Recent advances in synthetic approaches for bioactive cinnamic acid derivatives

• Betty A. Kustiana,
• Galuh Widiyarti and
• Teni Ernawati

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1031–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.85

• other hand, Fan and co-workers (2020) prepared α-amidoketone 71 by employing vinyl azide and cinnamic acid (7) in good yield via cascade reaction (Scheme 23B) [58]. The thermal decomposition of the azide led to the generation of the reactive azirine intermediate 72. Moreover, Li and co-workers (2020

Harnessing tethered nitreniums for diastereoselective amino-sulfonoxylation of alkenes

• Shyam Sathyamoorthi,
• Appasaheb K. Nirpal,
• Dnyaneshwar A. Gorve and
• Steven P. Kelley

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 947–954, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.78

• (Scheme 3A). The mesylate could be cleanly substituted with azide by heating substrate with excess NaN3 in DMSO (Scheme 3B). With an excess of Schwartz’s reagent, the carbonyl was cleanly reduced to give 1,3-oxazine 62. Contrary to what we had initially predicted from literature precedent, there was no

Silver(I) triflate-catalyzed post-Ugi synthesis of pyrazolodiazepines

• Muhammad Hasan,
• Anatoly A. Peshkov,
• Syed Anis Ali Shah,
• Andrey Belyaev,
• Chang-Keun Lim,
• Shunyi Wang and
• Vsevolod A. Peshkov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 915–925, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.74

• involving the Ugi reaction between arylglyoxals 1, benzylamines 2, o-azidobenzoic acid (3), and cyclohexyl isocyanide (4a), followed by a triphenylphosphine-promoted tandem Staudinger/aza-Wittig cyclization (Scheme 1a) [33]. The overall strategy was enabled by the presence of an azide group in the

• employed the U4CR of ortho-halogenated benzaldehydes 7, primary amines 2, 3-substituted propiolic acids 8, and isocyanides 4 to synthesize propargylamides 9. These propargylic Ugi adducts 9 were subsequently subjected to a Cu-catalyzed tandem azide–alkyne cycloaddition/Ullmann coupling resulting in the

Synthesis of N-acetyl diazocine derivatives via cross-coupling reaction

• Thomas Brandt,
• Pascal Lentes,
• Jeremy Rudtke,
• Michael Hösgen,
• Christian Näther and
• Rainer Herges

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 490–499, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.36

• provided the corresponding amino-substituted N-acetyl diazocine 21 (Scheme 1). Another option for carbon–heteroatom bond formation reactions are copper-catalyzed Ullmann-type reactions, which have already been applied to the parent diazocine [36][37]. The attempted synthesis of azide-functionalized N

• of amino-N-acetyl diazocine by deprotection of the carbamate. Reaction conditions for the attempted Ullmann-type reaction with sodium azide. Reaction conditions for the palladium-catalyzed introduction of a nitrile functionality. Quantum yields of N-acetyl diazocine 1 in organic and aqueous media

Red light excitation: illuminating photocatalysis in a new spectrum

• Lucas Fortier,
• Corentin Lefebvre and
• Norbert Hoffmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 296–326, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.22

Recent advances in electrochemical copper catalysis for modern organic synthesis

• Yemin Kim and
• Won Jun Jang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 155–178, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.9

• . According to the reaction mechanism outlined in Figure 12, the copper catalyst reacts with an azide ion to generate a Cu(II)–N3 complex 60, which is then anodically oxidized to the Cu(III)–N3 complex 61. The Cu(III)–N3 complex 61 releases the azidyl radical 62 from the azide ion 58, returning it to the Cu

• (II)–N3 complex 60. The azidyl radical 62 then reacts with N-arylenamine 57 via radical addition. Thereafter, it undergoes oxidation to form a kinetically labile vinyl azide intermediate 64. This vinyl azide intermediate 64 dissociates, yielding Cu(II) iminyl complex 65 via denitrogenation

• in Figure 16. Cu(II)(N3)2 (102) is generated from TMSN3 (98) and Cu(acac)2 in the presence of K3PO4; this is followed by anodic oxidation to form a Cu(III)(N3)3 complex 101. The resulting Cu(III)(N3)3 complex 101 releases an azide radical (103), and Cu(II)(N3)2 (102). The azide radical (103) then

