236–1245, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.106

• its photochemical reactivity. The main reaction class catalyzed by excited-state polyazahelicene Aza-H so far is the redox-neutral addition of sulfinates and cyanopyridines, under elimination of cyanide, to styrenes in a three-component reaction. The proposed mechanism was derived from the redox

Competing electrophilic substitution and oxidative polymerization of arylamines with selenium dioxide

• Vishnu Selladurai and
• Selvakumar Karuthapandi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1221–1235, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.105

• interest [12][13]. The various approaches used for selenation of aromatic compounds include directed lithiation [14][15], copper-catalyzed selenation [16][17][18], and aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions [19][20][21][22]. Electrophilic selenium reagents (e.g., phenylselenenyl bromide) have often

• selenium center appeared to play a crucial role in the formation of the C–Se bond. AlCl3-catalyzed formation of benzoselenazole using SeO2 as electrophilic source has also been reported [35]. Quell et al. reported the syntheses of diaryl selenides and biphenol derivatives using SeO2 and phenols with one

• . have very recently reported the synthesis of the black solid 4,4'-selenodianiline without the use of catalysts, preactivation, or any blocking groups (Scheme 1) [37]. In contrast, Kim et al., utilizing a CuI-catalyzed reaction [38], have reported that 4,4'-selenodianiline is a pale brown solid, which

The Ugi4CR as effective tool to access promising anticancer isatin-based α-acetamide carboxamide oxindole hybrids

• Carolina S. Marques,
• Aday González-Bakker and
• José M. Padrón

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1213–1220, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.104

• and Figure 2). Like the oxindole scaffold, 1,2,3-triazole is also considered a privileged unit in drug discovery since compounds having this structure have a broad spectrum of biological activities, and have been widely used to create anticancer drug candidates [24][25]. The copper-catalyzed azide

Cofactor-independent C–C bond cleavage reactions catalyzed by the AlpJ family of oxygenases in atypical angucycline biosynthesis

• Jinmin Gao,
• Liyuan Li,
• Shijie Shen,
• Guomin Ai,
• Bin Wang,
• Fang Guo,
• Tongjian Yang,
• Hui Han,
• Zhengren Xu,
• Guohui Pan and
• Keqiang Fan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1198–1206, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.102

• cleavage and rearrangement reactions, which are catalyzed by AlpJ-family oxygenases, including AlpJ, JadG, and GilOII. Prior investigations established the essential requirement for FADH2/FMNH2 as cofactors when utilizing the quinone intermediate dehydrorabelomycin as a substrate. In this study, we unveil

• -dependent reactions of AlpJ-family oxygenases. Furthermore, the AlpJ- and JadG-catalyzed reactions of CR1 could be quenched by superoxide dismutase, supporting a catalytic mechanism wherein the substrate CR1 reductively activates molecular oxygen, generating a substrate radical and the superoxide anion O2

• cleavage and rearrangement in atypical angucycline biosynthesis are catalyzed by the AlpJ-family oxygenases, encompassing AlpJ, JadG, and GilOII. Biochemical analyses reveal the capability to transform the shared angucycline intermediate, dehydrorabelomycin (DHR, 1), into products with unique chemical

Bismuth(III) triflate: an economical and environmentally friendly catalyst for the Nazarov reaction

• Manoel T. Rodrigues Jr.,
• Aline S. B. de Oliveira,
• Ralph C. Gomes,
• Amanda Soares Hirata,
• Lucas A. Zeoly,
• Hugo Santos,
• João Arantes,
• Catarina Sofia Mateus Reis-Silva,
• João Agostinho Machado-Neto,
• Leticia Veras Costa-Lotufo and
• Fernando Coelho

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1167–1178, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.99

• ], Reformatsky reaction [65], azalactone synthesis [66], nitro reduction [67][68], epoxide rearrangement, thiourea guanylation, and others [69][70]. In this article, we describe a simple and direct protocol for the preparation of indanones through a classical Nazarov reaction catalyzed by bismuth(III) triflate

• decarboxylated product 14. In 2010, Zhang et al. [76] developed a methodology catalyzed by In(OTf)3 for the synthesis of bicycles, and they also verified that decarboxylation occurred when the reaction remained at 80 °C for 6 h (Scheme 1). The same behavior was observed by France during the synthesis of the

• for the synthesis of 3-aryl-1-indanones. In this context, due to the formation of the previously shown derivatives 11dc,dl, we decided to explore the Nazarov reaction–decarboxylation sequence catalyzed by Bi(OTf)3 to prepare variously substituted 3-aryl-1-indanones from substrate 9. We initially

Manganese-catalyzed C–C and C–N bond formation with alcohols via borrowing hydrogen or hydrogen auto-transfer

• Mohd Farhan Ansari,
• Atul Kumar Maurya,
• Abhishek Kumar and
• Saravanakumar Elangovan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1111–1166, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.98

• reactions allow the sustainable construction of C–C and C–N bonds using alcohols as hydrogen donors. In recent years, manganese complexes have been explored as efficient catalysts in these reactions. This review highlights the significant progress made in manganese-catalyzed C–C and C–N bond-formation

• importance in organic synthesis and is widely used in the pharmaceutical and other chemical industries. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are one of the compelling methods for building C–C and C–N bonds [1][2]. However, using organohalide reagents and harsh reaction conditions in this process

• to the scientific community [10][11][12]. In this process, first, the metal-catalyzed dehydrogenation of the alcohol provides a reactive substrate for coupling with nucleophiles and the active metal hydride species. Later, the borrowed hydrogen is used in the final step to reduce unsaturated

Carbonylative synthesis and functionalization of indoles

• Alex De Salvo,
• Raffaella Mancuso and
• Xiao-Feng Wu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 973–1000, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.87

• what we are discussing in this mini-review. Review Carbonylative synthesis of indoles Synthesis of indoles by Pd(0)-catalyzed carbonylation reaction of halide compounds Processes using organic halides as their starting materials involving the oxidative addition of Pd(0) to C–X bonds to give Ar–PdII–X

• complexes are important for the synthesis of heterocyclic and non-heterocyclic compounds. In 2009, Arthuis and co-workers developed a new process for the synthesis of 2-aroylindoles and 2-heteroaroylindoles by a one-pot palladium-catalyzed domino reaction that involves an initial C,N-coupling followed by

• derivatives were isolated with good yields (Scheme 1). Instead, in the Senadi et al. approach, 1-(3-amino)-1H-indol-2-yl)-1-ketones were obtained through a Pd(0)-catalyzed cascade process consisting of isonitrile insertion as carbon monoxide surrogate and a C–H cross-coupling [13]. The reaction took place in

Enhancing structural diversity of terpenoids by multisubstrate terpene synthases

• Min Li and
• Hui Tao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 959–972, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.86

• analogs have been synthesized to act as actual substrates of TSs to generate novel terpene skeletons, introduce reaction handles, and produce value-added compounds. A previous review has covered the advances of TS-catalyzed transformations of synthetic substrate analogs up to 2019 [13][42]. Here, we

• FPP is catalyzed by the C-methyltransferase SpSodMT. In 2018, the biosynthesis of an unusual homosesquiterpene, sodorifen (102, Figure 1), from Serratia plymuthica 4RX13 was elucidated [57]. The in vitro and in vivo results revealed that a SAM-dependent-C-methyltransferase catalyzed methylation and