Emerging trends in the optimization of organic synthesis through high-throughput tools and machine learning

• Pablo Quijano Velasco,
• Kedar Hippalgaonkar and
• Balamurugan Ramalingam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 10–38, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.3

• Fitzpatrick et al. [58], allows researchers to oversee chemical reactions online. The hydration of 3-cyanopyridine to an amide was monitored by online MS, offering real-time conversion insights. Through 30 experiments within ten hours, five key reaction parameters were finely tuned for optimal conditions

• of the optimization processes. Liu et al. [69] developed a custom-built Python script to study the kinetics of carbonyldiimidazole-mediated amide formation by analyzing data from online HPLC and in-line FTIR-spectroscopic measurements. Their algorithm was able to automatically detect peaks from

• reactant and to feed this information back to the pump for immediate quenching of carbonyldiimidazole to prevent any side reactions. The entire process allows to control the acid activation and amide formation precisely to afford the desired final product in quantitative yield. Recently, Sagmeister et al

Giese-type alkylation of dehydroalanine derivatives via silane-mediated alkyl bromide activation

• Perry van der Heide,
• Michele Retini,
• Fabiola Fanini,
• Giovanni Piersanti,
• Francesco Secci,
• Daniele Mazzarella,
• Timothy Noël and
• Alberto Luridiana

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3274–3280, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.271

• %) and bromoadamantane in compound 22 (58%) were obtained in satisfactory yields. Subsequently, different Dha derivatives were subjected to the optimized reaction conditions, using bromocyclohexane (2) as the alkyl bromide. In order to explore the effect of the presence of an amide moiety in the Dha

• derivatives, a tertiary amide was firstly used to exclude selectivity issues arising from the hydrogen atoms of the amide functionality, yielding compound 23 in synthetically useful yield (39%). Interestingly, a secondary amide was formed in a higher yield of compound 24 (62%) compared to a Dha with a

• tertiary amide on the same position. Alternatively, the use of a double Boc-protected Dha resulted in a rather low yield of compound 25 (32%), while varying one Boc-protecting group with a Cbz-protecting group increased the yield substantially to 86% for compound 26. In addition, the use of a cyclic, N-Cbz

Intramolecular C–H arylation of pyridine derivatives with a palladium catalyst for the synthesis of multiply fused heteroaromatic compounds

• Yuki Nakanishi,
• Shoichi Sugita,
• Kentaro Okano and
• Atsunori Mori

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3256–3262, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.269

• Abstract The C–H arylation of 2-quinolinecarboxyamide bearing a C–Br bond at the N-aryl moiety is carried out with a palladium catalyst. The reaction proceeds at the C–H bond on the pyridine ring adjacent to the amide group in the presence of 10 mol % Pd(OAc)2 at 110 °C to afford the cyclized product in 42

• reaction of the corresponding heteroaromatic carboxylic acids with thionyl chloride followed by treatment with N-octyl-2-bromoaniline [15]. The reactions proceeded smoothly affording products 1a–c in good yields as shown in Scheme 1. We then studied the reaction of quinoline amide 1a under several

• effective to afford 2a in 94% yield. The reaction was then carried out with several pyridine derivatives including amide derivatives composed of 6-methylpicoline (1b) and unsubstituted picoline (1c) as summarized in Table 2. When the reaction was examined in the absence of a phosphine ligand, the yields of

Discovery of ianthelliformisamines D–G from the sponge Suberea ianthelliformis and the total synthesis of ianthelliformisamine D

• Sasha Hayes,
• Yaoying Lu,
• Bernd H. A. Rehm and
• Rohan A. Davis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3205–3214, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.266

• methoxy group (δH 3.81), six methylene signals (δH 3.33, 3.20, 3.14, 2.21, 1.91, 1.63) and one exchangeable proton triplet (δH 8.04) that was indicative of a secondary amide [7]. Additionally, signals for one isolated trans olefin (δH 7.33, 6.66) and one aromatic signal (δH 7.89) that integrated for two