Cu(OTf)₂-catalyzed multicomponent reactions

• Sara Colombo,
• Camilla Loro,
• Egle M. Beccalli,
• Gianluigi Broggini and
• Marta Papis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 122–145, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.7

• cascade reaction for the preparation of α-alkoxy-N-alkyltriazoles 44 that was developed starting from aliphatic aldehydes, alcohols, TMSN3 as azide source and alkynes (Scheme 33) [52]. The reaction occurs under mild conditions in acetonitrile at room temperature but is inhibited when using aromatic

• aldehydes and phenols. The mechanism involves the reaction of the azide with the hemiacetal XLII generated in situ from the aldehydes and alcohols, followed by coupling with the alkynes to form the triazole ring. Both, copper triflate and copper metal are essential for the success of the reaction. On the

• , followed by silyl deprotection and azide cycloaddition resulting in the triazole product. The presence of Cu(OTf)2 as the catalyst, sodium ascorbate as a mild reductant and TBAF to deprotect the alkyne moiety are crucial in the cycloaddition step. Conclusion In this review the developments on the

Reactivity of hypervalent iodine(III) reagents bearing a benzylamine with sulfenate salts

• Beatriz Dedeiras,
• Catarina S. Caldeira,
• José C. Cunha,
• Clara S. B. Gomes and
• M. Manuel B. Marques

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3281–3289, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.272

• first report from Zhdankin and co-workers in 1994, described the preparation of azidobenziodoxolone, ABX (I), a reagent widely used in oxidative azide transfer reactions [21]. Years later, Zhdankin’s group also reported the synthesis of amidobenziodoxolone (II) [14]. Other examples of N-containing

Germanyl triazoles as a platform for CuAAC diversification and chemoselective orthogonal cross-coupling

• John M. Halford-McGuff,
• Thomas M. Richardson,
• Aidan P. McKay,
• Frederik Peschke,
• Glenn A. Burley and
• Allan J. B. Watson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3198–3204, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.265

• 10.3762/bjoc.20.265 Abstract We report the synthesis of germanyl triazoles formed via a copper-catalysed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) of germanyl alkynes. The reaction is often high yielding, functional group tolerant, and compatible with complex molecules. The installation of the Ge moiety enables

• azide precursors and the formation of a single 1,4-disubstituted triazole product, the copper-catalysed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) remains the archetypal click reaction (Scheme 1) [5]. The reaction has shown applicability on small and large scale, as well as under flow conditions [6], and

• converted to a mechanistically-required Cu(I) species in situ through the addition of a reductant (e.g., sodium ascorbate, NaAsc) [31][32], or via Glaser–Hay alkyne homocoupling [33][34]. The mild and accessible nature of the CuAAC reaction has allowed the use of azide or alkyne components that bear

Synthesis of 2H-azirine-2,2-dicarboxylic acids and their derivatives

• Anastasiya V. Agafonova,
• Mikhail S. Novikov and
• Alexander F. Khlebnikov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3191–3197, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.264

• , into the O–H bonds of diacid 6a (Scheme 5). Apparently, in this case, the reaction proceeds through a less sterically congested transition state. Diacyl chloride 2a was also reacted with sodium azide as nucleophile at room temperature giving dicarbonyl azide 12 in 85% yield (Scheme 6). Conclusion Two

• -2,2-dicarboxylic acids 6. Transformations of 3-(tert-butyl)-5-chloroisoxazole-4-carbonyl chloride (1j). Synthesis of amides 10. aFiltration through celite after reaction with amine (without aqueous workup). bWork up with H2O. Synthesis of esters 11. Synthesis of dicarbonyl azide 12. Synthesis of 5

Multicomponent reactions driving the discovery and optimization of agents targeting central nervous system pathologies

• Lucía Campos-Prieto,
• Aitor García-Rey,
• Eddy Sotelo and
• Ana Mallo-Abreu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3151–3173, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.261

• AChE, while pyrazole scaffolds possess the ability to reduce the tau and β-amyloid dual aggregation. Benzofuran-pyrazole aldehydes were employed in the Ugi azide reaction to give the desired hybrids. From the screened compounds, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e, and 2f demonstrated notable efficacy in regulating the

