Heterologous biosynthesis of cotylenol and concise synthesis of fusicoccane diterpenoids

• Ye Yuan,
• Zhenhua Guan,
• Xue-Jie Zhang,
• Nanyu Yao,
• Wenling Yuan,
• Yonghui Zhang,
• Ying Ye and
• Zheng Xiang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1489–1495, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.111

• enzymatic terpene cyclization and chemical synthesis [30][31][32][33]. Briefly, the carbon scaffolds are forged by terpene cyclases, followed by concise chemical transformations to yield the desired natural products. Here, we describe heterologous biosynthesis of cotylenol by engineering the biosynthetic

• biosynthetic pathway for brassicicenes, which share the same carbon skeleton and similar oxidation and unsaturation states as cotylenol and cotylenin A [36]. In a previous study, Oikawa and co-workers reported the identification of brassicicene BGC in Pseudocercospora fijiensis [37]. By heterologous expression

Copper catalysis: a constantly evolving field

• Elena Fernández and
• Jaesook Yun

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1477–1479, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.109

• allenes with diisobutylaluminum hydride, which is followed by the allylation with p-toluenesulfonyl cyanide in a regio- and stereoselective manner. They propose a new way to access accessing acyclic β,γ-unsaturated nitriles with α-all-carbon quaternary centers. In the process, they managed to achieve a

Wittig reaction of cyclobisbiphenylenecarbonyl

• Taito Moribe,
• Junichiro Hirano,
• Hideaki Takano,
• Hiroshi Shinokubo and
• Norihito Fukui

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1454–1461, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.107

• containing one or two exocyclic olefin units. Owing to the transformation of carbonyl groups, the resulting products exhibit several unique physical and chemical properties: (1) the enhancement of configurational stability, (2) the appearance of fluorescence, and (3) the reductive carbon–carbon-bond

• . A tentative mechanism that may be plausible is shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S21, which consists of (1) the nucleophilic attack of methylenetriphenylphosphorane to the exo-methylene group of 3, (2) the intramolecular carbon–carbon-bond formation at the carbonyl group, and (3) the

• Cc space groups, respectively. The bond lengths at the exocyclic olefin units of 3 and 5 are 1.336(2) and 1.333(3)–1.337(3) Å, respectively, which are typical for carbon–carbon double bonds. The (CH2CH2O)-substituted DBC derivative 4 adopts a double-helicene-like structure similarly to other

Advances in nitrogen-containing helicenes: synthesis, chiroptical properties, and optoelectronic applications

• Meng Qiu,
• Jing Du,
• Nai-Te Yao,
• Xin-Yue Wang and
• Han-Yuan Gong

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1422–1453, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.106

• structures, enhance solubility, and expand functional diversity [6]. Substituting carbon atoms with electron-deficient nitrogen atoms introduces new opportunities to fine-tune redox potentials, charge-transport behavior, and intermolecular interactions [7]. These modifications have proven especially valuable

• demonstrated absorption at 368 and 516 nm, strong emission at 553 nm, a high PLQY of 0.96, |gabs| of 1.1 × 10−2, |glum| of 9.1 × 10−4, and BCPL of 30.1 M−1 cm−1 – surpassing the performance of its all-carbon and thiadiazole counterparts [29]. In a related study, Hu’s team synthesized double aza[5]helicenes 17a

Tautomerism and switching in 7-hydroxy-8-(azophenyl)quinoline and similar compounds

• Lidia Zaharieva,
• Vera Deneva,
• Fadhil S. Kamounah,
• Nikolay Vassilev,
• Ivan Angelov,
• Michael Pittelkow and
• Liudmil Antonov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1404–1421, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.105

• is a result of fast exchange between 1E and 1KE and the minor conformer can be attributed to 1KK. The measured carbon spectrum of 1 in CD3CN at 243 K (Figure S8 in Supporting Information File 1) supports this assignment as well. The HSQC spectrum (Figure S9 in Supporting Information File 1) helps in