• ]. Methylenes resonating at δH 3.14, 1.64 and 3.20 were assigned to a three-carbon alkyl spin system that was flanked by nitrogen atoms [NH–(CH2)3–N] based on COSY correlations from the amide proton at δH 8.04. A terminal pyrrolidone was assigned based on COSY data for the three remaining methylene protons (δH

• from the amide proton linked the propyl-2-pyrrolidine moiety to the brominated acrylamide fragment and thus the full chemical structure of 4 was elucidated and assigned to ianthelliformisamine D. A refined literature search using Scifinder Scholar [16] revealed that compound 4 contains a novel scaffold

Germanyl triazoles as a platform for CuAAC diversification and chemoselective orthogonal cross-coupling

• John M. Halford-McGuff,
• Thomas M. Richardson,
• Aidan P. McKay,
• Frederik Peschke,
• Glenn A. Burley and
• Allan J. B. Watson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3198–3204, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.265

• established as a powerful approach for molecule synthesis. Strategies within click chemistry include several widely used reactions such as the (hetero-)Diels–Alder reaction [1][2], alkene hydrothiolation [3], and an array of amide-bond-forming chemistries [4]. However, by virtue of the access to alkyne and

Synthesis of 2H-azirine-2,2-dicarboxylic acids and their derivatives

• Anastasiya V. Agafonova,
• Mikhail S. Novikov and
• Alexander F. Khlebnikov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3191–3197, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.264

• -chloroisoxazole-4-carbonyl chlorides. Optimization of amide preparation. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 34: Experimental procedures and characterization data of new compounds. Acknowledgements In commemoration of the 300th anniversary of St Petersburg State University’s founding. This

Direct trifluoroethylation of carbonyl sulfoxonium ylides using hypervalent iodine compounds

• Radell Echemendía,
• Carlee A. Montgomery,
• Fabio Cuzzucoli,
• Antonio C. B. Burtoloso and
• Graham K. Murphy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3182–3190, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.263

• Information File 1 for details). This limitation is attributed to the diminished reactivity of these ylides compared to ester and amide-derived sulfoxonium ylides. Having established this new methodology, we then turned our attention to demonstrate additional synthetic applications of this procedure. The

Synthesis of extended fluorinated tripeptides based on the tetrahydropyridazine scaffold

• Thierry Milcent,
• Pascal Retailleau,
• Benoit Crousse and
• Sandrine Ongeri

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3174–3181, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.262

• isomers, two due to the E and Z isomers of the imine group (–N=CH–) and two due to the syn/anti-conformers of the amide bond (–NH-CO–). Experimentally, the E isomer is often more stable and so, predominant. The strong correlation between the NH and CH of the imine observed in 2D 1H-1H NOE experiments for

• ,anti. Then, hydrazones 3 were reacted with zinc and methyl 2-(bromomethyl)acrylate (4). This aza-Barbier reaction was performed in a biphasic medium (THF/aqueous solution of saturated NH4Cl) to avoid the formation of the α-methylene-γ-lactam obtained by intramolecular cyclization of the zinc amide on

• 19F,1H NOE experiments of compound 8f did not show any specific correlation between fluorine atoms and the protons of the amino acids (see Supporting Information File 1). Finally, the low chemical shifts of the amide and carbamate protons (6.4 ppm for NH of valine and 5.5 ppm for the NH of

Hypervalent iodine-mediated intramolecular alkene halocyclisation

• Charu Bansal,
• Oliver Ruggles,
• Albert C. Rowett and
• Alastair J. J. Lennox

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3113–3133, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.258

• . A mechanism for the reaction was proposed by the authors (Scheme 27), whereby a TMS-adduct A of the amide is formed, alkene activation and cyclisation from oxygen forms the cyclised intermediate B, then displacement of PhI by chloride gives the product. Chai, Jiang, Zhu and co-workers reported the

gem-Difluorovinyl and trifluorovinyl Michael acceptors in the synthesis of α,β-unsaturated fluorinated and nonfluorinated amides

