Synthesis of pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2,4(3H)-diones by domino C–N coupling/hydroamination reactions

• Ruben Manuel Figueira de Abreu,
• Robin Tiedemann,
• Peter Ehlers and
• Peter Langer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1010–1017, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.82

• ]pyrimidine-2,4(3H)-diones 4 were investigated by steady-state absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy (Figure 2, Table 2). The wavelength and intensity of absorption and emission depended on the substitution pattern. The methyl-substituted compound 4a showed one broad absorption band at ≈290 nm. A

• absorption was observed as compared to compound 4k containing a 4-tolyl group. However, the presence of a CF3 group resulted in a reduction of the extinction coefficient of the absorption band. The emission spectrum of 4a consisted of a strong emission band at 377 nm with a weak shoulder expiring to higher

• wavelengths. However, this shoulder was less distinct for compounds 4m and 4j and not detectable for 4k and 4l, containing the N,N-dimethylaminophenyl group. In contrast to the absorption spectra, in the case of the emission spectra, the presence of a thienyl substituent (compound 4m) led to a hypsochromic

On the photoluminescence in triarylmethyl-centered mono-, di-, and multiradicals

• Daniel Straub,
• Markus Gross,
• Mona E. Arnold,
• Julia Zolg and
• Alexander J. C. Kuehne

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 964–998, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.80

• emission performance [15]. Other prospective applications utilize the manipulation of the spin-state of the unpaired electron and the potential for optical readout of the spin state for quantum technological information processing, communication, or chemical and biological sensing [16][17][18]. However

• strong emission in some of the donor-functionalized triarylmethyl radicals has been explained by improved orbital overlap between the ground D0 and excited D1 states, while often geometrical alignment with a certain angle between the donor and the triarylmethyl units is being discussed. (The reader may

• . Only at temperatures as low as 90 K, the monoradical is stable, allowing recording of the absorption and emission spectra [30]. Symmetrical halogenation of the triphenylmethyl (or trityl) unit increases stability of the molecule, compared to the parent unsubstituted trityl radical first reported by

Study of tribenzo[b,d,f]azepine as donor in D–A photocatalysts

• Katy Medrano-Uribe,
• Jorge Humbrías-Martín and
• Luca Dell’Amico

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 935–944, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.76

• conjugated scaffolds. Interestingly, molecule 4a, which has the most flexible acceptor core, exhibited a dual emission (DE) profile (Figure 2a). This behavior may be connected to the phenomenon known as PISP (photoinduced structural planarization), which has been reported for the TBA N-substituted with an

• . Analyzing the diverse absorption profiles, we can observe an increase in the red-shifted behavior related to the donor strength in compounds 5e, 5d, and 5c. In contrast, the azepine-derived compounds are the most blue-shifted (Table 1, entry 5). The same trend is observed in the emission (Figure 2b). The

• structures in materials chemistry to photocatalysis. D–A–D organic PCs previously reported and our new D–A bimodal organic PCs. Selected frontier MOs and relative calculated energies of D–A photocatalysts (4a,5a–e, and 6a). Absorption and emission profiles of D–A compounds (4a,5a–e, and 6a) measured in MeCN

Synthesis and photoinduced switching properties of C₇-heteroatom containing push–pull norbornadiene derivatives

• Daniel Krappmann and
• Andreas Hirsch

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 807–816, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.64

• incorporating larger heteroatoms in the bridge moiety, we anticipate a bathochromic shift that would facilitate absorption match with the solar emission spectrum. Results and Discussion Synthesis The library of new heterocyclic NBD molecules synthesized and investigated in this study is presented in Scheme 1

Binding of tryptophan and tryptophan-containing peptides in water by a glucose naphtho crown ether

• Gianpaolo Gallo and
• Bartosz Lewandowski

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 541–546, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.42