• as nitro or azide groups, rather than protected amines. Following the Ugi-4CR, the nitro or azide group is reduced to form the amine, leading to a condensation reaction that results in the formation of the benzodiazepine ring [55]. Pertejo et al. [61] described the diastereselective synthesis of 3

• -carboxamide-1,4-benzodiazepin-5-ones when enantiopure (S)-(−)-α-methylbenzylamine and arylglyoxals were used. Thus, a reversal of diastereoselectivity was observed depending on the cyclization methodology employed, the reduction of a nitro group or the Staudinger/aza-Wittig on azide derivatives. This

Synthesis of the 1,5-disubstituted tetrazole-methanesulfonylindole hybrid system via high-order multicomponent reaction

• Cesia M. Aguilar-Morales,
• América A. Frías-López,
• Nadia V. Emilio-Velázquez,
• Alejandro Islas-Jácome,
• Angelica Judith Granados-López,
• Jorge Gustavo Araujo-Huitrado,
• Yamilé López-Hernández,
• Hiram Hernández-López,
• Luis Chacón-García,
• Jesús Adrián López and
• Carlos J. Cortés-García

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3077–3084, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.256

• , 98160, México 10.3762/bjoc.20.256 Abstract A series of 1,5-disubstituted tetrazole-indole hybrids were synthesized via a high-order multicomponent reaction consisting of an Ugi-azide/Pd/Cu-catalyzed hetero-annulation cascade sequence. This operationally simple one-pot protocol allowed high bond-forming

• ; isocyanides; MCF-7 cell line; methanesulfonylindoles; Ugi-azide reaction; Introduction Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic moieties, such as 1,5-disubstituted tetrazoles and indoles, are considered pharmacophoric fragments due to their pivotal interactions with several targets involved in many diseases. They

• affinity compared to their drug parents and by using powerful synthetic tools such as multicomponent reactions (MCRs) [11][12][13]. Among these, isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions (I-MCRs), such as the Ugi-azide reaction, have demonstrated the highest biological-synthetic relevance [1][14][15][16

Tailored charge-neutral self-assembled L₂Zn₂ container for taming oxalate

• David Ocklenburg and
• David Van Craen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3007–3015, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.250

• preparation and host assembly. The synthesis adheres to a two-synthon approach which relies on the connection of two building blocks through a CuAAC click reaction (Scheme 1). Building block S1, the azide, is not modified in this work and the preparation is achieved with an overall yield of 43% via the

• experiments (500 MHz, 500 µM, DMSO-d6, 25 °C) with mixtures of studied analytes showing the selective formation of the 1:1 oxalate host–guest complex [(C2)@L2Zn2]2− in all cases. Two-synthon approach for ligand preparation via CuAAC click reaction of an azide-functionalized, protected 8-hydroxyquinoline and a

Advances in radical peroxidation with hydroperoxides

• Oleg V. Bityukov,
• Pavel Yu. Serdyuchenko,
• Andrey S. Kirillov,
• Gennady I. Nikishin,
• Vera A. Vil’ and
• Alexander O. Terent’ev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2959–3006, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.249

• authors reported Mn(II)-catalyzed azidation–peroxidation of alkenes 184 with TMSN3 and TBHP (Scheme 58) [127]. The proposed mechanism involves the formation of azide radical A and tert-butoxy radical B during the Mn(II)/Mn(III) redox catalytic cycle. Then, radical A adds to the double bond of the alkene

Synthesis of pyrrole-fused dibenzoxazepine/dibenzothiazepine/triazolobenzodiazepine derivatives via isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions

• Marzieh Norouzi,
• Mohammad Taghi Nazeri,
• Ahmad Shaabani and
• Behrouz Notash

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2870–2882, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.241

• organic azide that is very sensitive to external factors such as light, heat, friction, and pressure and should be stored in amber plastic containers without light and at a temperature below zero degree Celsius. Exposure to azide occurs through skin absorption, inhalation, or ingestion through the

N-Glycosides of indigo, indirubin, and isoindigo: blue, red, and yellow sugars and their cancerostatic activity

• Peter Langer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2840–2869, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.240

• application of the Mukaiyama redox condensation using N-iodosuccinic imide (NIS) afforded 10b. Hydrogenation resulted in defunctionalization to give 10c. Transformation of OH-4 to a triflate and subsequent reaction with sodium azide afforded gluco-configured product 10d. The latter was transformed to