• Monika Bilska-Markowska,
• Marcin Kaźmierczak,
• Wojciech Jankowski and
• Marcin Hoffmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2946–2953, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.247

• using organolithium reagents (Scheme 1), revealing new avenues in fluorinated unsaturated amide synthesis, which are present in numerous natural products, pharmaceuticals, and polymers [34][35][36][37][38]. The obtained α,β-unsaturated amides may represent promising structural motifs for further

• was to be evidenced by a substitution reaction at the alpha position. We started testing the different bases with lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide [39]. The reactions did not take place in the presence of LiHMDS (Table 1, entries 1 and 2), using either benzyl bromide or methyl iodide as electrophiles

• approximately 150° [42][43][44][45]. These data were consistent with DFT calculations (see Supporting Information File 1). The reaction of the amide 1d with n-BuLi resulted in a surprising outcome. In this case, product 9d and only traces of the expected product 10d were received, as indicated by the 19F NMR

Recent advances in transition-metal-free arylation reactions involving hypervalent iodine salts

• Ritu Mamgain,
• Kokila Sakthivel and
• Fateh V. Singh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2891–2920, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.243

• -arylation of N-alkoxybenzamides 81 in absence of metal catalsyt at low temperatures [85]. The reaction resulted in the two products O-arylated 83 and N-arylated 84 amides (Scheme 33). By reacting various substituted diaryliodonium salts and the amide it was concluded that the chemoselectivity between O- and

• N-arylation could be controlled by adjusting the steric and/or electronic properties of the diaryliodonium salt and the amide. This approach was helpful in the formation of O-arylimidates previously unattainable using metal-catalyzed methods. S-Arylation The aryl sulfide moiety is widely present in

N-Glycosides of indigo, indirubin, and isoindigo: blue, red, and yellow sugars and their cancerostatic activity

• Peter Langer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2840–2869, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.240

• trichloroacetimidate failed, due to competing formation of orthoester-like amide acetals during the reaction with 1b. We then focused our work on an alternative synthetic approach (vide infra). In 2021, Pfretzschner and Unverzagt reported the application of our methodology to the synthesis of indigo-N-glucoside 7c

• (Scheme 4) [20]. The reaction of 1b with 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-O-benzoyl-α-ᴅ-glucosyl trichloroacetimidate (6a) afforded indigo-N-glycoside 7a. The benzoyl group located at OH-2 seemed to be unreactive enough to avoid formation of orthoester-like amide acetals during the N-glycosylation with 1b. Oxidative

• -mannose (14) afforded indigo-N-mannoside α-15a, albeit, in low yield (Scheme 11) [21]. Deacetylation afforded product α-15b. Indirubin-N-glycosides (red sugars) In contrast to indigo, indirubin is a non-symmetrical compound containing an amine- and an amide-type nitrogen atom. In our group, we developed a

Synthesis of tricarbonylated propargylamine and conversion to 2,5-disubstituted oxazole-4-carboxylates

• Kento Iwai,
• Akari Hikasa,
• Kotaro Yoshioka,
• Shinki Tani,
• Kazuto Umezu and
• Nagatoshi Nishiwaki

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2827–2833, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.238

• reacts with butyllithium, ring closure occurs between the ethynyl and carbamoyl groups, yielding 2,5-disubstituted oxazole-4-carboxylates. This cyclization also occurs when the propargylamine is heated with ammonium acetate, resulting in double activation. Keywords: acid amide; diethyl mesoxalate; N

• anhydride, the intermediately formed hemiacetal underwent acetylation, leading to N,O-acetals 1. In this method, an acid amide can be used as an amine masked with an acyl group. Subsequent elimination of acetic acid occurred to afford 2 in situ upon treatment with a base, enabling nucleophilic addition with

