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Search for "optimization" in Full Text gives 1153 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. Showing first 200.

Facile one-pot reduction of β-nitrostyrenes to phenethylamines using sodium borohydride and copper(II) chloride

  • Laura D’Andrea and
  • Simon Jademyr

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 39–46, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.4

Graphical Abstract
  • stirring with minor yield loss. Increasing the heating temperature up to 110 °C does not lead to increased product yields (for more information on the optimization process, see Supporting Information File 1, page S19). The use of diethylenetriamine (DETA) was also investigated to evaluate its impact on the
  • optimization table, and ESI-MS spectra for the synthesis of 4b. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the Ph.D. thesis of L.D'A., titled "Design and Synthesis of beta-Arrestin-Biased 5HT2AR Agonists". Funding L.D’A. acknowledges the EU Horizon 2020, Innovative Training Network SAFER (765657). Conflict of
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Published 07 Jan 2025

Emerging trends in the optimization of organic synthesis through high-throughput tools and machine learning

  • Pablo Quijano Velasco,
  • Kedar Hippalgaonkar and
  • Balamurugan Ramalingam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 10–38, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.3

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  • , the optimization of chemical reactions has been performed by manual experimentation guided by human intuition and through the design of experiments where reaction variables are modified one at a time to find the optimal conditions for a specific reaction outcome. Recently, a paradigm change in
  • chemical reaction optimization has been enabled by advances in lab automation and the introduction of machine learning algorithms. Therein, multiple reaction variables can be synchronously optimized to obtain the optimal reaction conditions, requiring a shorter experimentation time and minimal human
  • intervention. Herein, we review the currently used state-of-the-art high-throughput automated chemical reaction platforms and machine learning algorithms that drive the optimization of chemical reactions, highlighting the limitations and future opportunities of this new field of research. Keywords: autonomous
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Review
Published 06 Jan 2025

Reactivity of hypervalent iodine(III) reagents bearing a benzylamine with sulfenate salts

  • Beatriz Dedeiras,
  • Catarina S. Caldeira,
  • José C. Cunha,
  • Clara S. B. Gomes and
  • M. Manuel B. Marques

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3281–3289, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.272

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  • ], HIR 2a might also be engaged in a radical mechanism contingent upon the medium or the species present. Analysis of data from optimization and scope experiments provided valuable insights into the reaction, leading to a plausible mechanistic proposal (Scheme 6). This suggestion is based on the
  • : 4a (2 equiv), NaH (2.4 equiv), 2a, TEMPO (10 mol %), degassed DMF (0.055 M). NO – not observed. Mechanism proposed for sulfonamide 5, β-sulfinyl ester 4, disulfide 7, and sulfide 3 formations. The ionic steps are illustrated in green, whereas the radical steps appear in purple [35]. Optimization of
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Published 19 Dec 2024

Giese-type alkylation of dehydroalanine derivatives via silane-mediated alkyl bromide activation

  • Perry van der Heide,
  • Michele Retini,
  • Fabiola Fanini,
  • Giovanni Piersanti,
  • Francesco Secci,
  • Daniele Mazzarella,
  • Timothy Noël and
  • Alberto Luridiana

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3274–3280, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.271

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  • )silane and a substoichiometric amount of (4-methoxyphenyl)(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanone (BP l) (Table 1) [26][27]. The reaction was performed in batch, using a 390 nm Kessil UV-A lamp, stirring at 600 rpm overnight at 25 °C (see Supporting Information File 1 for a more detailed optimization). The
  • observed in CH3CN (58% yield, 100% conv.; Table 1, entry 3). These conditions were further refined by adding of phosphate-buffered saline and decreasing the amount of (TMS)3SiH to 1.1 equiv, as no further increase in yield was noticed during the optimization. Similar to the reaction in deionized water, all
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Published 17 Dec 2024

