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Search for "efficiency" in Full Text gives 1156 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. Showing first 200.

Recent advances in the electrochemical synthesis of organophosphorus compounds

  • Babak Kaboudin,
  • Milad Behroozi,
  • Sepideh Sadighi and
  • Fatemeh Asgharzadeh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 770–797, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.61

Graphical Abstract
  • efficiency of reactions [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Organophosphorous compounds are essential materials with broad applications in medicinal chemistry, synthesis, agriculture, as ligands, and intermediates to prepare complex compounds. Due to their importance, scientists have introduced many studies in
  • reduction occur in separate compartments, separated by a diaphragm or salt bridge, to prevent reactant mixing and improve efficiency (e.g., Daniel cell). However, in undivided cells, both reactions occur in a single compartment without separation, resulting in a more straightforward design but potentially
  • lower efficiency (e.g., some electrolytic cells). Role of electrolytes in organic electrochemical reactions Electrolytes are crucial for conductivity and reaction stability in organic electrochemical reactions. They are categorized as supporting electrolytes, which enhance conductivity, reduce
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Published 16 Apr 2025

New advances in asymmetric organocatalysis II

  • Radovan Šebesta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 766–769, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.60

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  • describes the enantioselective Michael addition of pyrazoline-5-ones to α,β-unsaturated ketones. The enantioselectivity and chemical efficiency of this transformation were achieved with a cinchona-alkaloid-derived primary-amine–Brønsted acid composite [22]. A good demonstration of how organocatalysis
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Published 15 Apr 2025

Copper-catalyzed domino cyclization of anilines and cyclobutanone oxime: a scalable and versatile route to spirotetrahydroquinoline derivatives

  • Qingqing Jiang,
  • Xinyi Lei,
  • Pan Gao and
  • Yu Yuan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 749–754, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.58

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  • significantly lower yields of 3aa (Table 1, entry 2). Replacing the Cu(TFA)2 catalyst with other copper sources, such as cuprous chloride (CuCl), cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN), copper bromide (CuBr2), copper trifluoromethanesulfonate (Cu(OTf)2), and copper powder resulted in diminished reaction efficiency (Table
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Letter
Published 09 Apr 2025

Synthesis of HBC fluorophores with an electrophilic handle for covalent attachment to Pepper RNA

  • Raphael Bereiter and
  • Ronald Micura

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 727–735, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.56

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  • (8), MsOc3HBC (14), and MsOc3HBC-vinyl (22)) as reported previously [11]. Nine more HBC derivatives with altered handle lengths and different electrophilic groups are introduced in this study. Furthermore, we include an evaluation of the efficiency of all reactive fluorophores (previously introduced
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Published 04 Apr 2025

Recent advances in allylation of chiral secondary alkylcopper species

  • Minjae Kim,
  • Gwanggyun Kim,
  • Doyoon Kim,
  • Jun Hee Lee and
  • Seung Hwan Cho

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 639–658, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.51

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  • scope and efficiency of these reactions. A notable advancement came from Knochel's introduction of dialkylzinc reagents in 1999, which substantially broadened the range of applicable organometallic compounds [23]. Subsequent significant progress was achieved independently by Feringa and Alexakis through
  • into a powerful and versatile tool in asymmetric synthesis, capable of employing a wide array of organometallic reagents that furnish the desired compounds with high efficiency and selectivity. The regioselective asymmetric construction of stereogenic carbon centers from prochiral allylic substrates
  • regioselectivity (SN2/SN2' = >99:1). The reaction with 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl bromide (15) was particularly noteworthy, as it exhibited superior selectivity compared to the corresponding phosphates. The high efficiency of this protocol was demonstrated through the synthesis of various functionalized alkenes with
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Published 20 Mar 2025

Entry to 2-aminoprolines via electrochemical decarboxylative amidation of N‑acetylamino malonic acid monoesters

  • Olesja Koleda,
  • Janis Sadauskis,
  • Darja Antonenko,
  • Edvards Janis Treijs,
  • Raivis Davis Steberis and
  • Edgars Suna

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 630–638, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.50

Graphical Abstract
  • , NaOAc) did not improve the efficiency of the anodic decarboxylation/cyclization reaction (Table 1, entries 2–4). Even though the amount of hemiaminal 10a was slightly reduced, the formation of amino acid ester 11a as side product was observed in the crude reaction mixture (Table 1, entries 2–4). The
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Published 19 Mar 2025

