Biobased carbon dots as photoreductants – an investigation by using triarylsulfonium salts

• Valentina Benazzi,
• Arianna Bini,
• Ilaria Bertuol,
• Mariangela Novello,
• Federica Baldi,
• Matteo Hoch,
• Alvise Perosa and
• Stefano Protti

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1024–1030, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.84

• recourse to treatments such as pyrolysis, ultrasonic carbonization, hydrothermal, solvothermal, or microwave irradiation [13][14][15][16][17]. The properties of CDs can be tuned by doping them with various elements, which influence photophysical and electrochemical properties, stability, and

Recent advances in the electrochemical synthesis of organophosphorus compounds

• Babak Kaboudin,
• Milad Behroozi,
• Sepideh Sadighi and
• Fatemeh Asgharzadeh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 770–797, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.61

• technologies [37][38], and microwave irradiation [39][40][41][42] have been developed. The electrochemical synthetic method is a creative, simple, and new process for preparing organophosphorus compounds [43]. In recent years, various articles have been reported on the electrochemical synthesis of

Sequential two-step, one-pot microwave-assisted Urech synthesis of 5-monosubstituted hydantoins from L-amino acids in water

• Wei-Jin Chang,
• Sook Yee Liew,
• Thomas Kurz and
• Siow-Ping Tan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 596–600, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.46

• (63–86%) [16]. As many of these protocols employ toxic, highly reactive and moisture-sensitive reagents, our work will exploit microwave technology and the environmentally benign nature of amino acids to construct the hydantoin scaffold. Microwave irradiation technology has proven significant

• advantages over conventional heating, such as enhanced reaction rates and yields [17]. Microwave irradiation is also aligned with our group’s sustainability goals of adhering to the principles of green chemistry [18]. Following our previous works in the synthesis and evaluation of biologically active

• were first verified using different equivalents of KOCN at different temperatures in water under microwave heating conditions (Scheme 1, Table 1), and 5.0 equiv of KOCN and microwave irradiation at 80 °C produced the best yield for H1a (Table 1, entry 2). Inspired by the simplicity of the procedure, a

Formaldehyde surrogates in multicomponent reactions

• Cecilia I. Attorresi,
• Javier A. Ramírez and
• Bernhard Westermann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 564–595, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.45

• notably. Later, the same group developed an alternative method by using glyoxylic acid immobilized on silica, and the reaction conditions were optimized using microwave irradiation and avoiding the use of solvent or additional catalysts [93]. In this way, derivatives of 42a were obtained in good yields

Cu(OTf)₂-catalyzed multicomponent reactions

• Sara Colombo,
• Camilla Loro,
• Egle M. Beccalli,
• Gianluigi Broggini and
• Marta Papis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 122–145, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.7

• -workers in 2003 (Scheme 13) [28]. Working in acetonitrile at room temperature, very high yields were obtained with recycling of the catalyst with negligible loss of activity. The reaction is successful also by operating it in ethanol as a solvent under microwave irradiation [29]. More recently, the

• reaction is facilitated under microwave irradiation and can be extended to the preparation of an imidazo-fused (benzo)thiazole skeleton 34 starting from (benzo)thiazol-2-ones instead of pyridin-2-ones. Moreover, the Cu(OTf)2 in [bmim]BF4 can be recovered and reused for multiple processes. The key step of

Direct trifluoroethylation of carbonyl sulfoxonium ylides using hypervalent iodine compounds

• Radell Echemendía,
• Carlee A. Montgomery,
• Fabio Cuzzucoli,
• Antonio C. B. Burtoloso and
• Graham K. Murphy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3182–3190, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.263

• M) with Cs2CO3 (1.0 equiv) under microwave irradiation at 70 °C for 10 min. Though the yield only improved by 5% compared with using 1.3 equiv of 2a, these were nonetheless adopted as the optimal reaction conditions. Once the optimal reaction conditions were established, we then investigated the

Multicomponent reactions driving the discovery and optimization of agents targeting central nervous system pathologies

