Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and carbonic anhydrase inhibition activities of multifunctional pyrazolo-1,2-benzothiazine acetamides

• Ayesha Saeed,
• Shahana Ehsan,
• Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman,
• Erin M. Marshall,
• Sandra Loesgen,
• Abdus Saleem,
• Simone Giovannuzzi and
• Claudiu T. Supuran

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 348–357, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.25

• [9]. Pyrazolobenzothiazines have also been synthesized and explored as p38α MAPK inhibitors [35]. In 2015, Sabatini and co-workers synthesized a novel series of pyrazolobenzothiazines and identified as new generation anti-inflammatory agents. Two of these compounds are reported with an IC50 of 0.5 µM

• complex as the amide coupling agent with thionyl chloride [38] (Figure 1C). Recently, benzothiazine scaffolds of phenyl acetamides were synthesized as potent inhibitors for ureolytic infections [39] (Figure 1D). Saccharine (a sweetener) was reported to be a potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (CAI) by

• /cancer and other CAs (I, II). Non-selective inhibitors may have certain adverse effects so selective CAIs are worthier and more valuable [57]. Results of hCA inhibition assays are listed in Table 3. It was observed that the dialkylated pyrazolobenzothiazines 7i–n failed to inhibit any of the four

Antibiofilm and cytotoxic metabolites from the entomopathogenic fungus Samsoniella aurantia

• Rita Toshe,
• Syeda J. Khalid,
• Blondelle Matio Kemkuignou,
• Esteban Charria-Girón,
• Paul Eckhardt,
• Birthe Sandargo,
• Kunlapat Nuchthien,
• J. Jennifer Luangsa-ard,
• Till Opatz,
• Hedda Schrey,
• Sherif S. Ebada and
• Marc Stadler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 327–339, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.23

• reasonably concluded that farinosones D (1) and A (2) hold significant potential as biofilm inhibitors because of their ability to inhibit biofilm formation at very low concentrations, suggesting their value in early-stage therapeutic applications against S. aureus infections. Experimental General

Synthesis of disulfides and 3-sulfenylchromones from sodium sulfinates catalyzed by TBAI

• Zhenlei Zhang,
• Ying Wang,
• Xingxing Pan,
• Manqi Zhang,
• Wei Zhao,
• Meng Li and
• Hao Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 253–261, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.17

• whether the reaction proceeded through a free radical mechanism, different free radical inhibitors were added to the reaction (reaction 7, Scheme 5). The addition of TEMPO ((2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl) resulted in complete inhibition of the reaction, while BHT (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol

Discovery of ianthelliformisamines D–G from the sponge Suberea ianthelliformis and the total synthesis of ianthelliformisamine D

• Sasha Hayes,
• Yaoying Lu,
• Bernd H. A. Rehm and
• Rohan A. Davis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3205–3214, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.266

• aeruginosa biofilm inhibitors and antibiotic enhancers. Large-scale extraction and isolation studies resulted in the discovery of four new and minor natural products, ianthelliformisamines D–G (4–7) and the known steroid, aplysterol (8). Compounds 4–7 were fully characterised following 1D/2D NMR, MS and UV

Synthesis of extended fluorinated tripeptides based on the tetrahydropyridazine scaffold

• Thierry Milcent,
• Pascal Retailleau,
• Benoit Crousse and
• Sandrine Ongeri

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3174–3181, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.262

• , the tetrahydropyridazines, six-atom nitrogenous heterocycles, are found in various bioactive molecules such as influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors, GABA type A receptor modulators, and regulators of progesterone receptor or cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists (Figure 1) [6][7][8][9]. This

Multicomponent reactions driving the discovery and optimization of agents targeting central nervous system pathologies

• Lucía Campos-Prieto,
• Aitor García-Rey,
• Eddy Sotelo and
• Ana Mallo-Abreu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3151–3173, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.261

• inhibitors, and their effects were investigated using the Amplex-Red® kit in C. elegans. Individuals exposed to compounds 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e, and 2f at a concentration of 1 mM were analyzed for AChE activity in their extracts. The results revealed significant inhibition of AChE levels, with compound 2e

• a multicomponent reaction to obtain SIRT2 inhibitors (Scheme 12). The authors suggest a Knoevenagel condensation approach between isatin derivatives and ethyl cyanoacetate, followed by a Michael addition with C–H activated carbonyl compounds and intramolecular cyclization [50]. They synthesized 45