• the assignment of the carbon spectrum. The proton signal at 16.59 ppm seems to be a sum of two signals and a deconvolution with Lotenzian bandshape function was performed (Figure S5 in Supporting Information File 1). The obtained two signals have an integral intensity of 78 to 22, which is in

• GIAO approximation [120]. The calculated absolute shieldings were transformed to chemical shifts using the reference compound tetramethylsilane (Si(CH3)4), for hydrogen and carbon atoms: δ = δcalc(ref) − δcalc. Both δcalc(ref) and δcalc were evaluated at the same computational level (M06-2X/TZVP

Reactions of acryl thioamides with iminoiodinanes as a one-step synthesis of N-sulfonyl-2,3-dihydro-1,2-thiazoles

• Vladimir G. Ilkin,
• Pavel S. Silaichev,
• Valeriy O. Filimonov,
• Tetyana V. Beryozkina,
• Margarita D. Likhacheva,
• Pavel A. Slepukhin,
• Wim Dehaen and
• Vasiliy A. Bakulev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1397–1403, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.104

• 2,3-dihydro-1,2-thiazole ring are in the range of 75.3–72.4 ppm and signals of the carbon atom of the cyano group in the range of 117.7–116.6 ppm. The structure of 2,3-dihydro-1,2-thiazole 3aa was additionally confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction (Figure 2). According to the X-ray diffraction

N-Salicyl-amino acid derivatives with antiparasitic activity from Pseudomonas sp. UIAU-6B

• Joy E. Rajakulendran,
• Emmanuel Tope Oluwabusola,
• Michela Cerone,
• Terry K. Smith,
• Olusoji O. Adebisi,
• Adefolalu Adedotun,
• Gagan Preet,
• Sylvia Soldatou,
• Hai Deng,
• Rainer Ebel and
• Marcel Jaspars

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1388–1396, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.103

• File 1, Figures S1–S4) of 1 measured in deuterated DMSO revealed well-defined proton signals identified as four aromatic sp2 methines, two aliphatic sp3 methines, a methyl group and four quaternary carbon signals at δC 157.7 (C-1), δC117.8 (C-6), δC 167.2 (C-7), and δC 172.9 (C-10). The presence of a

• (δH 1.10, d, J = 6.9 Hz) revealed the presence of a threonine moiety in 1. Strong HMBC correlations from H-5, H-8 and H-9 to the carbonyl carbon C-7 (δC 167.2) confirmed an amide bond by which the salicylic acid and threonine residues were linked. The deshielded carbon signal at δC 172.9 was assigned

• signal at δH 8.97 (s, H-18), δH 7.41 (s, H-20) and a quaternary carbon (C-16) assigned at δC 131.4 that reminiscences a histamine subunit absent in compound 1. This observation was supported by the 1H-1H COSY spectrum that displayed a cross-peak coupling of H2-14 to both carboxamide protons H-13 and H2

Oxetanes: formation, reactivity and total syntheses of natural products

• Peter Gabko,
• Martin Kalník and
• Maroš Bella

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1324–1373, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.101

• after deprotonation of a suitably functionalised ether at the α-carbon. Therefore, a stabilising group must be incorporated to control regioselectivity of the deprotonation as well as to increase the acidity of the α-hydrogen. Mordini et al. showed that even weakly stabilising groups such as phenyl

• react through the terminal carbon and deliver tetrahydrooxepines, especially, if the oxirane is monosubstituted (58, R1 = H). The deprotonation step can also be enabled by employing classical electron-withdrawing groups such as esters, and a particularly powerful methodology was disclosed by Bull and

• to a potentially even larger library of amide isosteres. The scope of the carbon nucleophiles is very broad and includes alkyls, alkenyls, alkynyls, aryls and heteroaryls (e.g., pyridine, indole, thiophene), as well as (poly)substituted phenyls bearing a nitrile or halogen(s). On the other hand, the

Recent advances in amidyl radical-mediated photocatalytic direct intermolecular hydrogen atom transfer