• – a chemoselective receptor for aromatic amino acid esters in water. Fluorescence emission spectra of receptor 1 (25 μM in H2O) upon addition of increasing amounts of tripeptide 2. The concentration of the guest corresponding to each curve is indicated on the right. The arrow marks the quenching of

Deep-blue emitting 9,10-bis(perfluorobenzyl)anthracene

• Long K. San,
• Sebastian Balser,
• Brian J. Reeves,
• Tyler T. Clikeman,
• Yu-Sheng Chen,
• Steven H. Strauss and
• Olga V. Boltalina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 515–525, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.39

• because isolated electronically excited molecules are more likely to undergo fluorescence instead of non-radiative relaxation, as discussed in some literature [13]. At the same time, it should be noted that emission properties in the crystalline phase and amorphous films, which are often used in OLED

• devices, can differ and this requires further studies. Photophysical properties Absorption and emission spectra of ANTH and 9,10-ANTH(BnF)2 are shown in Figure 1. The maximum λabs and λem values for ANTH and the 9,10-disubstituted ANTH derivatives are shown in Table 1. The maximum λem of 9,10-ANTH(BnF)2

• , whereas 9,10-ANTH(BnF)2 loses vibronic structure in the emission spectrum. This may be the result of different conformations upon relaxation [31]. The HOMO–LUMO gap (Eg) decreases from ANTH (3.28 eV) to 9,10-ANTH(BnF)2 (3.05 eV). A decrease in Eg is regarded as one of the methods for improving the

Unprecedented visible light-initiated topochemical [2 + 2] cycloaddition in a functionalized bimane dye

• Metodej Dvoracek,
• Brendan Twamley,
• Mathias O. Senge and
• Mikhail A. Filatov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 500–509, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.37

• react and Me2B did not. One possible explanation lies in the light source used for irradiation. The emission wavelength (405 nm) is within 2 nm of the λmax of Cl2B (as a solution in DCM), allowing it to absorb the initiation light with much greater intensity. Additionally, Cl2B has a higher molar

• –0.08. A fluorescence spectrum was then recorded, exciting at 370 nm, using 1 nm excitation and emission slits. The emission was recorded in the range of 370–850 nm. This was done for each solvent: DCM, acetonitrile, and toluene. The quantum yields were calculated by using Me2B in acetonitrile as the

• quantum yields (Φfl) calculated with respect to Me2B in acetonitrile (Φfl = 33%) [19]. Shoulders (sh) on emission spectrum are indicated in parentheses. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 2: Spectroscopic and crystallographic information as well as synthetic details. Funding The authors

Photomechanochemistry: harnessing mechanical forces to enhance photochemical reactions

• Francesco Mele,
• Ana M. Constantin,
• Andrea Porcheddu,
• Raimondo Maggi,
• Giovanni Maestri,
• Nicola Della Ca’ and
• Luca Capaldo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 458–472, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.33

• the absorption spectrum of reagents and ensure that the emission spectrum of the light source used overlaps (at least to some extent) with it (Figure 1). The Stark–Einstein law, sometimes referred to as the law of photochemical equivalence, asserts that the absorption of light is a quantum process

Synthesis, structure, ionochromic and cytotoxic properties of new 2-(indolin-2-yl)-1,3-tropolones

• Yurii A. Sayapin,
• Eugeny A. Gusakov,
• Inna O. Tupaeva,
• Alexander D. Dubonosov,
• Igor V. Dorogan,
• Valery V. Tkachev,
• Anna S. Goncharova,
• Gennady V. Shilov,
• Natalia S. Kuznetsova,
• Svetlana Y. Filippova,
• Tatyana A. Krasnikova,
• Yanis A. Boumber,
• Alexey Y. Maksimov,
• Sergey M. Aldoshin and
• Vladimir I. Minkin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 358–368, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.26

• determined. The structure of 2-(3,3-dimethyl-3H-benzo[g]indolin-2-yl)-5,6,7-trichloro-1,3-tropolone was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The compounds obtained are capable of switching emission at 420–440 nm and 476–530 nm upon successive exposure to CN− and Hg2+ ions in an acetonitrile solution. 2