• various nucleophiles. This is because the imino carbon atom of 2 is also highly electrophilic, similar to DEMO [23][24][25]. This method offers an advantage over conventional methods as the N-acyl group can be modified by altering the acid amide. In this study, lithium acetylides were employed as

Synthesis and antimycotic activity of new derivatives of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines

• Dmitriy Yu. Vandyshev,
• Daria A. Mangusheva,
• Khidmet S. Shikhaliev,
• Kirill A. Scherbakov,
• Oleg N. Burov,
• Alexander D. Zagrebaev,
• Tatiana N. Khmelevskaya,
• Alexey S. Trenin and
• Fedor I. Zubkov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2806–2817, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.236

• spectra of the imidazopyrimidine 4d there are cross peaks of the methine proton at C-5 with the amide proton of the acetamide fragment (Figure 3), which are not possible in the case of the hypothetical imidazoimidazoles 10 and 12. Also the observed cross peak of the same methine proton with the proton at

• C-3 of the imidazole core, would not be possible for the alternative imidazopyrimidine system. These results allowed us to reject the structure 11. The lack of correlation in the HMBC spectra between the protons of the amide fragment and the C-5 carbon atom, as well as the presence of cross-peaks of

Access to optically active tetrafluoroethylenated amines based on [1,3]-proton shift reaction

• Yuta Kabumoto,
• Eiichiro Yoshimoto,
• Bing Xiaohuan,
• Masato Morita,
• Motohiro Yasui,
• Shigeyuki Yamada and
• Tsutomu Konno

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2776–2783, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.233

• amide (S)-23b in 27% isolated yield over three-steps. The measurement of HPLC equipped with a chiral column, CHIRALPAK AD-H for (S)-23b, showed that the amide had an optical purity of 95% ee (Scheme 4). On the next stage, the substrate scope for the present reaction was explored by using various imines

Synthesis of fluoroalkenes and fluoroenynes via cross-coupling reactions using novel multihalogenated vinyl ethers

• Yukiko Karuo,
• Keita Hirata,
• Atsushi Tarui,
• Kazuyuki Sato,
• Kentaro Kawai and
• Masaaki Omote

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2691–2703, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.226

• Fluoroalkenes are one of the important frameworks for a wide range of industrial fields. For example, they are used as a bioisostere of amide bonds in medicines and agrochemicals, and contribute to the synthesis of peptide medicines that are stable to enzymatic metabolism and possess high lipophilicity [1]. In

Base-promoted cascade recyclization of allomaltol derivatives containing an amide fragment into substituted 3-(1-hydroxyethylidene)tetronic acids

• Andrey N. Komogortsev,
• Constantine V. Milyutin and
• Boris V. Lichitsky

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2585–2591, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.217

• Andrey N. Komogortsev Constantine V. Milyutin Boris V. Lichitsky N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr., 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation 10.3762/bjoc.20.217 Abstract For the first time, recyclization of allomaltol derivatives with an amide

• present communication we have studied the recyclization of amide-containing allomaltol derivatives 3 under action of CDI (Scheme 1B). In this case, the interaction also leads to substituted tetronic acids 4. Wherein, in contrast to related hydrazide derivatives 1 the considered process can be realized

• only in the presence of a strong base (DBU). Results and Discussion The starting allomaltols 3 bearing an amide fragment in the side chain were prepared by reaction of dihydropyranones 5 with appropriate amines 6 applying the previously described method [33][34] (Scheme 2). At first, amide 3a was

A review of recent advances in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical late-stage functionalization classified by anodic oxidation, cathodic reduction, and paired electrolysis

• Nian Li,
• Ruzal Sitdikov,
• Ajit Prabhakar Kale,
• Joost Steverlynck,
• Bo Li and
• Magnus Rueping

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2500–2566, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.214