• Lucía Campos-Prieto,
• Aitor García-Rey,
• Eddy Sotelo and
• Ana Mallo-Abreu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3151–3173, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.261

• obtained intermediates with the appropriate commercial lactams, under microwave irradiation (Scheme 8). As a result, compound 8a has been identified as a promising derivative potentially useful in further AD drug discovery for its antioxidant activity (4.7 TE in ORAC-FL assay), moderate hAChE inhibition

• , isocyanide, and TMSN3, after which the Ugi adduct is treated with an excess of different isocyanates resulting in the corresponding hydantoin derivatives. Finally, under microwave irradiation, the Boc group is removed under acid conditions and the benzodiazepine core is formed after ring closure (Scheme 18

Evaluating the halogen bonding strength of a iodoloisoxazolium(III) salt

• Dominik L. Reinhard,
• Anna Schmidt,
• Marc Sons,
• Julian Wolf,
• Elric Engelage and
• Stefan M. Huber

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2401–2407, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.204

• ), 0.1 M, 135 h at rt, 43%, (b) 1.5 equiv mCPBA, 3.0 equiv TfOH (at 0 °C), (DCM), 0.1 M, 20 h at rt, 85%, (c) 1.0 equiv NaBArF24, (acetone), 0.5 M, 2 h at 50 °C under microwave irradiation, 72%. Gold(I)-catalyzed cyclization of propargylic amide 11 as benchmark reaction for Au–Cl activation. Determined

Asymmetric organocatalytic synthesis of chiral homoallylic amines

• Nikolay S. Kondratyev and
• Andrei V. Malkov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2349–2377, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.201

• crystal XRD of the corresponding hydrochloride salt. Microwave-induced one-pot asymmetric allylation of in situ-formed arylimines, catalysed by (R)-3,3’-diphenyl-BINOL. Aldehyde and amine scope [26]. aThe reaction was conventionally heated at 50 °C for 24 hours instead of microwave irradiation. b1.0 equiv

• -Cope rearrangement of in situ-formed aldimines using allyl transfer reagent 116 [42]. (S)-TRIP-catalysed enantioconvergent aza-Cope rearrangement of β-formyl amides, substrate scope [43]. aThe yield was measured after hydrolysis of the benzophenone imine. bThe reaction required 300 W microwave

• irradiation at 130 °C for 6 hours. cIsolated dr. (S)-TRIP-catalysed enantioconvergent aza-Cope rearrangement of β-formyl amides 16–19, amide and allyl group scope [43]. aThe yield was measured after the benzophenone imine hydrolysis. bThe isolated dr. Synthetic applications of homoallylic N-benzophenone imine

Deuterated reagents in multicomponent reactions to afford deuterium-labeled products

• Kevin Schofield,
• Shayna Maddern,
• Yueteng Zhang,
• Grace E. Mastin,
• Rachel Knight,
• Wei Wang,
• James Galligan and
• Christopher Hulme

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2270–2279, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.195

• deuteration of formamide product while increasing formamide equivalents increases the yield at the cost of deuterated %. Excess reaction time increases side product formation and thermal degradation of the aldehyde starting material. To combat this, microwave irradiation was employed which dramatically

From perfluoroalkyl aryl sulfoxides to ortho thioethers

• Yang Li,
• Guillaume Dagousset,
• Emmanuel Magnier and
• Bruce Pégot

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2108–2113, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.181

• conditions, a significant amount of degradation products was observed and the yield was rather low. The same result was obtained when the reagent was first added at 0 °C and then heated for one hour under microwave irradiation (Table 1, entry 2). To avoid degradation, the temperature was reduced while the

Access to 2-oxoazetidine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives via thermal microwave-assisted Wolff rearrangement of 3-diazotetramic acids in the presence of nucleophiles

• Ivan Lyutin,
• Vasilisa Krivovicheva,
• Grigory Kantin and
• Dmitry Dar’in

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1894–1899, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.164