• large Stokes shift values (Table 2, Figure 5). This is consistent with the above conclusion about the existence of tautomeric equilibrium 7,8 (OH)–7,8 (NH) in solutions based on NMR data and DFT quantum chemical calculations (Scheme 2). The emission with a larger Stokes shift appears to correspond to

• spectrometer. Electronic absorption spectra were obtained on a Varian Cary 100 spectrophotometer. Emission spectra were recorded on a Varian Cary Eclipse spectrofluorimeter. Acetonitrile of spectroscopic grade (Aldrich), previously purified by distillation, and tetra-n-butylammonium salts (TBAX: F, Cl, Br, I

Red light excitation: illuminating photocatalysis in a new spectrum

• Lucas Fortier,
• Corentin Lefebvre and
• Norbert Hoffmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 296–326, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.22

• process by converting these latter into a higher-energy excited state (Scheme 4c) unlike what has been done until now with various described systems already discussed in the literature and emission of blue-light in the case of the triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion phenomenon among others (Scheme

• to narrow both absorption and emission peaks, along with a bathochromic shift in their spectra. Heptamethin cyanins, in particular, are highly relevant for NIR applications, making them valuable in photochemistry. Additionally, their solubilities, redox and photophysical properties can be fine-tuned

Synthesis and characterizations of highly luminescent 5-isopropoxybenzo[rst]pentaphene

• Islam S. Marae,
• Jingyun Tan,
• Rengo Yoshioka,
• Zakaria Ziadi,
• Eugene Khaskin,
• Serhii Vasylevskyi,
• Ryota Kabe,
• Xiushang Xu and
• Akimitsu Narita

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 270–276, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.19

• (13%). BPP-dione, when compared to the parent BPP, also displayed improved absorption and emission from the first excited singlet (S1) state with a PLQY of 62% and an intramolecular charge-transfer character. The rod-like nano- to microcrystals as well as longer wires of these BPPs were also revealed

• , in comparison with parent BPP 2. Notably, both BPP-OiPr 3 and BPP-dione 4 displayed enhanced PLQYs while a significant solvent-polarity dependence of the emission was observed only for the latter, suggesting the photoinduced intramolecular charge-transfer character of 4. Moreover, BPPs 2–4 formed

• exhibited similar emission spectra in toluene with maxima at 436 and 443 nm, respectively, with well-defined vibronic structures (Figure 2b). Notably, the absolute PLQY of BPP-OiPr 3 was measured to be 0.73, demonstrating a remarkable enhancement of the photoluminescence from BPP 2 (PLQY: 0.13) and tert

Streamlined modular synthesis of saframycin substructure via copper-catalyzed three-component assembly and gold-promoted 6-endo cyclization

• Asahi Kanno,
• Ryo Tanifuji,
• Satoshi Yoshida,
• Sota Sato,
• Saori Maki-Yonekura,
• Kiyofumi Takaba,
• Jungmin Kang,
• Kensuke Tono,
• Koji Yonekura and
• Hiroki Oguri

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 226–233, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.14

• the optical properties of 18 in CHCl3 (c = 100 μM) by measuring its UV–vis absorption spectrum as well as its excitation and emission spectra. The UV–vis spectrum of 18 showed two absorption peaks at 334 nm and around 375 nm (gray solid line). When excited at 375 nm, the emission spectra of 18

• displayed a relatively broad peak with a maximum around 490 nm (blue solid line). The excitation spectra of 18 (blue dashed line), corresponding to an emission at 490 nm, was also recorded (Figure S3, Supporting Information File 1 for details). Despite the modest emission quantum yield (Φfl = 0.07, excited

• - and E- rings serve as hydrogen bond (HB) donors/acceptors to facilitate DNA alkylation at C21. UV–vis absorption (gray solid line), the emission spectrum (blue solid line), and the corresponding excitation spectrum (blue dashed line) of the imidate 18 in CHCl3 (c = 100 μM). aQuantum yield (Φfl