• Hao-Sen Wang,
• Lin Li,
• Xin Chen,
• Jian-Li Wu,
• Kai Sun,
• Xiao-Lan Chen,
• Ling-Bo Qu and
• Bing Yu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1306–1323, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.100

• 450002, PR China National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China 10.3762/bjoc.21.100 Abstract In recent years, amidyl radicals have emerged as highly efficient and versatile reagents for hydrogen atom

• the concurrent generation of the carbon cation 55. This cation was subsequently trapped by a nucleophile, leading to the formation of product 54. This system demonstrated a broad applicability for the general nucleophilic amination of benzylic C–H bonds. The substrate's scope and selectivity were

• it into the byproduct 46 and generating a carbon-centered radical 62. Species 62 is trapped by heteroarene 60, leading to the formation of the intermediate 63. This intermediate 63 undergoes SET and proton transfer with the assistance of O-anion 64 and the Br-5CzBN+• radical cation, delivering the

Recent advances and future challenges in the bottom-up synthesis of azulene-embedded nanographenes

• Bartłomiej Pigulski

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1272–1305, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.99

• has sparked a continuously growing interest in synthesis of new carbon-rich unsaturated molecules and materials [1]. Graphene is a revolutionary material with exceptional properties, driving advancements across various scientific, industrial, and technological fields like organic electronics [2

• nonlinear optics (NLO) [20]. Furthermore, azulene subunits are present in many hypothetical allotropic two-dimensional carbon allotropes. In recent years many 2D graphenoid allotropic forms of carbon were theoretically predicted like a family based on the azulenoid kekulene [21], phagraphene (Figure 2a) [22

• ], TPH-graphene (Figure 2b) [23], PHH-graphene [24] and ψ-graphene [25]. Notably, fragments phagraphene and TPH-graphene have already been synthesized via on-surface chemistry and characterized using low-temperature scanning probe microscopy with CO-functionalized tips [23]. These non-alternant carbon

Recent advances in oxidative radical difunctionalization of N-arylacrylamides enabled by carbon radical reagents

• Jiangfei Chen,
• Yi-Lin Qu,
• Ming Yuan,
• Xiang-Mei Wu,
• Heng-Pei Jiang,
• Ying Fu and
• Shengrong Guo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1207–1271, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.98

• years, particularly in the domain of oxidative radical difunctionalization reactions employing carbon radical reagents. This approach provides a powerful and versatile strategy for the concurrent introduction of two distinct functional groups across the double bond of N-arylacrylamides, facilitating the

• rapid construction of complex molecular architectures. This review aims to summarize the diverse strategies for inducing intramolecular transformations of N-arylacrylamides using various carbon radical reagents, including methods initiated by photonic, thermal, or electrochemical processes, which have

• been extensively investigated by researchers. Keywords: carbon radical reagents; intramolecular transformations; N-arylacrylamides; oxidative difunctionalization; radical reactions; Introduction Alkenes, as abundant and versatile feedstocks, have been widely employed in organic synthesis

Selective monoformylation of naphthalene-fused propellanes for methylene-alternating copolymers

• Kenichi Kato,
• Tatsuki Hiroi,
• Seina Okada,
• Shunsuke Ohtani and
• Tomoki Ogoshi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1183–1191, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.95

• followed by acid-mediated condensation. The linear copolymers show good solubility and carbon dioxide adsorption. Keywords: alternating copolymer; building block; formylation; gas adsorption; propellane; Introduction Combination of sp2- and sp3-hybridized atoms in core π-skeletons [1][2][3] is a key to

• % yield. Alcohol products, [4.3.3]_CH2OH and [3.3.3]_CH2OH, were then tested in acidic conditions using anhydrous FeCl3 as a Lewis acid. After the reactions, the alcohol proton signals at 1.54–1.58 ppm disappeared in the 1H NMR spectra, and aliphatic carbon ones at 63.1–63.2 ppm were largely up-field