• tested in a previous study [3]. The reaction requires rather severe heating under microwave irradiation (200 °C, chlorobenzene, sealed vial), ensuring complete conversion of the diazo compound in a rather short time. Initial experiments using p-anisidine as a nucleophile showed that the target β-lactam

Syntheses and medicinal chemistry of spiro heterocyclic steroids

• Laura L. Romero-Hernández,
• Ana Isabel Ahuja-Casarín,
• Penélope Merino-Montiel,
• Sara Montiel-Smith,
• José Luis Vega-Báez and
• Jesús Sandoval-Ramírez

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1713–1745, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.152

• out, resulting in the corresponding N-tosylhydrazones 51a–c. Afterwards, the compounds were subjected to microwave irradiation in the presence of (3-azidopropyl)boronic acid and potassium or cesium carbonate, yielding 3-spiropyrrolidines 52a–c in high overall yields as 1:1 mixture of diastereomers

Synthetic applications of the Cannizzaro reaction

• Bhaskar Chatterjee,
• Dhananjoy Mondal and
• Smritilekha Bera

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1376–1395, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.120

• KSF clays as recyclable and heterogeneous catalysts to catalyze the Cannizzaro reaction by 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane under microwave irradiation and solvent-free conditions giving the products in excellent yields within seconds. The solid clay applied in the first cycle can be recovered and reused

• in subsequent reactions. Reddy and coworkers carried out the Cannizzaro reaction of aromatic aldehydes to the corresponding alcohols in high yields by crossed-Cannizzaro reactions employing solid-supported KF-Al2O3 as catalyst [26] under microwave irradiation using solvent-free conditions. The use of

• ). Huang et al. set up a clean crossed-Cannizzaro-aldol reaction strategy of isatin derivatives 88 and 90 with paraformaldehyde under microwave irradiation to furnish 3,3-disubstituted oxindole derivatives 89a–h and 91a–d [92]. The representative 3-hydroxymethyloxindole adducts with varying substituents

Innovative synthesis of drug-like molecules using tetrazole as core building blocks

• Jingyao Li,
• Ajay L. Chandgude,
• Qiang Zheng and
• Alexander Dömling

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 950–958, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.85

• reaction conditions with or without solvents at low or high temperature under microwave irradiation and the results are summarized in Table 1. Notably, the reaction with water as a solvent provided a promising yield of 52%, whereas other solvents and conditions resulted only in trace product formation

Green and sustainable approaches for the Friedel–Crafts reaction between aldehydes and indoles

• Periklis X. Kolagkis,
• Eirini M. Galathri and
• Christoforos G. Kokotos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 379–426, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.36

• development of greener synthetic technologies, like photocatalysis, organocatalysis, the use of nanocatalysts, microwave irradiation, ball milling, continuous flow, and many more. Thus, in this review, we summarize the medicinal properties of BIMs and the developed BIM synthetic protocols, utilizing the

• inspired by the use of ʟ-proline-modified magnetic nanoparticles reported by Khalafi-Nezhad et al., synthesized nano-Fe3O4@ʟ-cysteine for the green synthesis of BIMs, employing microwave irradiation to avoid long reaction times [117]. A mixture of the reagents and 100 mg of nano-Fe3O4@ʟ-cysteine per 1

• equiv of the carbonyl compound, was exposed to 350 W of microwave irradiation, at an internal temperature of 80 °C, at solvent-free conditions, for 3 to 7 minutes, providing optimum yields for aromatic aldehydes and ketones. Isolated product yields approached 83–93%, even after 10 reaction cycles with

N-Sulfenylsuccinimide/phthalimide: an alternative sulfenylating reagent in organic transformations

• Fatemeh Doraghi,
• Seyedeh Pegah Aledavoud,
• Mehdi Ghanbarlou,
• Bagher Larijani and
• Mohammad Mahdavi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1471–1502, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.106