• oxidized to [Co(III)]+ at the anode, while MeOH undergoes cathodic reduction to form MeO− and H2. The MeO− then deprotonates the carbamate, and the resulting conjugated base is oxidized by the cobalt–salen complex [Co(III)]+, generating an amide radical. This amide radical initiates radical cyclization to

• electrolyte, and carbon felt and platinum plate as electrodes, the intramolecular hydroamination proceeded smoothly, yielding azetidines in moderate to good yields. This method was applied to the LSF of celecoxib, zonisamide, and dansyl amide (Scheme 33a). Additionally, the allylation of aldehydes also

• late-stage functionalizations. In 2020, Ackermann and coworkers reported the challenging C–H alkoxylation of (hetero)arenes with sterically encumbered secondary alcohols via a nickel electrocatalyzed protocol [49]. A traceless removable quinoline amide in the meta position was employed as a directing

Photoredox-catalyzed intramolecular nucleophilic amidation of alkenes with β-lactams

• Valentina Giraldi,
• Giandomenico Magagnano,
• Daria Giacomini,
• Pier Giorgio Cozzi and
• Andrea Gualandi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2461–2468, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.210

• -amidyl radicals uses activated N–O amide derivatives capable of generating amidyl radicals through fragmentation [18][19]. The direct formation of amidyl radicals in the presence of a carbon alkyl chain could lead to a competitive 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (1,5-HAT) [20][21][22], limiting the direct

• functionalization of amides with alkenes under photoredox conditions. Another viable approach for amide functionalization through photoredox catalysis involves the nucleophilic addition, in the presence of base, of an amide to a radical cation obtained by oxidation of an unfunctionalized alkene moiety (Figure 1A

• their investigation of the hydrofunctionalization reaction of unsaturated amides and thioamides [28]. They have found that the oxygen atom of the amide group, rather than the nitrogen atom, acted as a nucleophile, leading to the formation of 2-oxazolines and 2-thiazolines. Another recent example of

Hypervalent iodine-mediated cyclization of bishomoallylamides to prolinols

• Smaher E. Butt,
• Konrad Kepski,
• Jean-Marc Sotiropoulos and
• Wesley J. Moran

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2455–2460, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.209

• the alkene and the amide increased from two to three atoms. In the latter case, cyclization at the amide nitrogen to form the pyrrolidine ring was favored over cyclization at the amide oxygen. A DFT study was undertaken to rationalize the change in mechanism of this cyclization process. In addition

• amide at both the oxygen and the nitrogen, however, the ΔG‡ value for the latter was lower by 2.5 kcal·mol−1. This demonstrates a clear kinetic preference for formation of the five-membered ring over the seven-membered one [19]. Subsequent deprotonation of 11 leads to tertiary amide 12. Upon cyclization

• , the iodane moiety in 12 is eliminated by an intramolecular attack by the amide nitrogen to form the aziridinium 13. Finally, ring-opening by SN2 attack of trifluoroacetate leads to the final product 14 [20]. In this case, the kinetic pyrrolidine product is obtained due to the electron-withdrawing

Evaluating the halogen bonding strength of a iodoloisoxazolium(III) salt

• Dominik L. Reinhard,
• Anna Schmidt,
• Marc Sons,
• Julian Wolf,
• Elric Engelage and
• Stefan M. Huber

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2401–2407, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.204

• . Finally, the potential as halogen-bonding activator was benchmarked in solution in the gold-catalyzed cyclization of a propargyl amide. Keywords: diaryliodonium; gold catalysis; halogen bonding; hypervalent iodine; non-covalent interactions; Introduction The compound class of diaryliodonium (DAI) salts

• applied as catalyst for the cyclization of propargylic amide 11, a typical benchmark reaction in gold catalysis (Scheme 2) [24][25][26][27], which had previously already been activated by iodine(I) and iodine(III)-based XB donors [15][18]. To evaluate the activity of the new iodoloisoxazolium 7BArF, it