• ]. The most potential β-amiloyd aggregation inhibitors generated by Galante et al. [37]. Best pyrazine-based MTDLs synthesized by Madhav et al. [40]. Most active 1,4-dihydropyridines developed by Malek et al. [43]. Best CDH-based MTDLs as AChE inhibitors synthesized by Malek et al. [46]. SIRT2 activity

Recent advances in transition-metal-free arylation reactions involving hypervalent iodine salts

• Ritu Mamgain,
• Kokila Sakthivel and
• Fateh V. Singh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2891–2920, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.243

• assessed as inhibitors of galectin-9 and were found to exhibit selectivity and potency against galectin-9. In 2021, Chen and colleagues developed a method to synthesize naproxen-containing diaryliodonium salts 67 using naproxen methyl ester 65 and ArI(OH)OTs 66, activated by trimethylsilyl

N-Glycosides of indigo, indirubin, and isoindigo: blue, red, and yellow sugars and their cancerostatic activity

• Peter Langer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2840–2869, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.240

• myelocytic leukemia [5][6][7]. Indirubin, a red isomer of indigo, is an ingredient of indigo naturalis active against various cancers. Since the 1990s, we are witnessing a renaissance of the chemistry of indirubins because of their activity as potent inhibitors of several kinases, such as GSK-3β and CDK’s [8

Synthesis and antimycotic activity of new derivatives of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines

• Dmitriy Yu. Vandyshev,
• Daria A. Mangusheva,
• Khidmet S. Shikhaliev,
• Kirill A. Scherbakov,
• Oleg N. Burov,
• Alexander D. Zagrebaev,
• Tatiana N. Khmelevskaya,
• Alexey S. Trenin and
• Fedor I. Zubkov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2806–2817, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.236

• compounds 4a–e and 5a–e to CYP51 and to evaluate which of these molecules could act as inhibitors of the enzyme. As mentioned above, CYP51 inhibitors contain a heterocyclic nitrogen atom that forms a coordination bond with haem iron. Therefore, only those compounds that could form such a bond according to

• tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine favors the inhibitory activity of this class of compounds, whereas the position of the substituent on the C-6 atom disrupts it. Furthermore, only the (S)-isomers of the compounds under consideration are expected to be potent inhibitors of CYP51. The analysis of the interaction

• probable reaction path of the interaction was suggested. Based on the docking data, N-aryl(alkyl)-7-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-5-carboxamides as (S)-isomers were shown to be potent inhibitors of CYP51. These results allow us to consider these compounds as potential CYP51 inhibitor

5th International Symposium on Synthesis and Catalysis (ISySyCat2023)

• Anthony J. Burke and
• Elisabete P. Carreiro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2704–2707, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.227

• pyridone and thiazolopyridone derivatives. This work is interesting from the point of view that it involved the emerging technique of “chemical editing”. The pyridone and thiazolopyridone derivatives were the most promising inhibitors, with IC50 values below 90 µM. Marques et al. described the synthesis of

Synthesis of fluoroalkenes and fluoroenynes via cross-coupling reactions using novel multihalogenated vinyl ethers

• Yukiko Karuo,
• Keita Hirata,
• Atsushi Tarui,
• Kazuyuki Sato,
• Kentaro Kawai and
• Masaaki Omote

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2691–2703, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.226

• fact, several inhibitors of the β-site amyloyd β A4 precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE1), which is involved in the production of β-amyloid, and fluoroalkene analogs of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors have previously been reported [2][3]. These inhibitors possess higher drug efficacies than their

Synthesis and cytotoxicity studies of novel N-arylbenzo[h]quinazolin-2-amines

• Battini Veeraiah,
• Kishore Ramineni,
• Dabbugoddu Brahmaiah,
• Nangunoori Sampath Kumar,
• Hélène Solhi,
• Rémy Le Guevel,
• Chada Raji Reddy,
• Frédéric Justaud and
• René Grée

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2592–2598, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.218

• dihydropteridinone derivatives were found as potent inhibitors of vaccinia-related kinase 1 and casein kinase 1δ/ε [5]. In addition, it is worth mentioning that closely related compounds like 2-(arylamino)benzo[h]quinazolin-4-ones [6][7][8] and N2-arylbenzo[h]quinazoline-2,4-diamines [9][10][11] are well identified

Photoredox-catalyzed intramolecular nucleophilic amidation of alkenes with β-lactams

• Valentina Giraldi,
• Giandomenico Magagnano,
• Daria Giacomini,
• Pier Giorgio Cozzi and
• Andrea Gualandi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2461–2468, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.210