Heteroannulations of cyanoacetamide-based MCR scaffolds utilizing formamide

• Marios Zingiridis,
• Danae Papachristodoulou,
• Despoina Menegaki,
• Konstantinos G. Froudas and
• Constantinos G. Neochoritis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 217–225, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.13

• fashion, substituted indolopyrimidone derivatives 7a–e were obtained within 3 h in 31–90% total yield (2 steps) upon heating with formamide (Scheme 5). Next, we characterized certain physicochemical properties of the newly synthesized compounds. The absorbance and emission spectra of 5–7 were obtained

• , showing similar profiles across all the different scaffolds (Figure 2 and Supporting Information File 1). The compounds 5–7 exhibited a maximum absorbance (λmax) at 330 nm, 284 nm and 310 nm, respectively, which also corresponded to their excitation wavelength (λex). Upon excitation, fluorescence emission

Synthesis, structure and π-expansion of tris(4,5-dehydro-2,3:6,7-dibenzotropone)

• Yongming Xiong,
• Xue Lin Ma,
• Shilong Su and
• Qian Miao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1–7, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.1

• in 3, which consume the energy of the excited state. Figure 4 shows the UV–vis absorption spectrum of 3 in cyclohexane with the absorption edge at 561 nm and its emission spectrum with a peak at 580 nm. In the test windows of cyclic voltammetry (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1), 3 exhibits

• clarification). Structure of (M,P,M)-3 in the crystal of 3·CH2Cl2 (carbon and oxygen atoms are shown as grey and red ellipsoid at the level of 50% probability, and hexyl groups and hydrogen atoms are removed for clarity). UV–vis absorption spectrum (black line) and emission spectrum (blue line, excited at 400

Synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties of novel 9‑phenyl-9-phosphafluorene oxide derivatives

• Shuxian Qiu,
• Duan Dong,
• Jiahui Li,
• Huiting Wen,
• Jinpeng Li,
• Yu Yang,
• Shengxian Zhai and
• Xingyuan Gao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3299–3305, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.274

• has insignificant effect on the molecular ground state of 7-H. The PL spectra of the PhFlOP-based compounds 7 in toluene at room temperature are shown in Figure 3, and the λem values are included in Table 2. Different emission wavelengths are observed due to the various substituents present in the

• significantly blueshifted emission maximum at 392 nm, perhaps as a consequence of a more rigid configuration. As for 7-Br, owing to the electron-withdrawing properties of Br, it displays a blueshifted PL maximum at 383 nm. The emission wavelength of 7-Cz-2 has a slight redshift compared to 7-Cz-1, which may be

• induced by the stronger electron-donating feature of the carbazole substituent located on the donor carbazole group. In addition, we tested the emission wavelength of 7-H in different solvents (Figure 3b) and found that the maximum is redshifted gradually with increasing solvent polarity, which indicates

Efficient synthesis of fluorinated triphenylenes with enhanced arene–perfluoroarene interactions in columnar mesophases

• Yang Chen,
• Jiao He,
• Hang Lin,
• Hai-Feng Wang,
• Ping Hu,
• Bi-Qin Wang,
• Ke-Qing Zhao and
• Bertrand Donnio

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3263–3273, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.270

• fluorescence emission spectroscopies reveal green photoluminescence with fluorescence quantum yields of up to 33% for the Fn derivatives. The J-aggregation for the inner fluorine-substituted dimers Gnm is energetically and stereoelectronically more favorable and G66 exhibits thin-film fluorescence with a large

• red-shift of the emission peak. Keywords: arene–perfluoroarene interaction; decafluorobiphenyl; fluorinated triphenylene; fluoroarene nucleophilic substitution; organolithium; Introduction Non-covalent arene–fluoroarene intermolecular interactions [1][2] are drawing increasing attention due to their