• preactivation process between the XB donor, the gold complex, or the amide can be assumed. Such a sigmoidal curve for this reaction has also been observed in one of the previous studies on the XB activation of gold complexes [15]. The prototypic iodolium 1BArF showed significantly better results reaching ≈85

Asymmetric organocatalytic synthesis of chiral homoallylic amines

• Nikolay S. Kondratyev and
• Andrei V. Malkov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2349–2377, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.201

• employing chiral Brønsted acid catalyst (S)-TRIP (118) (Scheme 25). In this approach, the racemic β-formyl amide forms the iminium intermediate that undergoes fast equilibration via the enamine tautomer to form preferentially one enantiomer which then undergoes the acid-catalysed aza-Cope rearrangement

• , creating the desired syn-(2R,3S)-homoallylic amine 120 in high diastereo- and enantioselectivity. The reaction was tested with various aryl, benzyl, allyl, and alkyl-functionalised β-formyl N-morpholinyl amides 119; the amide function was also varied. Yields were scattered across the 31–90% range, with the

• diastereoselectivities varying from 1.1:1 to >20:1 (Scheme 25). Interestingly, almost all isolated products, except for the amine resulting from methyl β-formyl N-morpholinyl amide (119, R = Me), showed dr > 20:1. Enantioselectivity followed the trend and varied between 64–94%, the lowest being obtained for the methyl

Tandem diazotization/cyclization approach for the synthesis of a fused 1,2,3-triazinone-furazan/furoxan heterocyclic system

• Yuri A. Sidunets,
• Valeriya G. Melekhina and
• Leonid L. Fershtat

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2342–2348, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.200

• candidates are also unveiled. Results and Discussion We started our investigations toward the development of the desired synthetic approach to [1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazin-7(6H)-one 2-oxides 1 using functionalized furoxans 2 and 3 as suitable substrates. The starting amide precursors 2 were

• , whether isolated or generated in situ, may undergo various controlled transformations [42]. However, previously, we failed to introduce amino-1,2,5-oxadiazoles bearing an amide functionality into the diazotization protocol, arguably due to an increased electron-withdrawing effect and elevated instability

• of thus generated diazonium salts. In this regard, amide 2a and mesitylene were selected as model objects to optimize the reaction conditions, since azo coupling of (1,2,5-oxadiazolyl)diazonium salts with electron-donating arenes is known to proceed quantitatively [42]. We varied the diazotization

Deuterated reagents in multicomponent reactions to afford deuterium-labeled products

• Kevin Schofield,
• Shayna Maddern,
• Yueteng Zhang,
• Grace E. Mastin,
• Rachel Knight,
• Wei Wang,
• James Galligan and
• Christopher Hulme

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2270–2279, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.195

• isocyanide component to afford α-aminoacyl amide derivatives 1a–g in good yield (Scheme 3). A [D1]-aldehyde and [D1]-isocyanide were independently used in conjunction with supporting reagents to afford 1b–d and 1e and 1f, respectively, with no observation of deuterium scrambling. A post-condensation

Selective hydrolysis of α-oxo ketene N,S-acetals in water: switchable aqueous synthesis of β-keto thioesters and β-keto amides

• Haifeng Yu,
• Wanting Zhang,
• Xuejing Cui,
• Zida Liu,
• Xifu Zhang and
• Xiaobo Zhao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2225–2233, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.190

• N,S-acetals; β-keto amide; β-keto thioester; dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid; hydrolysis; Introduction In the past decades, the application of easily available and stable α-oxo ketene N,S-acetals as significant synthons has received more and more attention in organic synthesis due to their unique

• form adduct I', which is then transformed into intermediate II' by elimination of ethanethiolate. Subsequently, β-keto amide 3a is obtained when II' releases H+. Conclusion In summary, we have successfully developed an environmentally friendly method for the selective aqueous synthesis of β-keto