Synthesis of 2H-azirine-2,2-dicarboxylic acids and their derivatives

  • Anastasiya V. Agafonova,
  • Mikhail S. Novikov and
  • Alexander F. Khlebnikov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3191–3197, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.264

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  • -chloroisoxazole-4-carbonyl chlorides. Optimization of amide preparation. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 34: Experimental procedures and characterization data of new compounds. Acknowledgements In commemoration of the 300th anniversary of St Petersburg State University’s founding. This
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Published 05 Dec 2024

Direct trifluoroethylation of carbonyl sulfoxonium ylides using hypervalent iodine compounds

  • Radell Echemendía,
  • Carlee A. Montgomery,
  • Fabio Cuzzucoli,
  • Antonio C. B. Burtoloso and
  • Graham K. Murphy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3182–3190, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.263

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  • nudged elastic band climbing image (NEB-CI) method using Orca 5.0.1 at the PBE/def2-SVP D4 level of theory in the CPCM solvation model (see also section 4.2 in Supporting Information File 1) [51][52][53][54][55][56]. Both climbing images were subjected to transition state optimization and successfully
  • met convergence criteria. Consistent with the PES scan outcome, the NEB-CI approach also indicated that the SN2 mechanistic proposal (Figure 2, path 2) dominates. Finally, for both mechanistic pathways, all intermediates and transition states were subjected to optimization and frequency calculations
  • -mediated and SN2 reaction mechanisms. Ultimately, the nudged elastic band climbing image (NEB-CI) method predicted the SN2 pathway to be favoured, and transition state optimization showed this to possess a Gibbs free energy of activation of 24.3 kcal/mol. This report shows the ease with which sulfoxonium
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Published 04 Dec 2024

Multicomponent reactions driving the discovery and optimization of agents targeting central nervous system pathologies

  • Lucía Campos-Prieto,
  • Aitor García-Rey,
  • Eddy Sotelo and
  • Ana Mallo-Abreu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3151–3173, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.261

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  • makes them invaluable in accelerating drug discovery processes. The synergy between multicomponent chemistry and medicinal chemistry offers a highly attractive and competitive approach to accelerate drug discovery and development, facilitating the identification and the optimization of novel therapeutic
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Published 03 Dec 2024

Controlled oligomerization of [1.1.1]propellane through radical polarity matching: selective synthesis of SF5- and CF3SF4-containing [2]staffanes

  • Jón Atiba Buldt,
  • Wang-Yeuk Kong,
  • Yannick Kraemer,
  • Masiel M. Belsuzarri,
  • Ansh Hiten Patel,
  • James C. Fettinger,
  • Dean J. Tantillo and
  • Cody Ross Pitts

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3134–3143, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.259

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  • equiv of 1 (Table 1). We also demonstrated that this procedure can be performed on a 4.0 mmol scale (with respect to SF5Cl) to provide access to ≈0.5 g of 2 in 43% isolated yield. Additional details on reaction optimization can be found in Supporting Information File 1. Upon increasing the equivalents
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Published 29 Nov 2024

Synthesis of the 1,5-disubstituted tetrazole-methanesulfonylindole hybrid system via high-order multicomponent reaction

  • Cesia M. Aguilar-Morales,
  • América A. Frías-López,
  • Nadia V. Emilio-Velázquez,
  • Alejandro Islas-Jácome,
  • Angelica Judith Granados-López,
  • Jorge Gustavo Araujo-Huitrado,
  • Yamilé López-Hernández,
  • Hiram Hernández-López,
  • Luis Chacón-García,
  • Jesús Adrián López and
  • Carlos J. Cortés-García

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3077–3084, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.256

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  • and resource optimization. In addition, all the target compounds were fully characterized using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and HRMS. It is important to mention that this protocol cannot be considered a true one-pot synthesis, as it requires a solvent exchange between reaction steps (e.g., from
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Published 26 Nov 2024

Extension of the π-system of monoaryl-substituted norbornadienes with acetylene bridges: influence on the photochemical conversion and storage of light energy