Enhancing chemical synthesis planning: automated quantum mechanics-based regioselectivity prediction for C–H activation with directing groups

• Julius Seumer,
• Nicolai Ree and
• Jan H. Jensen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1171–1182, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.94

• Julius Seumer Nicolai Ree Jan H. Jensen Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 10.3762/bjoc.21.94 Abstract The mild and selective functionalization of carbon–hydrogen (C–H) bonds remains a pivotal challenge in organic synthesis, crucial for developing complex

• carbon–hydrogen (C–H) bonds represent a fundamental challenge in modern organic chemistry, particularly because of the inherent stability and prevalence of these bonds in organic molecules. These bonds, which typically exhibit bond energies ranging from 90 to 110 kcal·mol−1, constitute the majority of

• activation, transforming these inert bonds into reactive carbon–transition metal (C–M) bonds. Subsequent transformations of these complexes enable the formation of an array of new functional groups, such as carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bonds, underpinning a plethora of synthetic applications

Synthetic approach to borrelidin fragments: focus on key intermediates

• Yudhi Dwi Kurniawan,
• Zetryana Puteri Tachrim,
• Teni Ernawati,
• Faris Hermawan,
• Ima Nurasiyah and
• Muhammad Alfin Sulmantara

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1135–1160, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.91

• . Intermediate 25 was prepared through TBDMS protection and desulfonylation of 24, itself derived from the condensation of epoxide 23b and sulfone 27. The precursor 27 was synthesized from Roche ester 29 via a sequence of steps, including reduction, three-carbon homologation, and enzymatic desymmetrization. An

• constructing Omura’s C1–C11 fragment Yadav and Yadav, in 2013, reported their work on preparing the C1–C11 fragment 61 of borrelidin. Their approach employed an iterative sequence of oxidation, Wittig olefination, hydrogenation, and asymmetric methylation for carbon homologation, alongside Sharpless

• ’ amide, and asymmetric methylation. Intermediate 65, in turn, would be obtained from the known five-carbon precursor 66 through the iterative sequence of oxidation, Wittig olefination, hydrogenation, asymmetric methylation, followed by reduction of the carboxyl group and protection of the resulting

Gold extraction at the molecular level using α- and β-cyclodextrins

• Susana Santos Braga

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1116–1125, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.89

• α-CD and cyanoaurate A commonly used step in cyanide leaching is to pass gold-bearing cyanide solutions through activated carbon beds to help concentrate the gold. Following this step, the gold that adsorbed onto carbon is removed either by aggressive solutions (cyanide or hydroxide leaching), or by

• processes with high energetic costs such as heating or applying high pressure. Seeking to find an eco-friendlier method to strip the gold from carbon, the Stoddart group investigated the use of α-CD in a series of tests at the laboratory scale in which suspensions of KAu(CN)2-loaded carbon (50 mg

• silver in solution showed that not only the striping process was quite selective for gold, but also that the presence of silver helps to increase the yield of gold extraction to 31% (with 10% α-CD). This result was attributed to a competing effect of KAg(CN)2 on the carbon surface that promoted the

A versatile route towards 6-arylpipecolic acids

• Erich Gebel,
• Cornelia Göcke,
• Carolin Gruner and
• Norbert Sewald

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1104–1115, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.88

• , heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of the enamine with palladium on carbon was chosen. While the hydride reduction of the acyliminium intermediate gave a nearly 1:1 diastereomer ratio, a 9:1 ratio was obtained for the catalytic hydrogenation (Scheme 4). While the hydride reduction of the N-acyliminium

• species did not show any significant diastereofacial discrimination, the catalytic hydrogenation occurs stereospecifically, particularly in the case of hydrogenation with palladium on carbon [49][50][51][52]. In this case, we propose that the restraints exerted by the first stereocenter lead to a

• kinetically controlled diastereofacial selectivity. The resulting diastereomers are separable by chromatography. 1H NMR was used to assign the configuration of the 2 diastereomers [53][54][55]. Carbon C2 is R-configured, as ᴅ-2-aminoadipic acid (1) was employed as the starting material. The minor diastereomer