• ] in combination with tunable absorption and emission of visible light. Polar nematic phase [23] and chiral columnar phase materials [24] based on polar fluorobenzene rings have also recently emerged as interesting new classes of fluorous materials, revealing their enormous potential in the high-tech

Discovery of ianthelliformisamines D–G from the sponge Suberea ianthelliformis and the total synthesis of ianthelliformisamine D

• Sasha Hayes,
• Yaoying Lu,
• Bernd H. A. Rehm and
• Rohan A. Davis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3205–3214, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.266

• , emission 590 nm). Chemical structures of ianthelliformisamines A–G (1–7) and aplysterol (8). Key COSY (), HMBC () and ROESY () correlations for ianthelliformisamines D (4) and E (5). Key COSY () and HMBC () correlations for ianthelliformisamines F (6) and G (7). Total synthesis of ianthelliformisamine D (4

Cyclodextrin-based rotaxanes for polymer materials: challenge on simultaneous realization of inexpensive production and defined structures

• Yosuke Akae

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3026–3049, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.252

• fluorescence (Figure 15C,D). Namely, the fluorescence of the initial RCP in DMF was observed as a blue emission by the naked eye, while according to the degradation, the dumbbell species spread throughout the solution and the [3]rotaxane structure disappeared, resulting in the light green color fluorescence of

Tunable full-color dual-state (solution and solid) emission of push–pull molecules containing the 1-pyrindane moiety

• Anastasia I. Ershova,
• Sergey V. Fedoseev,
• Konstantin V. Lipin,
• Mikhail Yu. Ievlev,
• Oleg E. Nasakin and
• Oleg V. Ershov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3016–3025, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.251

• pyrindane – (E)-7-arylmethylene-2-chloro-6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridine-3,4-dicarbonitriles – was developed. Tunable full-color emission was achieved for the synthesized push–pull molecules, solely by changing donor groups while keeping both the conjugated system and acceptor part of the molecule

• unchanged. This represents a rare approach for the design of such fluorophores. Arylidene derivatives of pyrindane were found to be efficient fluorescent dyes showing a moderate to high emission quantum yield. The push–pull molecules were also characterized by a dual-state emission (in solution and in the

• solid state). Emission maxima ranged from 469 to 721 nm in solution depending on the solvent and type of donor substituent, and from 493 to 767 nm in the solid state. For the arylidene derivative of pyrindane with a dimethylamino group, it was shown that fluorescence can be changed by the action of an

Recent advances in transition-metal-free arylation reactions involving hypervalent iodine salts

• Ritu Mamgain,
• Kokila Sakthivel and
• Fateh V. Singh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2891–2920, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.243

• sulfonylation was confirmed as no product was found when carrying out the reaction in the presence of radical scavengers. Stern–Volmer studies indicated a significant fluorescence emission quenching of methylene blue by DIPEA, suggesting a reductive quenching of methylene blue during the reaction. Experiments

Synthesis of pyrrole-fused dibenzoxazepine/dibenzothiazepine/triazolobenzodiazepine derivatives via isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions

• Marzieh Norouzi,
• Mohammad Taghi Nazeri,
• Ahmad Shaabani and
• Behrouz Notash

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2870–2882, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.241

• their suitable fluorophores [49][50][51]. The UV–vis absorption and emission spectra of products 4 and 6 were studied in ethanol at 298 K. The absorption range (λabs) was 400–225 nm, and the emission range (λem) was 560–400 nm. These findings are shown in Figure S3 in Supporting Information File 1. An

• interesting trend for the absorption of the synthesized derivatives 4 and 6 was observed when electron-donating substituents were present in the phenyl ring, which led to an increase in the intensity of the absorption and emission wavelengths (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3). As is evident in

• yield is therefore important [52][53][54]. Therefore, the quantum yield was determined using the standard of quinine sulfate for all the products (4a–l and 6a–h). Products 4a and 6c, which had the highest intensity of absorption and emission from derivatives of benzoxazepines and triazolobenzodiazepines