  • Robin Schulte,
  • Dustin Schade,
  • Thomas Paululat,
  • Till J. B. Zähringer,
  • Christoph Kerzig and
  • Heiko Ihmels

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3061–3068, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.254

Graphical Abstract
  • that are rather problematic under direct irradiation. The original target design, starting from the promising class of solely hydrocarbon-based, monoaryl-substituted norbornadienes, aimed primarily at the optimization of the absorption properties without adversely affecting the other advantageous MOST
  • challenge to design MOST materials with well-balanced advantageous properties. Based on the results presented herein, it may be proposed that the optimization of monoaryl-substituted norbornadienes along these lines should focus more on the factors that lead to improved stability, energy storage capacity
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Published 21 Nov 2024

Tunable full-color dual-state (solution and solid) emission of push–pull molecules containing the 1-pyrindane moiety

  • Anastasia I. Ershova,
  • Sergey V. Fedoseev,
  • Konstantin V. Lipin,
  • Mikhail Yu. Ievlev,
  • Oleg E. Nasakin and
  • Oleg V. Ershov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3016–3025, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.251

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  • challenging since it requires optimization of the reaction conditions for each modification step of the conjugated system. In this work, full-color fluorescence has been achieved solely by changing the donor groups, while the conjugated system and the multiacceptor part of the molecule were left unchanged
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Published 19 Nov 2024

gem-Difluorovinyl and trifluorovinyl Michael acceptors in the synthesis of α,β-unsaturated fluorinated and nonfluorinated amides

  • Monika Bilska-Markowska,
  • Marcin Kaźmierczak,
  • Wojciech Jankowski and
  • Marcin Hoffmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2946–2953, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.247

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  • -unsaturated amides. Formation of β-fluorinated and nonfluorinated α,β-unsaturated amides. Michael addition of 1a–d with tert-BuLi. Michael addition of 2a–d with tert-BuLi. Formation of N-methylation products. Optimization of reaction conditions. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 40: Detailed
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Published 15 Nov 2024

Recent advances in transition-metal-free arylation reactions involving hypervalent iodine salts

  • Ritu Mamgain,
  • Kokila Sakthivel and
  • Fateh V. Singh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2891–2920, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.243

Graphical Abstract
  • -naphthols 21 by using iodonium salts 16 as the source of the aryl group (Scheme 7) [61]. Through optimization, it was determined that the presence of Na2CO3 as base and cyclohexane as solvent facilitated the C–C cross-coupling reaction. The products were obtained in satisfactory yields using various
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Published 13 Nov 2024

C–H Trifluoromethylthiolation of aldehyde hydrazones

  • Victor Levet,
  • Balu Ramesh,
  • Congyang Wang and
  • Tatiana Besset

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2883–2890, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.242

Graphical Abstract
  • reaction conditions, electron-enriched hydrazones provided the expected products in high yields (2a, 3a, 4a). Note, that in the case of the N-tosylhydrazone, further optimization reactions were required (for more details, see Supporting Information File 1), and reducing the temperature for the halogenation
  • -trifluoroacetophenone as an internal standard. ND = not detected. Optimization of the reaction conditions.a Supporting Information Supporting Information File 28: Full experimental procedures, characterization of products, details of mechanistic studies, and spectral data. Funding This work has been partially
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Published 12 Nov 2024

Synthesis of pyrrole-fused dibenzoxazepine/dibenzothiazepine/triazolobenzodiazepine derivatives via isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions

  • Marzieh Norouzi,
  • Mohammad Taghi Nazeri,
  • Ahmad Shaabani and
  • Behrouz Notash

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2870–2882, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.241

Graphical Abstract
  • 6a via 3-CRs. Optimization of the reaction conditions.a Supporting Information Supporting Information File 26: General synthetic procedures and characterization and copies of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR and mass spectra. Funding We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Research Council of
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Published 11 Nov 2024