• ][41][42][43]. The inhibitory activity of β-lactamases is exhibited by those congeners with a (3R,5R)-configuration, such as clavulanic acid (1), whereas clavams with other configurations are not lactamase inhibitors, although some of these have antifungal or antibacterial properties [35]. In the

Natural resorcylic lactones derived from alternariol

• Joachim Podlech

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2171–2207, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.187

• been stated, that verrulactone E was not isolated as the racemate since an optical activity was given in the respective report [187]. Verrulactones A–C and E are inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus enoyl-ACP reductase with IC50 values of 0.92, 1.41, 16.1, and 24.1 µM, respectively, and verrulactones A

Finding the most potent compounds using active learning on molecular pairs

• Zachary Fralish and
• Daniel Reker

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2152–2162, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.185

• at identifying more potent inhibitors compared to the standard exploitative active learning implementations of Chemprop, XGBoost, and Random Forest. The ActiveDelta approach is also able to identify more chemically diverse inhibitors in terms of their Murcko scaffolds. Finally, deep models such as

• Chemprop trained on data selected through ActiveDelta approaches can more accurately identify inhibitors in test data created through simulated time-splits. Overall, this study highlights the large potential for molecular pairing approaches to further improve popular active learning strategies in low data

• through the pairing of molecules [12][13]. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that we could implement exploitative active learning campaigns based on a molecular pairing approach (‘ActiveDelta’) to support rapid identification of the most potent inhibitors across a wide range of benchmark drug

Computational toolbox for the analysis of protein–glycan interactions

• Ferran Nieto-Fabregat,
• Maria Pia Lenza,
• Angela Marseglia,
• Cristina Di Carluccio,
• Antonio Molinaro,
• Alba Silipo and
• Roberta Marchetti

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2084–2107, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.180

Multicomponent syntheses of pyrazoles via (3 + 2)-cyclocondensation and (3 + 2)-cycloaddition key steps

• Ignaz Betcke,
• Alissa C. Götzinger,
• Maryna M. Kornet and
• Thomas J. J. Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2024–2077, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.178

• ][5][6]. For instance, pyrazoles serve as monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors [7] and as COX-II inhibitors [8], making them valuable analgesics [9]. Furthermore, several blockbuster drugs, such as VIAGRA® [10], Celecoxib® [11], and Rimonabant [12], contain pyrazole cores. In addition, extensive

2-Heteroarylethylamines in medicinal chemistry: a review of 2-phenethylamine satellite chemical space

• Carlos Nieto,
• Alejandro Manchado,
• Ángel García-González,
• David Díez and
• Narciso M. Garrido

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1880–1893, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.163

• rings Furans: Racemic heteroarylisopropylamines were described as MAO inhibitors (monoamine oxidase) by Vallejos et al. [14] as a natural extension of their previous QSAR studies using phenylisopropylamines [15]. The authors supported their aryl-to-heteroaryl group hopping due to the success of similar

• better inhibitory data than for the aforementioned furyl analogues (Scheme 4). The authors suggested the replacement of furyl by a more polarizable aromatic ring such as thienyl as prospective origin of the observed IC50 downward shift. Berthelot et al. [23][24] expanded their studies on GABAB inhibitors

The Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé reaction in its maturity: innovation and improvements since its 21st birthday (2019–2023)

• Cristina Martini,
• Muhammad Idham Darussalam Mardjan and
• Andrea Basso

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1839–1879, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.162

• protein in a manner comparable to the binding mode of known imidazopyridine inhibitors. Second, the possibility that reactants could covalently modify the enzyme was ruled out by analysis of the relevant literature. Finally, appropriate building blocks displaying additional functionalities capable of

Syntheses and medicinal chemistry of spiro heterocyclic steroids

• Laura L. Romero-Hernández,
• Ana Isabel Ahuja-Casarín,
• Penélope Merino-Montiel,
• Sara Montiel-Smith,
• José Luis Vega-Báez and
• Jesús Sandoval-Ramírez

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1713–1745, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.152

• Smoothened protein (Smo protein) [7]. The HH pathway, implicated in the development and progression of various human cancers (including colorectal, brain, gastrointestinal, lung, and breast cancers), drives tumorigenesis [8]. Consequently, HH pathway inhibitors have demonstrated significant anticancer

• 30 were obtained in moderate yields (ranging from 29% to 50%, Scheme 9) and were tested as anti-inflammatory drugs in RAW 264.7 cells and as inhibitors of rat ear edema. Unfortunately, the tested compounds exhibited weak activity in all assays. Khripach et al. reported a three-step sequence for the