Investigation of a bimetallic terbium(III)/copper(II) chemosensor for the detection of aqueous hydrogen sulfide

• Parvathy Mini,
• Michael R. Grace,
• Genevieve H. Dennison and
• Kellie L. Tuck

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2818–2826, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.237

• fluorescent-based sensors; notable features include large Stokes shifts, extended luminescent lifetimes, and precisely defined emission bands [15]. Typically lasting in the order of milliseconds, their extended luminescent lifetimes enable the implementation of time-gated detection methods, effectively

• exhibited high luminescence (with a quantum yield of 68%) and displayed the characteristic trivalent terbium emission bands with emission peaks at 491 nm, 545 nm, 583 nm, and 621 nm, corresponding to transitions from the 5D4 excited state to the 7F6, 7F5, 7F4, and 7F3 ground states, respectively (Figure 2

• ). Response of Tb.1 with Cu2+ ions The addition of excess Cu2+ ions to Tb.1 was expected to result in complete saturation of emission signals. However, upon the titration of Cu2+ ions to 5 μM Tb.1 (10 mM Tris-HCl buffer containing 5% DMSO, pH 7.4), emission signal saturation was not observed until 5

Interaction of a pyrene derivative with cationic [60]fullerene in phospholipid membranes and its effects on photodynamic actions

• Hayato Takagi,
• Çetin Çelik,
• Ryosuke Fukuda,
• Qi Guo,
• Tomohiro Higashino,
• Hiroshi Imahori,
• Yoko Yamakoshi and
• Tatsuya Murakami

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2732–2738, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.231

• -6000 spectrofluorometer (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) (excitation at 341 nm, emission at 360–500 nm) to evaluate the interaction between catC60 and PyBA in DMPC membranes. Measurements were also performed after the addition of 10 times the volume of methanol to the liposome samples to liberate

Synthesis of benzo[f]quinazoline-1,3(2H,4H)-diones

• Ruben Manuel Figueira de Abreu,
• Peter Ehlers and
• Peter Langer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2708–2719, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.228

• coefficients and bathochromically shifted absorption bands which might be a result of a certain intramolecular charge transfer between the donating N,N-dimethylamino group and the electron-deficient uracil moiety. Similar effects are observed for the emission spectra. The emission maxima of N,N-dimethylamino

• -group-containing compounds 5d and 5f are bathochromically shifted by ≈80 nm and ≈100 nm, respectively. The other compounds show similar emission maxima at ≈405 nm, hinting to a limited impact of the aryl substituents and their functional groups on the emission properties for these compounds. Moreover

• , bathochromically shifted absorption and emission spectra with elevated extinction coefficients and quantum yields up to 71%. Further studies will be directed to the synthesis to polycyclic, π-conjugated uracil derivatives. Experimental General information Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (1H/13C/19F NMR) were

Photoluminescence color-tuning with polymer-dispersed fluorescent films containing two fluorinated diphenylacetylene-type fluorophores

• Kazuki Kobayashi,
• Shigeyuki Yamada,
• Motohiro Yasui and
• Tsutomu Konno

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2682–2690, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.225

• luminescent materials, particularly after the 2001 discovery of aggregation-induced emission. This study focuses on fluorinated diphenylacetylene-based luminescent molecules, revealing that specific molecular modifications can enhance fluorescence and achieve a wide range of photoluminescence colors. A simple

• if blue and green–yellow or yellow fluorophores are blended in appropriate ratios, a binary blend with color coordinates (0.20, 0.32) can be achieved, which approaches the white point of pure white emission. These findings contribute to the development of effective lighting and display devices as new

• has been severely delayed [4][5][6]. However, since Tang et al. first reported the aggregation-induced emission phenomenon in 2001 [7], the development of solid-state light-emitting materials has accelerated significantly [8][9][10]. Many photoluminescent materials that emit blue, green, and yellow