Photocatalyzed elaboration of antibody-based bioconjugates

  • Marine Le Stum,
  • Eugénie Romero and
  • Gary A. Molander

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 616–629, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.49

Graphical Abstract
  • strategy maximizes the efficiency and specificity of functionalization, representing a significant advancement in the selective modification of antibodies. This method demonstrated an innovative mode of selectivity, even though some drawbacks remain. For example, the 1-methyl-4-arylurazole used in these
  • transformations targeted toward a variety of diverse canonical amino acids would introduce more versatility, efficiency, and convenience in the construction of these increasingly important structural units. Cautionary considerations Photoredox chemistry offers a powerful approach for the targeted modification of
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Published 18 Mar 2025

Total synthesis of (±)-simonsol C using dearomatization as key reaction under acidic conditions

  • Xiao-Yang Bi,
  • Xiao-Shuai Yang,
  • Shan-Shan Chen,
  • Jia-Jun Sui,
  • Zhao-Nan Cai,
  • Yong-Ming Chuan and
  • Hong-Bo Qin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 601–606, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.47

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  • reductive elimination with Zn/AcOH and spontaneous oxy-Michael addition. This route largely enhances the synthetic efficiency and shortens the number of synthetic steps. The whole synthesis route involves 8 steps and affords the final product in a total yield of 13%, which could be the shortest synthesis
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Published 17 Mar 2025

Sequential two-step, one-pot microwave-assisted Urech synthesis of 5-monosubstituted hydantoins from L-amino acids in water

  • Wei-Jin Chang,
  • Sook Yee Liew,
  • Thomas Kurz and
  • Siow-Ping Tan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 596–600, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.46

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  • . Additionally, the reaction proceeds efficiently without the need for toxic or moisture-sensitive reagents, further making it suitable for large-scale applications. The shorter reaction time (less than 2 hours) also contributes to improve energy efficiency when compared to traditional methods. These factors
  • demonstrate that the process can be effectively scaled up, particularly in industries that prioritize sustainability and operational efficiency. In terms of green chemistry principles, this approach already meets several key goals, such as reducing the use of hazardous reagents and solvents, increasing
  • reaction efficiency, and minimizing waste. Future studies can quantitatively evaluate these aspects using established metrics such as E-factor, atom economy, and reaction mass efficiency. These indicators will provide a more comprehensive evaluation of the environmental sustainability of the reaction and
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Published 14 Mar 2025

Formaldehyde surrogates in multicomponent reactions

  • Cecilia I. Attorresi,
  • Javier A. Ramírez and
  • Bernhard Westermann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 564–595, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.45

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  • temperatures, no specifically prepared solvents), one-pot, batch processes leading to tandem or cascade reactions, resource efficiency through the application of the 12 principles of Green Chemistry, and readily available starting materials such as waste materials from food production processes [1][2][3]. In
  • reported using an alternative synthetic strategy [92], but lower efficiency in terms of yields, number of steps, and scope compared to this multicomponent methodology. Inspired by this previous work, Sharma et al. improved the reaction for free and immobilized glyoxylic acid, with and without acid
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Published 13 Mar 2025

Unprecedented visible light-initiated topochemical [2 + 2] cycloaddition in a functionalized bimane dye

  • Metodej Dvoracek,
  • Brendan Twamley,
  • Mathias O. Senge and
  • Mikhail A. Filatov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 500–509, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.37

Graphical Abstract
  • irradiation conditions. Inefficient intersystem crossing (or complete lack thereof) and short singlet-state lifetimes can both affect the efficiency of a photoreaction [20]. Crystal packing Similar to Cl2B, the potentially reactive double bonds in Me2B are coplanar and parallel, with a torsion angle of 0(0
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Published 05 Mar 2025

Synthesis of N-acetyl diazocine derivatives via cross-coupling reaction

  • Thomas Brandt,
  • Pascal Lentes,
  • Jeremy Rudtke,
  • Michael Hösgen,
  • Christian Näther and
  • Rainer Herges

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 490–499, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.36