• polymeric version of 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (PS-IBX), was conducted to block the formation of the six-membered ring. Spiro-1,3-oxazolidinones 63 were assessed as inhibitors of 17β-HSD type 3, an enzyme involved in testosterone and dihydrotestosterone synthesis. The structure–activity relationship revealed

New triazinephosphonate dopants for Nafion proton exchange membranes (PEM)

• Fátima C. Teixeira,
• António P. S. Teixeira and
• C. M. Rangel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1623–1634, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.145

• combinatorial chemistry [35], in analytical chemistry, in electrochemical redox processes, in crystal engineering, and as fluorescent, light emitting, corrosion inhibitors or several other materials [36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. The most used triazine is 1,3,5-triazine (or s-triazine) that can provide

Generation of multimillion chemical space based on the parallel Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé reaction

• Evgen V. Govor,
• Vasyl Naumchyk,
• Ihor Nestorak,
• Dmytro S. Radchenko,
• Dmytro Dudenko,
• Yurii S. Moroz,
• Olexiy D. Kachkovsky and
• Oleksandr O. Grygorenko

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1604–1613, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.143

• ), which is another confirmation of the GBB space uniqueness. Notably, 432 members of the generated GBB chemical space were already present in the ChEMBL database [42]. Among them, potent nonacidic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) modulators [48], 5-lipooxygenase (5-LO) inhibitors [49], soluble epoxide hydrolase

• (sEH) inhibitors [50], HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [51], or potential agents against visceral leishmaniasis [52] were found (Figure 8). Conclusion The Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé (GBB) reaction, a three-component condensation of amino heterocycles, aldehydes, and isonitriles

Photoswitchable glycoligands targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa LecA

• Yu Fan,
• Ahmed El Rhaz,
• Stéphane Maisonneuve,
• Emilie Gillon,
• Maha Fatthalla,
• Franck Le Bideau,
• Guillaume Laurent,
• Samir Messaoudi,
• Anne Imberty and
• Juan Xie

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1486–1496, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.132

• formation [5][6][7][8]. Building synthetic glycoconjugates for the inhibition and modulation of bacterial lectins responsible for biofilm formation have shown promising results [9][10]. Unlike antibiotics, lectin inhibitors could prevent pathogenicity by interfering with virulence factors instead of killing

• the bacteria. Bacterial lectins are therefore attractive targets for the development of new antibiotic-sparing anti-infective drugs. For example, some Escherichia coli fimbrial lectin FimH inhibitors are currently in clinical development to treat and prevent urinary tract infections [9][10]. A large

• number of glycomimetic inhibitors of PA LecA and LecB have also been reported, with antibiofilm formation activity for some of them [5][6][7][8]. Photochromic molecules, which may be reversibly converted between different isomers upon illumination, offer numerous opportunities for reversibly

Challenge N- versus O-six-membered annulation: FeCl₃-catalyzed synthesis of heterocyclic N,O-aminals

• Giacomo Mari,
• Lucia De Crescentini,
• Gianfranco Favi,
• Fabio Mantellini,
• Diego Olivieri and
• Stefania Santeusanio

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1412–1420, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.123

• imidazole and pyrazine pharmacophores, are well represented in the area of medicinal chemistry since they possess pharmacological properties as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors [7], adenosine triphosphate (ATP) competitive inhibitors of the insuline-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor

• related to Ewing sarcoma [8], IGF-1 receptor inhibitors [9] or act as ligands on corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) [10], γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) [11] and melanocortin receptors [12]. Given the established potencies of this class of N-ring-fused compounds, planned syntheses that simplify their

Rhodium-catalyzed homo-coupling reaction of aryl Grignard reagents and its application for the synthesis of an integrin inhibitor

• Kazuyuki Sato,
• Satoki Teranishi,
• Atsushi Sakaue,
• Yukiko Karuo,
• Atsushi Tarui,
• Kentaro Kawai,
• Hiroyuki Takeda,
• Tatsuo Kinashi and
• Masaaki Omote

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1341–1347, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.118

• highly important for performing various cellular functions, such as cell proliferation, migration, and morphological changes [24][25]. Consequently, integrin inhibitors have received great attention as novel candidates for the treatment of several intractable diseases [26][27][28]. In the process of

• developing novel inhibitors of integrin function, we identified a drug candidate (10n) through high throughput screening (HTS) that inhibits the integrin complex formation, which is an important step for integrin activation. The binding inhibitor 10n was effective as IC50 of 190 μM in AlphaScreen system, and