Multicomponent synthesis of α-branched amines using organozinc reagents generated from alkyl bromides

  • Baptiste Leroux,
  • Alexis Beaufils,
  • Federico Banchini,
  • Olivier Jackowski,
  • Alejandro Perez-Luna,
  • Fabrice Chemla,
  • Marc Presset and
  • Erwan Le Gall

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2834–2839, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.239

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  • bulk THF (c = 1.0 M) activated by chlorotrimethylsilane (20 mol %) and 1,2-dibromoethane (60 mol %), then alkyl bromide (10 mmol), 80 °C, 16 h. a2-MeTHF was used as solvent. Scope of the reaction. Yield of isolated product is given. Optimization of the organozinc synthesis.a Supporting Information
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Published 07 Nov 2024

Synthesis of tricarbonylated propargylamine and conversion to 2,5-disubstituted oxazole-4-carboxylates

  • Kento Iwai,
  • Akari Hikasa,
  • Kotaro Yoshioka,
  • Shinki Tani,
  • Kazuto Umezu and
  • Nagatoshi Nishiwaki

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2827–2833, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.238

Graphical Abstract
  • through successive nucleophilic additions to the central carbon atom of DEMO. Cyclization of 4a quenched by D2O. Plausible mechanisms for the ring closure of 4. Hydration of the ethynyl group of 4a. Optimization of the reaction conditions for the reaction of 1a with the lithium acetylide of 3a. Addition
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Published 06 Nov 2024

Mechanochemical difluoromethylations of ketones

  • Jinbo Ke,
  • Pit van Bonn and
  • Carsten Bolm

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2799–2805, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.235

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  • wondered about reactions of mechanochemically generated difluorocarbene with simple acyclic ketones. The results and observations of this study are summarized here. Results and Discussion For the optimization of the reaction conditions, 4-methylacetophenone (1a) was chosen as model substrate. Under
  • NMR spectroscopy using 1,2-dichloroethane as internal standard. Optimization of the reaction conditions.a Supporting Information Supporting Information File 12: Experimental procedures, optimization studies, compound characterization data, NMR spectra, and mechanistic investigations. Funding General
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Published 04 Nov 2024

C–C Coupling in sterically demanding porphyrin environments

  • Liam Cribbin,
  • Brendan Twamley,
  • Nicolae Buga,
  • John E. O’ Brien,
  • Raphael Bühler,
  • Roland A. Fischer and
  • Mathias O. Senge

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2784–2798, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.234

Graphical Abstract
  • porphyrin architectures, which could be used in supramolecular assemblies, catalysis, or sensing. In this work a library of arm-extended dodecasubstituted porphyrins was synthesized through the optimization of the classic Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of peripheral haloaryl substituents with a range of boronic
  • of equivalents of boronic acid (Table 1, entries 10 and 11). Coupling at the meso-meta-phenyl position Optimization of conditions for OET-meta-BrPPs 12 (Scheme 3) were investigated next. Table 2 summarizes the reaction conditions used to synthesize a library of OET-meta-arylPPs as shown in Scheme 3
  • . Borylation and subsequent Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of porphyrin 13. Optimization table for the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions with porphyrin 13. Optimization table for the Suzuki-coupling reaction on porphyrin 12. Optimization table for the Suzuki-coupling reaction on porphyrin 11. Optimization of the
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Published 04 Nov 2024

Synthesis of spiroindolenines through a one-pot multistep process mediated by visible light

  • Francesco Gambuti,
  • Jacopo Pizzorno,
  • Chiara Lambruschini,
  • Renata Riva and
  • Lisa Moni

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2722–2731, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.230

Graphical Abstract
  • yield of 88% each step). Since, during the optimization of the reaction conditions, we have noticed a certain instability of the spiro-compounds through chromatography on silica gel, we have initially carried out the purifications using alumina as the stationary phase. However, during the scope studies
  • mechanism. Initial investigation of the GO-promoted oxidation/3C-Ugi reaction process. Investigation of the one-pot four-step synthesis of spiro[indole-THIQ] 3a. Gram scale reaction for the synthesis of spiro[indole-THIQs] 3. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 22: Additional optimization
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Published 29 Oct 2024