• -glycoside 11a (Scheme 7) [20]. Debenzylation gave product 11b which was transformed to akashin A (11c) by reduction of the azide to the amine in the presence of propane-1,3-dithiol and subsequent debenzoylation. Akashin A was transformed to akashins B and C by acetylation and reaction with diacetyl

Investigation of a bimetallic terbium(III)/copper(II) chemosensor for the detection of aqueous hydrogen sulfide

• Parvathy Mini,
• Michael R. Grace,
• Genevieve H. Dennison and
• Kellie L. Tuck

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2818–2826, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.237

• proposed to function by Cu2+ sequestration. The remaining report is of a terbium(III) complex [Tb(DPA-N3)3]3− (Figure 7), which contains an aryl azide-functionalized ligand. In this system the azide functionality prohibits the energy transfer to the lanthanide ion, effectively quenching luminescence. In

• the presence of gaseous hydrogen sulfide, the aryl azide is reduced to an aniline functionality and luminescence is restored [11]. Drawing our previous findings and insights from the work of Hou, Wu, and co-workers [21], we postulate that gaseous H2S is interacting with the [Tb.1·3Cu]3+ complex as it

C–C Coupling in sterically demanding porphyrin environments

• Liam Cribbin,
• Brendan Twamley,
• Nicolae Buga,
• John E. O’ Brien,
• Raphael Bühler,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Mathias O. Senge

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2784–2798, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.234

• examples are azide-porphyrin derivatives reported by Flanagan et al. [43]. Here, five crystal structures were obtained of meso-para-phenyl arm-extended porphyrins (26, 27, 28, 29, 33) and two crystal structures for meso-meta-phenyl derivatives 36 and 37. In addition, single crystal structures of 11 and 46

5th International Symposium on Synthesis and Catalysis (ISySyCat2023)

• Anthony J. Burke and
• Elisabete P. Carreiro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2704–2707, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.227

• preparation of biologically active compounds [15]. The synthesis was achieved via a sulfonyl group rearrangement driven by the azide–tetrazole equilibrium in quinazolines. The researchers utilized two synthetic pathways to prepare the target compounds. The first pathway involved a nucleophilic aromatic

• in MeOH at room temperature with a short reaction time. Some of them were further functionalized with a 1,2,3-triazole ring via copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) and deprotected with trifluoroacetic acid. Several hybrids were evaluated against six cancer cell lines, displaying GI50

A review of recent advances in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical late-stage functionalization classified by anodic oxidation, cathodic reduction, and paired electrolysis

• Nian Li,
• Ruzal Sitdikov,
• Ajit Prabhakar Kale,
• Joost Steverlynck,
• Bo Li and
• Magnus Rueping

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2500–2566, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.214

• functionalized pyrimido[5,4-b]indoles due to its high functional group tolerance. Multiple examples were demonstrated with indole 1H-carboxamides linked to drug molecules or natural products at the R2 position. Additionally, an alkyl azide at the R2 position and an iodide at the R1 position were tolerated

• this method (Scheme 30b). 1.3 Metal-assisted anodic oxidation 1.3.1 Mn-assisted anodic oxidation. The Ackermann group was the first to achieve an C–H azidation by use of a manganese-catalyzed anionic oxidation using “traceless electrons” [42]. By employing inexpensive sodium azide and a manganese salen

• undergoes hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) leading to alkyl radical formation. The manganese-catalyzed azide radical transfer then delivers the product. Unactivated secondary and tertiary C–H bonds, as well as benzylic C–H bonds, were prone to azidation, with the reactivity order being: benzylic > tertiary

Improved deconvolution of natural products’ protein targets using diagnostic ions from chemical proteomics linkers

• Andreas Wiest and
• Pavel Kielkowski

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2323–2341, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.199

• prerequisite required for a probe used in a chemical proteomic study is an embedded bioorthogonal handle, for example a terminal alkyne or azide, which is able to react chemoselectively with a tag facilitating unambiguous identification by a selected analytical technique, for example LC–MS/MS (Figure 1) [35

• bearing an affinity or reporter tag. To carry out this bioorthogonal reaction well-known chemistries were developed including traceless Staudinger ligation, Cu-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC), inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction