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  • Abstract Diazocines are photoswitches derived from azobenzenes by bridging the two phenyl rings in ortho position with a CH2CH2 group forming an eight membered (diazocine) ring. Diazocine is superior to most azobenzenes in almost all photophysical properties (switching efficiency, quantum yield
  • azobenzene is that the switching efficiency decreases sharply with increasing water content in the solvent. In a recently published paper, we reported that replacing one CH2 group in the bridge with NCOCH3 not only confers intrinsic water solubility, but also largely eliminates the problem of reduced
  • switching efficiency in aqueous solutions. In order to investigate the chemistry of this promising photoswitch and to unlock further applications, we now investigate strategies for the synthesis of derivatives, which are based on cross-coupling reactions. Fourteen vinyl-, aryl-, cyano-, and amino
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Published 04 Mar 2025

Synthesis of electrophile-tethered preQ1 analogs for covalent attachment to preQ1 RNA

  • Laurin Flemmich and
  • Ronald Micura

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 483–489, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.35

Graphical Abstract
  • bacterial as well as eukaryotic aspartyl-, asparaginyl-, histidyl- and tyrosyl-tRNA isoacceptors bearing the G34U35N36 anticodon motif [1]. Like other tRNA anticodon modifications, queuosine has been shown to increase translational fidelity and efficiency [2]. Structurally, queuosine and preQ1 (compound 1
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Published 04 Mar 2025

Photomechanochemistry: harnessing mechanical forces to enhance photochemical reactions

  • Francesco Mele,
  • Ana M. Constantin,
  • Andrea Porcheddu,
  • Raimondo Maggi,
  • Giovanni Maestri,
  • Nicola Della Ca’ and
  • Luca Capaldo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 458–472, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.33

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  • hydrogen-atom transfer or solvolysis are often observed. A technological solution to cope with the Beer–Lambert law was offered by flow chemistry [19][20][21] by employing microreactors with reduced optical paths to enhance irradiation efficiency [22][23][24]. Photon-limited reactions, whose efficiency is
  • the surface area of the solids and, therefore, irradiation efficiency. UV lamps (e.g., medium-pressure Hg lamps) are typically used for irradiation, thus requiring specialized safety equipment. While it offers some control over pressure and duration, manual grinding suffers from inconsistencies due to
  • in enhancing the mixing efficiency and increasing the exposure of the surface of the reaction mixture to light. Additionally, the formation of compound 8.2 was associated with the observation of an initial molten state of the mixture, which could have promoted single-electron-transfer processes that
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Published 03 Mar 2025

Beyond symmetric self-assembly and effective molarity: unlocking functional enzyme mimics with robust organic cages

  • Keith G. Andrews

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 421–443, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.30

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  • , chemists have made use of selectively reactive chemicals by handling them, individually, in unreactive bottles. Meanwhile, Nature has learned to convert mixtures of unreactive chemicals by handling them in selectively reactive bottles (enzymes). Only the latter approach offers the efficiency, rate
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Published 24 Feb 2025

The effect of neighbouring group participation and possible long range remote group participation in O-glycosylation

  • Rituparna Das and
  • Balaram Mukhopadhyay

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 369–406, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.27

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Published 17 Feb 2025

Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and carbonic anhydrase inhibition activities of multifunctional pyrazolo-1,2-benzothiazine acetamides

  • Ayesha Saeed,
  • Shahana Ehsan,
  • Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman,
  • Erin M. Marshall,
  • Sandra Loesgen,
  • Abdus Saleem,
  • Simone Giovannuzzi and
  • Claudiu T. Supuran

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 348–357, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.25

Graphical Abstract
  • to weak antimicrobial efficiency against E. coli, and C. albicans (see Figure S43 in Supporting Information File 1). These experiments showed that compounds 7b and 7h have potential antistaphylococcal activity. Microbroth dilution assays [52] were performed for the determination of MIC (minimum
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Published 12 Feb 2025

Red light excitation: illuminating photocatalysis in a new spectrum

  • Lucas Fortier,
  • Corentin Lefebvre and
  • Norbert Hoffmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 296–326, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.22

Graphical Abstract
  • become a powerful approach for achieving sustainable chemical transformations, combining high efficiency with energy-saving, mild conditions. By harnessing the deeper penetration and selectivity of red and near-infrared light, this method minimizes the side reactions typical of higher-energy sources
  • states. In this section, the document highlights applications of these complexes in reactions like ring-closing metathesis and polymerization, where red light’s deeper penetration enhances yields and efficiency, particularly for large-scale reactions. The second section broadens the focus to explore
  • efficiency of photoredox-catalyzed reactions. Absorption in the red region opens up innovative opportunities for photochemical transformations. First, the employed photon has the lowest energy in the electromagnetic spectrum of visible light, which allows for safer laboratory conditions in terms of
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Published 07 Feb 2025