Synthesis of benzo[f]quinazoline-1,3(2H,4H)-diones

  • Ruben Manuel Figueira de Abreu,
  • Peter Ehlers and
  • Peter Langer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2708–2719, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.228

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  • -dioxane/water 5:1, 100 °C, 1 h. Scope and isolated yields of the synthesis of 5. Reaction conditions: 4 (1 equiv), p-TsOH·H2O (20 equiv), toluene, 100 °C, 4 h. Proposed reaction mechanism of the cyclisation with N,N-dimethylanilino functional groups. Optimization of the synthesis of 5a. Photophysical data
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Published 28 Oct 2024

Synthesis of fluoroalkenes and fluoroenynes via cross-coupling reactions using novel multihalogenated vinyl ethers

  • Yukiko Karuo,
  • Keita Hirata,
  • Atsushi Tarui,
  • Kazuyuki Sato,
  • Kentaro Kawai and
  • Masaaki Omote

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2691–2703, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.226

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  • chlorine atoms as reported by Hosoya and Niwa et al. In this study, we investigated the synthesis of fluoroalkenes 2 or fluoroenynes 3 by Suzuki–Miyaura or Sonogashira cross-couplings with a key building block 1 (Scheme 1D). Results and Discussion Optimization of the conditions of cross-coupling reactions
  • -containing building blocks. Optimization of reaction conditions for Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling using multihalogenated vinyl ether 1a. Optimization of reaction conditions for Sonogashira cross-coupling using multihalogenated vinyl ether 1a. Cross-coupling reactions between multihalogenated vinyl ethers 1
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Published 24 Oct 2024

Transition-metal-free decarbonylation–oxidation of 3-arylbenzofuran-2(3H)-ones: access to 2-hydroxybenzophenones

  • Bhaskar B. Dhotare,
  • Seema V. Kanojia,
  • Chahna K. Sakhiya,
  • Amey Wadawale and
  • Dibakar Goswami

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2655–2667, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.223

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  • . Synthesis of 3-arylbenzofuran-2(3H)-ones. Synthesis of 2-hydroxybenzophenones. Gram-scale experiment. Control experiments. Optimization of reaction conditions.a Optical properties of the compounds 4aa–ma. Values of [EE(λ) × I(λ)] used in calculating the SPF. Supporting Information Supporting Information
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Published 21 Oct 2024

Deciphering the mechanism of γ-cyclodextrin’s hydrophobic cavity hydration: an integrated experimental and theoretical study

  • Stiliyana Pereva,
  • Stefan Dobrev,
  • Tsveta Sarafska,
  • Valya Nikolova,
  • Silvia Angelova,
  • Tony Spassov and
  • Todor Dudev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2635–2643, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.221

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  • appears unfavorable in comparison to a single water dimer and single water molecules located on the narrow rim (γ-CD–3H2O (b)). The first layer of water molecules is filled by three water molecules in the plane of the narrow rim, and the fourth incoming guest is displaced into the cavity upon optimization
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Published 17 Oct 2024

Base-promoted cascade recyclization of allomaltol derivatives containing an amide fragment into substituted 3-(1-hydroxyethylidene)tetronic acids

  • Andrey N. Komogortsev,
  • Constantine V. Milyutin and
  • Boris V. Lichitsky

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2585–2591, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.217

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  • : 3a (1 mmol), CDI (0.49 g, 3 mmol), DBU (0.17 g, 1.1 mmol), MeCN (7 mL). Proposed reaction mechanism for the formation of products 4. Synthesis of derivatization products 7 and 9. Optimization of the reaction conditionsa. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 141: General information
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Published 14 Oct 2024
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