• –protein conjugates are reacted via CuAAC with an azide tag. While the CuAAC has been employed in various studies and has had large impact on many biological discoveries, an unspecific reactivity was often reported [54][64]. Recently, we described this background-forming reaction, which is based on an

Deuterated reagents in multicomponent reactions to afford deuterium-labeled products

• Kevin Schofield,
• Shayna Maddern,
• Yueteng Zhang,
• Grace E. Mastin,
• Rachel Knight,
• Wei Wang,
• James Galligan and
• Christopher Hulme

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2270–2279, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.195

• been demonstrated to work without loss of deuterium in the Ugi-3CR. First reported in 1961, the Ugi-azide reaction differs from the classical Ugi 4-CR in that an azide anion traps out the intermediate nitrilium ion, leading to formation of α-aminotetrazoles [36][37][38][39]. Thus, it comprises reaction

• . No deuterium scrambling observed. Ugi-azide reaction products, no deuterium scrambling observed. Passerini products, no deuterium scrambling observed. aWater was used as solvent. Strecker reaction products (precursors to [D1]-α-amino acids), no deuterium scrambling was observed. aThe cyano-group was

Metal-free double azide addition to strained alkynes of an octadehydrodibenzo[12]annulene derivative with electron-withdrawing substituents

• Naoki Takeda,
• Shuichi Akasaka,
• Susumu Kawauchi and
• Tsuyoshi Michinobu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2234–2241, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.191

• Naoki Takeda Shuichi Akasaka Susumu Kawauchi Tsuyoshi Michinobu Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan 10.3762/bjoc.20.191 Abstract Strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (SpAAC) is a powerful tool in

• azide–alkyne cycloaddition; Introduction The strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (SpAAC) is one of the most representative metal-free click chemistry reactions [1][2][3][4][5]. SpAAC has been mainly employed in bioconjugation in the fields of chemical biology and medicinal chemistry due to its

• ], and crosslinked polymers [14][15][16][17]. Since crosslinking polymers requires high reaction efficiency under mild conditions, developing such reactions is crucial. We previously reported the regioselective double azide addition to octadehydrodibenzo[12]annulene with hexyloxy substituents (DBA-OHex

Multicomponent syntheses of pyrazoles via (3 + 2)-cyclocondensation and (3 + 2)-cycloaddition key steps

• Ignaz Betcke,
• Alissa C. Götzinger,
• Maryna M. Kornet and
• Thomas J. J. Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2024–2077, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.178

• to 97%. The Sonogashira coupling can also be effectively integrated with the CuAAC (copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition) reaction, offering a powerful tool for synthesizing diverse molecular architectures. In a consecutive multicomponent reaction, pyrazoles were first presented in a

• and cesium azide for the synthesis of compounds 120. The choice of the hydrazine substituent represents a limitation, as no aromatic substituents are tolerated in the strategy due to the reduced reactivity. However, due to the building blocks’ simplicity, various 4-pyrazolyl-1,2,3-triazoles are

• cycloaddition, the corresponding pyrazoles are formed by elimination of the azide group and subsequent tautomerization. Thus, the process enables access to 3,5- and 3,4,5-substituted pyrazoles 171 and also allows the synthesis of pyrazole 3-carboxylates (Scheme 57) [174]. An alternative method for the

Harnessing the versatility of hydrazones through electrosynthetic oxidative transformations

• Aurélie Claraz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1988–2004, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.175

• closure to furnish the 1,2,4-triazolium 97 (Scheme 18) [65]. In the last example of this section, only one nitrogen atom of the hydrazone takes part in the cycloaddition reaction. In 2018, Zhang et al. realized the electrochemical (3 + 2)-cycloaddition of trimethylsilyl azide (102) with aldehyde-derived N

• ,N-disubstituted hydazones 101 for synthesiszing tetrazoles 103. Sodium azide could be an alternative source of azide, albeit with both slightly lower yields and Faradic efficiency. Remarkably, (hetero)aromatic as well as aliphatic aldehydes proved to be efficient. Various substituents on the N(sp3

• ) atom were well tolerated and the best result was obtained with a morpholine ring. Based on cyclic voltammetry studies, the transformation initiated with the anodic oxidation of hydrazone 101 to form highly electrophilic radical cationic species 104. Subsequent addition of azide 102 and desilylation