Supramolecular assembly of hypervalent iodine macrocycles and alkali metals

• Krishna Pandey,
• Lucas X. Orton,
• Grayson Venus,
• Waseem A. Hussain,
• Toby Woods,
• Lichang Wang and
• Kyle N. Plunkett

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1095–1103, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.87

• Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1). In addition, the crystal structure also demonstrates that the three iodine atoms, three carbonyl carbon atoms and six oxygen atoms circumscribe a small bowl-like cavity within the macrocycle. With the consideration of all primary and secondary bonds, the small

• macrocycle’s cavity, we considered the charge distribution on three iodine atoms, three carbonyl carbon atoms and six oxygen atoms that constitute a small cavity within the macrocycle. The Mulliken charge distribution diagram of HIM 1 (Figure 3, middle) shows that the summation of the overall charge on three

• curcumscribe the small cyclic core represented by blue color. Three carbonyl amides project outward. B) DFT image of 1 displaying the distribution of Mulliken charges on iodine (purple), oxygen (red), and carbon (grey); benzyl groups are ommited for clarity. C) Calculated electrostatic potential map showing

Recent advances in synthetic approaches for bioactive cinnamic acid derivatives

• Betty A. Kustiana,
• Galuh Widiyarti and
• Teni Ernawati

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1031–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.85

• reagent (Scheme 7) [38]. By mimicking the electrophilic sp-carbon center of common coupling reagents (e.g., DCC, EDC), Zhao and co-workers (2021) employed allenone 22 as a coupling reagent for amidation [39]. Herein, cinnamic acid was smoothly converted to its corresponding amide 10 in a one-pot two-step

• amidation in 5 min reaction time via the formation of the isolable enol ester intermediate 23 (Scheme 8A). Similarly, Feng and co-workers (2019) studied one-pot two-step esterification of cinnamic acid (7) by applying electrophilic sp carbon center of methyl propiolate (25) as the coupling reagent via in

• 153 and 154 to give the corresponding esters 44 and 152 driven by MeOH attack (Scheme 47) [87]. Hu and co-workers (2021) developed an N-doped carbon black-supported PdBi bimetallic catalyst (Pd5Bi5/NCB) for the oxidative esterification of cinnamyl alcohols via hemiacetal 156 oxidation (Scheme 48A) [88

Biobased carbon dots as photoreductants – an investigation by using triarylsulfonium salts

• Valentina Benazzi,
• Arianna Bini,
• Ilaria Bertuol,
• Mariangela Novello,
• Federica Baldi,
• Matteo Hoch,
• Alvise Perosa and
• Stefano Protti

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1024–1030, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.84

• 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy 10.3762/bjoc.21.84 Abstract We investigated the potential application of six types of carbon dots (CDs) obtained from

• different organic sources as photoreductants. Such carbon nanomaterials were synthesized by two different approaches, either hydrothermal or pyrolytic, from citric acid and glucose as the starting organic substrates. On the other hand, carbon dots deriving from fishery waste (bass scales) and fruit

• efficiency of the so obtained carbon nanomaterials was studied in the model photoreduction reaction of triarylsulfonium salts to diaryl sulfides. A comparison carried out on the results obtained points out the key role of the starting substrates in determining the photophysics and the photochemical

Pd-Catalyzed asymmetric allylic amination with isatin using a P,olefin-type chiral ligand with C–N bond axial chirality

• Natsume Akimoto,
• Kaho Takaya,
• Yoshio Kasashima,
• Kohei Watanabe,
• Yasushi Yoshida and
• Takashi Mino

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1018–1023, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.83

• few studies have reported the use of isatin as a nucleophile in asymmetric reactions [9][10][11]. On the other hand, it has been revealed that compounds in which the carbon bonded to the nitrogen atom of newly constructed N-substituted isatin becomes a chiral center exhibit pharmacological properties