Heteroannulations of cyanoacetamide-based MCR scaffolds utilizing formamide

  • Marios Zingiridis,
  • Danae Papachristodoulou,
  • Despoina Menegaki,
  • Konstantinos G. Froudas and
  • Constantinos G. Neochoritis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 217–225, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.13

Graphical Abstract
  • convergent chemistry characterized by diversity, complexity and efficiency. MCRs are compatible with C1 chemistry due to the generally great tolerance of different functional groups. They have been mostly employed in the synthesis of oxazolidinones and oxazinanones utilizing CO2 and CO [4][16][17][18][19][20
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Published 24 Jan 2025

Dioxazolones as electrophilic amide sources in copper-catalyzed and -mediated transformations

  • Seungmin Lee,
  • Minsuk Kim,
  • Hyewon Han and
  • Jongwoo Son

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 200–216, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.12

Graphical Abstract
  • motifs such as a benzofuran, indazole, and quinoline were also shown to undergo the desired Markovnikov amidation with high efficiency (23j–l). Several mechanistic experiments were performed to rationalize the reaction pathways. As shown in Figure 7, copper hydride, generated from a copper precatalyst
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Published 22 Jan 2025

Recent advances in electrochemical copper catalysis for modern organic synthesis

  • Yemin Kim and
  • Won Jun Jang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 155–178, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.9

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  • functionalization of highly complex and diverse molecules, such as those of pharmaceuticals and natural products, has provided new retrosynthetic disconnections for complex compounds, contributing to improved resource efficiency [41][42][43][44][45][46]. Recently, the merging of C–H activation and electrochemistry
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Published 16 Jan 2025

Cu(OTf)2-catalyzed multicomponent reactions

  • Sara Colombo,
  • Camilla Loro,
  • Egle M. Beccalli,
  • Gianluigi Broggini and
  • Marta Papis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 122–145, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.7

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  • , also in regio- and stereoselective processes. The interest for these strategies arises from the cost-effectiveness as one-pot processes, the ease of application and the great efficiency when directed to the synthesis of biologically active compounds. Plausible general catalytic activation for ionic or
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Published 14 Jan 2025

Recent advances in organocatalytic atroposelective reactions

  • Henrich Szabados and
  • Radovan Šebesta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 55–121, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.6

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  • (Scheme 61) [91]. After testing a considerable number of substrates, the authors achieved excellent yields and enantioselectivities. The synthetic utility of this approach stems from being able to skip additional reaction steps and thus omit reagents used in those steps, leading to increased efficiency
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Published 09 Jan 2025

Emerging trends in the optimization of organic synthesis through high-throughput tools and machine learning

  • Pablo Quijano Velasco,
  • Kedar Hippalgaonkar and
  • Balamurugan Ramalingam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 10–38, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.3

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  • selection, a dispensing module for solids and liquids, a reaction module capable of heating and stirring, a sample preparation module, and a LC–MS characterization module (Figure 2d). The efficiency of the system has been demonstrated in three reactions types, namely Suzuki–Miyaura coupling, Buchwald
  • –Hartwig amination, and Ullmann coupling. These experiments showcased a conversion rate that outperformed existing reference systems and provided at least six times the efficiency in the experimentation, besides synthesis planning, optimization, and downstream workup tasks. The throughput of SynBot is
  • , differing from established isolation and separation techniques, holds the promise of not only enhancing the efficiency of HTE flow synthesis but also paving the way for more sustainable growth in this research area. Autonomous self-optimizing flow reactors Autonomous self-optimizing flow reactors (ASFRs
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Published 06 Jan 2025

Synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties of novel 9‑phenyl-9-phosphafluorene oxide derivatives

  • Shuxian Qiu,
  • Duan Dong,
  • Jiahui Li,
  • Huiting Wen,
  • Jinpeng Li,
  • Yu Yang,
  • Shengxian Zhai and
  • Xingyuan Gao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3299–3305, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.274

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  • electrochemical studies, showing that the photophysical properties of PhFlOP depend on the nature of the electron-donating groups [31]. Later, Wu and co-workers introduced various electron donors to the PhFlOP unit to form new TADF emitters with high electroluminescence efficiency [32][33]. Despite this progress
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Published 30 Dec 2024
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