• -thiophthalimides led to sulfenamides promoted by 2-ethoxyethanol under microwave irradiation [100]. Alkylamines, such as morpholine, cyclohexylamine, pyrrolidine, and tert-butylamine were participated in this coupling process. All reactions occurred in a shorter time with higher chemical yields compared to the

Application of N-heterocyclic carbene–Cu(I) complexes as catalysts in organic synthesis: a review

• Nosheen Beig,
• Varsha Goyal and
• Raj K. Bansal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1408–1442, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.102

• , Cazin and co-workers reported the synthesis of Cu(I) complexes 61, 63, and 65 of the so-called ‘abnormal’ NHCs (Scheme 21) [35]. Thus, the conventional heating method as well as microwave irradiation methods were employed. The structures of the synthesized complexes were confirmed by X-ray analysis

Clauson–Kaas pyrrole synthesis using diverse catalysts: a transition from conventional to greener approach

• Dileep Kumar Singh and
• Rajesh Kumar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 928–955, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.71

• to reduce energy consumption and the carbon footprint. The traditional heating techniques used to synthesize compounds are being replaced by contemporary green alternative energy systems, such as photocatalysis, microwave irradiation, ultrasonic irradiation, grinding, and ball milling processes

• -free conditions, and under microwave irradiation. (1) Reactions in water In recent years, organic reactions in aqueous medium have grown in popularity due to their low cost and environmental friendliness. The use of water as a solvent medium for the synthesis of pyrrole derivatives using various

• any catalysts under microwave conditions. In this procedure, various arylsulfonamides or anilines 58 are heated with 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran (2) in H2O under microwave irradiation conditions to produce the corresponding N-substituted pyrrole derivatives 59 in 81–99% yields (Scheme 28). A variety

Transition-metal-catalyzed domino reactions of strained bicyclic alkenes

• Austin Pounder,
• Eric Neufeld,
• Peter Myler and
• William Tam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 487–540, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.38

Transition-metal-catalyzed C–H bond activation as a sustainable strategy for the synthesis of fluorinated molecules: an overview

• Louis Monsigny,
• Floriane Doche and
• Tatiana Besset

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 448–473, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.35

• acrylamide derivatives [140]. Using the same directing group, a panel of α-arylacrylamide derivatives 39a–f was successfully functionalized with a high Z-selectivity (yields up to 98%, Scheme 18). Both, thermal reaction conditions (DMSO at 70 °C for 16 h) and microwave irradiation (100 °C using microwaves in

CuAAC-inspired synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-bridged porphyrin conjugates: an overview

• Dileep Kumar Singh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 349–379, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.29

• microwave irradiation conditions. The prepared nanoparticles from free-base PPCs showed colorimetric aqueous pH sensing, which suggests that the PPC nanoparticles could serve as chemical sensing applications. In 2008, the Crossley’s group [59] reported the synthesis of a ‘capped’ porphyrin 142 forming a

Group 13 exchange and transborylation in catalysis

• Dominic R. Willcox and
• Stephen P. Thomas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 325–348, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.28

• esters, lactones, and carbonates with HBpin under microwave irradiation (Scheme 13) [57]. When HBpin and boric acid were reacted together, BH3-coordinated HBpin and O(Bpin)2 were detected by 11B NMR spectroscopy. Supported by computational analysis and single-turnover experiments, the reaction was

Continuous flow synthesis of 6-monoamino-6-monodeoxy-β-cyclodextrin

• János Máté Orosz,
• Dóra Ujj,
• Petr Kasal,
• Gábor Benkovics and
• Erika Bálint

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 294–302, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.25

• efficient reaction used so far for the selective monofunctionalization of CDs [1]. Besides traditional synthetic methods, alternative techniques, such as ultrasound and microwave irradiation [21], as well as mechanosynthesis [22][23] for the functionalizations, such as tosylation or azidation of CDs have

Strategies to access the [5-8] bicyclic core encountered in the sesquiterpene, diterpene and sesterterpene series

• Cécile Alleman,
• Charlène Gadais,
• Laurent Legentil and
• François-Hugues Porée

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 245–281, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.23