• activity against Huh7.5-FGR-JC1-Rluc2A cells, which carry HCV gt 2a [13]. Therefore, developing asymmetric reactions that simultaneously form a carbon–nitrogen bond and construct a chiral center is of great importance. Although a relatively large number of asymmetric allylic amination reactions using

• , compound 7 has a primary alkyl group (n-propyl). This difference reduces steric hindrance and lowers the rotational barrier around the carbon–nitrogen bond, increasing the likelihood of racemization. Results and Discussion N-Propyl-N-cinnamoylamide 7 was prepared from phosphine oxide 8 [32] via an SNAr

Recent total synthesis of natural products leveraging a strategy of enamide cyclization

• Chun-Yu Mi,
• Jia-Yuan Zhai and
• Xiao-Ming Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 999–1009, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.81

• tertiary enamides as cyclization precursors (Scheme 6). The analogous polycyclization generated a tetracyclic N-heterocycle with three continuous stereogenic centers, one of them being an aza-quaternary carbon [31]. The resulting fused ring-system structurally resembles the nucleus of erysotramidine

On the photoluminescence in triarylmethyl-centered mono-, di-, and multiradicals

• Daniel Straub,
• Markus Gross,
• Mona E. Arnold,
• Julia Zolg and
• Alexander J. C. Kuehne

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 964–998, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.80

• ΔEST of order 10−7 kcal mol−1 (see Figure 12a) [98]. No photoluminescence has been reported for bPTM; however, this diradical shows extremely long coherence times of order T1 = 1 s (thermalization, spin lattice relaxation) and TM ≈ 67 µs (phase memory time), both determined in carbon disulfide as a

A convergent synthetic approach to the tetracyclic core framework of khayanolide-type limonoids

• Zhiyang Zhang,
• Jialei Hu,
• Hanfeng Ding,
• Li Zhang and
• Peirong Rao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 926–934, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.75

• simultaneously installing the hydroxy group at C30. The latter intermediate could in turn be derived from dienone 11 by an AcOH-interrupted Nazarov cyclization [32][33][34], thereby establishing the B ring with the desired all-cis stereochemical configuration, including the quaternary carbon at C10 and the

• 4.4:1 mixture of regioisomeric alcohols with the desired isomer being the major component, presumably due to the considerable steric hindrance from the quaternary carbon at C4. However, decagram-scale separation of these two isomers by chromatography proved troublesome. Fortunately, the distinct

Recent advances in controllable/divergent synthesis

• Jilei Cao,
• Leiyang Bai and
• Xuefeng Jiang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 890–914, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.73

• carbon monoxide were used as starting materials, and two natural product frameworks of phenanthridone and acridone alkaloids could be selectively obtained by controlling ligands. The reaction of o-iodoaniline with in situ-generated arynes under CO atmosphere under ligand-free conditions selectively

• to substrate 11, followed by oxidative addition and release of carbon dioxide to form the zwitterionic π-allylpalladium intermediate Int-21. Under the reaction conditions, silyl triflate 12 undergoes a fluoride-mediated 1,2-elimination to generate the cyclic allene intermediate Int-22. Through a

• influence of steric and electronic effects during the hydrometallation process, simultaneously achieving the synthesis of chiral α-quaternary carbon amino acid derivatives 26 and α-chiral β-amino acid derivatives 27. Using a copper catalyst, the chiral α-quaternary carbon amino acid derivatives 26 were

Dicarboxylate recognition based on ultracycle hosts through cooperative hydrogen bonding and anion–π interactions

• Wen-Hui Mi,
• Teng-Yu Huang,
• Xu-Dong Wang,
• Yu-Fei Ao,
• Qi-Qiang Wang and
• De-Xian Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 884–889, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.72

• carbon skeletons of many dicarboxylates make selective recognition particularly difficult. To address these challenges, we envisioned that ultracycles composed of macrocycles with anion-binding capabilities could serve as suitable hosts for efficient and selective dicarboxylate recognition. In this study